What books do you want to read about Wang Anshi's political reform?

Wang Anshi (102 1-65438+ Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Liyang Village, Shangchi, dongxiang county, Fuzhou) was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much and has a strong memory. He received a good education from an early age. In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Yang Town ranked fourth in the Jinshi list, and successively served as a judge in Huainan, a magistrate in Yinxian County, a judge, a magistrate in Changzhou, a criminal prison in Jiangdong, Tiaodian and other local officials. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. After nine years in Xining, he lived in seclusion in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and died.

In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar, and was successively sentenced to official duties in Zhongshu Province, Huainan (Yangzhou). The affairs of Yinxian County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang) and Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui) were transferred to Kaifeng as the judge of the animal husbandry department, and then transferred to Changzhou to raise official duties on Jiangnan East Road, which was called the third department. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that historical bosses Merry ma, Emperor Wu of Jin and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell, for example, Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, shouting: "If we take the past as the standard, we can still do something for the world to prevent chaos, and we should not rush to today", demanding that the reform of written law be realized immediately; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with the young Song Shenzong Song Shenzong, which won the appreciation of Song Shenzong. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as a political adviser, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously carry out reforms.

The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, expounded the relationship between politics and financial management, and pointed out that "politics is the principle of financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world is born with the strength of the world, and the wealth of the world is taken from the expense of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. He once pointed out: "Those who do nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for farmers, and farmers are eager to get rid of hardships, restrain mergers and promote agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.

Political reform goes against the interests of conservatives and is opposed by conservatives. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. In particular, due to the differences between Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme moderator of the reform, Wang Anshi could not get more support after reunification and could not continue the reform. Coupled with the internal division of the reformists, Wang Kan, his beloved son, died, and Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of JaeHee Ning, and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi was deeply disturbed by the reversal of the political situation. When he heard that the exemption law was also abolished, he couldn't help but say with indignation, "So that's it!" ? "Soon he died of depression.

Wang Anshi is not only a famous politician and thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Really be a clever fairy China, there is no need to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal the drawbacks of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan's collections, Linchuan's collections and Mr. Linchuan's songs.

Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes, preface, etc., which explain political opinions and opinions and serve the reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peace situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than 100 years, pointedly pointed out the social problems that were in danger at that time, expecting religious sects to make favorable political achievements and thinking that "today is the time to make great achievements." It played the overture of the government, which began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "It only takes one or two sentences to wipe out a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Art Outline). Text outline), with strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as Moxibustion Population, Gun Theory, Reading Biography, Biography of Assassins, and Shang, etc. , evaluation of characters, strong brushwork, profound style, full of emotion, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose "The Creation of the City Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A Journey to Baochan Mountain not only records the journey, but also explains the truth. The combination of the two makes the abstract truth vivid, increases the ideological depth of specific notes, and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.

Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. "Wang Jinggong is not so confident, so his poetic language is what he wants, and he is no longer so introverted ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and used it for reference. In his later years, he began to have a deep and unpretentious interest" (Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars poems, and demanded the use of talents who can contribute to the country; The new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the enthusiastic reform of Yuan Ri and Song Yuanfeng; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. An Shi's reclusive life in his later period contributed to his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar and unbearable, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as The Story of Poems in the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms and Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake are carefully observed, exquisitely carved, with distant and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.

As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Hanting Poem) and "Gong Jing's quatrains are amazing in the world" (Boat House Poem). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).

There are about twenty poems written by An Shi today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Art, Ci and Qulue"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles.

From the literary point of view, Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, An Shi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism and Buddhism that are obscure and dry.

Wang Anshi's ci collection

Huanxisha

A hundred acres of atrium is half covered with moss, and the white water in front of the door is lingering. How many people can come when you are free?

The cloister in the small courtyard is quiet in spring, and there are two or three apricot trees in Shantaoxi. For who? For who?

Nanxiangzi

Since ancient times, the empire has flourished. This is a dream for 400 years. It's sad. Kim's clothes are ancient dust.

Swim around the water. Go up the stairs. Go upstairs. It's been a long time Mo Wen, turn around. Outside the threshold, the Yangtze River flows by itself.

Yujiaao

The small bridge on the flat river bank is surrounded by thousands of flowers and plants. There are some windows in the hut. Before the dust comes, there will always be a spring breeze to clean it.

Sleeping in the afternoon is like getting up early and listening to chickens crow. It suddenly occurred to me that an old friend is always old today. I am greedy for dreams, but I forget Handan Road.

Bodhisattva is beautiful

A few huts are idle by the water, and light shirts and short hats are hung on the willow branches. What dynasty is it today? Look at the redundant stone bridge.

But tonight's new moon is lying on the top of the tree. I drank a cup of drunk wine at noon until I woke up that night. What's the most important? One or two orioles.

Chinese cinnamon

This is the late autumn in the ancient country, and the weather is very early. Thousands of miles are like a river, like clusters of Qingfeng.

Sailing towards the sunset, leaning against the west wind and leaning against the wine flag. The colorful boat is cloudy, and the Milky Way heron rises, which is difficult to draw.

Miss the past, compete for prosperity, sigh outside the door, sad and hateful. Throughout the ages, depending on the level, share weal and woe.

The past of the Six Dynasties flows with the water, cold smoke and green grass. Today, business women still sing from time to time, leaving a legacy in the backyard.

Qian Qiu Suiyin

Don't pavilion cold anvil, lonely city painting angle, a school of autumn sound into the boundless.

Oriental geese walk from the sea, while southern geese fall into the sand. Typhoon Zhu, just like yesterday.

Helpless bound by some fame and fortune! Helpless by it! Unfortunately, romance is always idle!

At first, I left China to express my views, but now I misunderstood Qin Lou. The dream has stopped. When you wake up, think again.

Bodhisattva Xia Set sentences

Begonia hair is always close to the water and the moon comes first. Do you know what the flowers here look like? The cool moon turns white one after another, and the fragrant wind smells from the other side.

The yellow bird is close, and the sound on the other side is corresponding. Sit on the raspberry moss and have a glass of red wine.

After the failure of Wang Anshi's political reform, the victorious old party suddenly lost its opponent, so the literati could not unite as one, so they were divided into three factions: Luo Party, Shu Party and Shuo Party, and they abused each other for some trivial differences, even more fiercely than the struggle with the new party.

4. Conservative, opinionated, and hostile to deep-seated social changes from the bones.

As I said before, the education of scholar-officials is limited to the nine Confucian classics, and the core of Confucianism is to respect ancestors and respect the ancient times, emphasizing the invariance of ancestors' statutes. Scholar-officials armed with this idea are naturally conservative and stubborn, which is manifested in mechanically copying the dogmas in Confucian books; Politically oppose anything that did not exist in ancient times and any measures to reform the status quo.

Except for Shang Yang's political reform instigated by Sun Yang in the Weihe River basin in the 4th century BC, which made the ignorant Qin state once dominate and the world was unified, all the political reforms in China history failed, especially the failure of Wang Anshi's political reform in the middle ages and the Reform Movement of 1898 in modern times, which made the China people lament. As long as one of these two reforms succeeds, today's China will be an unparalleled world power. In foreign countries, it is often the supreme ruler, not feudal China, that hinders political reform. The emperor, the supreme ruler, is often the supporter and leader of political reform. For example, Zhao Yong and Emperor Guangxu of Song Shenzong were the protectors of the two political reform movements. The failure of the political reform, the vested interests class is the inevitable culprit, in addition, the literati also stand on the opposite side of the political reform, they instinctively oppose any new law that is not in the ancestral code.

Wang Anshi's reform

Because he was deeply appreciated by Zongshen, in the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a political counselor, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously promote political reform and reform. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, royalty and conservative scholar-officials joined forces to oppose the political reform. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year, Yu Xining resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.

Wang Anshi's short stories

When Wang Anshi was young, he went to Beijing to take the exam. On the way, I met a rich boy who was choosing poems, which puzzled many people. He inquired carefully, and this couplet was made by a young lady: the sky is bluer and the rain is more moist, and the rain is more moist to Chunshu. "For bottom allied. Wang Anshi thought for a moment and said, "There are red fragrant flowers all over the ground, and the wind is even red. "Everyone claims to be a good man. So Wang Anshi agreed to get married after the scientific examination.

Coincidentally, after finishing the examination paper in the examination room, the examiner gave another question: "There are red fragrant flowers everywhere, and the wind is even red." Find the right part. Wang Anshi had a brainwave and said to him, "The sky is greener than spring, and the rain is greener than spring." The examiner was overjoyed at the news and appreciated it very much.

Soon, Wang Anshi and Miss Wang Anshi held a wedding. While it was going on, news came that Wang Anshi was the top student in high school. Wang Anshi was very excited and went to the kitchen to cook and entertain her four relatives and eight neighbors. One of the dishes, "Xifu Meat", is unique, not only delicious, but also each piece of meat is engraved with a happy word. The more people eat, the more they like to eat. While eating, they praise the groom for his exquisite cooking.