Knowledge points and test sites of geography in the first day of junior high school

Temperature and temperature distribution in the second solar term

1. The average temperature at different times of the day is the daily average temperature. The temperature measuring tool is a thermometer. When measuring the temperature, put the thermometer in a louver box with a height of 1.5m above the ground. Usually observe four times a day, at 8: 00, 14: 00, 20: 00 and 2: 00 respectively. (Activity p50)

2. Temperature change: (1) daily change, with a period of one day. The temperature appears at 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise, so there will be a daily temperature range; (2) Annual change, in which the temperature changes every year. The land temperature in the northern hemisphere is July, with the lowest temperature of 1 month, the ocean temperature of August and the lowest temperature of February. The southern hemisphere is just the opposite of the northern hemisphere. So there will be temperature all year round.

3. Temperature distribution: The horizontal distribution of temperature is usually represented by an isotherm diagram. Where the isotherm is dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

(1) Latitude distribution: It gradually decreases from the equator (low latitude) to the poles (high latitude).

(2) Land and sea distribution: In the same latitude zone, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in winter, and vice versa.

(3) Topographic distribution: The temperature gradually decreases with the altitude, and the temperature decreases by 0.6 degrees for every increase of 100 meters.

The third quarter precipitation and precipitation distribution

1. The main form of precipitation is rainfall, including snowfall and hail. According to the amount of rainfall per unit time, rainfall is divided into light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and heavy rain.

2. The basic instrument for measuring rainfall is the rain gauge.

3. The seasonal variation of precipitation in a place in a year is represented by the histogram of precipitation in each month.

4. Precipitation distribution (Figure 3.2 1p56)

(1) Affected by latitude position, there is more precipitation in equatorial region and less precipitation in polar region;

(2) Under the influence of land and sea location, the precipitation in Chinese mainland is less, and the precipitation in coastal areas is more;

(3) Affected by topographic factors, there is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope.

(4) The world's rainpole is Kira Ponzi, located in India in Asia. The driest place in the world is the Atacama Desert in South America.

Section 4 World Climate

1. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years. The climate of a place has certain characteristics, which generally does not change much.

2. Main climate types and their distribution in the world (Figure 3.23p58). The climate type of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province is subtropical monsoon (and monsoon humid) climate, with four distinct seasons, high temperature and rainy summer and mild and humid winter.

3. Factors affecting climate: namely, factors affecting temperature and precipitation, latitude position, land and sea position and topography. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a low latitude, but the climate is cold and influenced by topographic factors. Hainan Island has four seasons like summer, with more precipitation, and the northern part of Heilongjiang Province has more snow in winter, which is affected by latitude and location factors. The climate of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang is dry, and that of Beijing at the same latitude is humid, which is influenced by the location of land and sea.

4. Give examples to illustrate the influence of climate on production and life.

(1) Influence on daily life, such as tropical people wearing single clothes, people in cold regions wearing cotton-padded clothes, and people in temperate regions wearing clothes that change with the seasons; (2) the impact on human agricultural production activities, such as planting rice in the south and wheat in the north; (3) Climate anomalies can also bring disasters, such as floods and droughts. Global warming will melt the polar ice and snow, which will lead to the rise of sea level, and the coastal lowlands may be submerged. The reason is that human beings burn coal, oil and so on. And emit a lot of carbon dioxide; Deforestation reduces the absorption of carbon dioxide by forests and increases the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide also keeps the atmosphere warm, so the temperature will rise accordingly. )

Chapter IV Residents and Settlements

Section 1 Population and Race

1,1Before the 8th century, the population growth was very slow; /kloc-After the 0/8th century, especially since the 20th century, the world population growth has greatly accelerated. In March 2006, the world population reached 6.5 billion. The growth rate of population is determined by birth rate and death rate. The natural growth rate is in Africa and the lowest is in Europe.

2. The world's population distribution is uneven, some places are dense and some places are sparse, and the population density can be expressed by population density. The world's densely populated areas are mainly in eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America. These places are located in the plains near the middle and low latitudes and have superior natural conditions. On the contrary, areas with poor natural conditions, such as extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with too humid climate, high latitude areas with perennial cold, high plateaus and mountains, are sparsely populated areas. (Figure 4.5p66)

3. Overpopulation and rapid population growth will have social, economic and environmental impacts, such as traffic jams, poor living conditions, employment difficulties, hunger and poverty. In order to solve the problem, human beings must control themselves, realize family planning, make population growth adapt to social and economic development and coordinate with environment and resources.

At the same time of population growth, rural population flows to cities on a large scale. The increase of urban population provides sufficient labor for urban construction and development, but the excessive expansion of urban population will cause traffic congestion, environmental pollution, housing difficulties and other problems. The reasons for the migration of rural population to cities are: more employment opportunities, better living conditions and educational conditions.

5. Different countries have different population policies. Some developing countries, such as China and India, implement birth control policies; Some developed countries, such as Russia and Japan, have taken measures to encourage fertility, because the population has stopped growing or even decreased, which will bring about problems such as aging population and labor shortage.

6. The three main races in the world are yellow race, white race and black race, and their status is equal. Europe, North America, Oceania and North Africa, West Asia and northern India are dominated by whites; There are more yellow people in Asia and America; There are more blacks in central and southern Africa.