Extended connotation of marathon

brief introduction

The longest track and field event in the world-marathon.

Marathon was originally a place name in Greece. 30 kilometers northeast of Athens. Its name comes from Phoenician marathus, which means "rich in fennel", and it is named after countless fennel trees growing here in ancient times. This is the name of marathon in sports.

In the Greek-Persian War (492- 449 BC), in 490 BC, King Darius I of Persia invaded the west across the sea, attacked the North Pole, and landed in Marathon Bay northeast of Athens. The Athenian army fought bravely and defeated the Persian army in the Marathon Plain. History is called the battle of marathon. In order to quickly tell the Athenians the news of victory, Greece sent long-distance running champion Fidipides to run from marathon to Athens central square (42km 195m). After completing the distance of 36.2 kilometers at the highest speed and conveying the news of victory, he fell to the ground and died of exhaustion. His miraculous brilliant achievements made him a national hero of Greece.

1896 In the first Olympic Games, Coubertin adopted the construction of the competition event set up by the historian Michel Breal and named it "Marathon". The race follows the route run by Ferdinand Peters, with a distance of about 40 kilometers and 200 meters. After more than ten years, the distance of the marathon has been kept at about 40 kilometers. 1908 when the 4th Olympic Games was held in London, in order to facilitate the British royal family to watch the marathon, the starting point was set under the balcony of Windsor Palace and the ending point was set at the Olympic Stadium. The distance from the starting point to the finishing point is measured as 26 miles and 385 yards, which is converted into 42. 195 kilometers. IAAF later determined this distance as the standard distance for marathon running. The women's marathon started late, and 1984 was included in the 23rd Olympic Games.

Because marathons are usually held outdoors, there are many uncertainties, so marathons have always used the world's best results until June 2004, 65438+1 October1,and there was no world record.

history

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1896 After the first Olympic Games, marathons were widely held all over the world. The United States began to hold the Boston Marathon from 1897, and in 2000 it held 104, making it the oldest marathon in the world. Marathon is held on the expressway, which can be a round-trip route with the same starting point and ending point, or a one-way route with different starting points and ending points. During the competition, a kilometer sign marked with the distance traveled must be placed along the way, and a beverage station should be set up every 5 kilometers to provide drinks, and a water station should be set up between two beverage stations to provide drinking water or water. Only those who pass the pre-competition physical examination can sign up for the competition.

On June 65438+1 October1day, 2004, IAAF announced a new decision: road races and walking races, including marathons, will bid farewell to the era of only the best results in the world and begin to have a world record.

After IAAF announced this decision, British long-distance runner Radcliffe was officially recognized as the world record holder of women's10km, 20km and marathon, while Polish Craiz Nowski was the first world record holder of men's 50km race.

Spiridon Lewis-The First Marathon Champion

1896 April 10 is the last event of the first Olympic Games-marathon. Greeks are particularly excited, because Greek athletes have not won a gold medal in the eleven events that have been held before, and they have pinned all their hopes on the marathon. Before the competition, many Greeks made a wish that if the winner was a Greek, the tailor would make new clothes for him, the restaurant would treat him to a free meal, and the barber would cut his hair for free for life.

There are only 25 players in this game. The only Greek player is a soldier named Spiridon Lewis. Twenty-five-year-old Louis is very calm and confident, and occasionally takes a sip of wine on the way. The audience in the gymnasium anxiously waited for the arrival of the athletes. Louis overtook Flach at 32km, and the victory was assured. Louis's boss is a colonel who acts as a starter. The colonel is on his way to the stadium at the moment. He rode to the king's box and proudly announced, "Spiridon Luis is in the lead!" " "At this point, the 70,000 Greek audience was jubilant. Louis was the first to appear at the Athens Stadium. Crown Prince Constantine and Prince George accompanied Louis to finish the last 100 meter. Louis finally won the championship in 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds.

Spiridon Lewis won the only gold medal for Greece, which won the honor for Greece, the host country of the first Olympic Games. The king jumped out of the box and welcomed him like a hero who returned home in triumph. A prince gave him a gold watch. Many Greeks even asked Louis to be a priest ... Louis himself later preferred to live a simple life and rarely talked about his glorious history to others. 1940, Spiridon Louis died. Later, in order to permanently commemorate this great national hero, the Greek government rebuilt his tomb with marble and carved the five rings symbolizing the Olympic Movement on it.

Men's Marathon World Record:

Kenyan Paul Tergat (born in June 1969, 17) scored 2 hours, 4 minutes and 55 seconds. The 30th Berlin Marathon, founded on September 28th, 2003.

In the Berlin Marathon on September 30th, 2007, 34-year-old Ethiopian star Gebreselassie set a new world record for men's marathon with a time of 2 hours, 4 minutes and 26 seconds.

Women's Marathon World Record:

Paula Radcliffe (born on19731February 7, 2003 17) was created in London on April 3, 2003, with a time of 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds.

origin

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In the spring of 492 BC, Persia wanted to conquer the beautiful and rich Greek city-state again. Persia sent a large number of warships to invade Greece across the sea with them, which started the famous Greek-Persian war in history. The Persian navy was hit by a hurricane at sea, and 300 warships and more than 20 thousand naval officers and men were all buried at the bottom of the sea. The Persian army lost the echo of the navy, like a single arm, and was attacked by the Thracians. The Persian commander was seriously injured. The military invasion of Greece had to be abandoned halfway.

The Persian king flew into a rage. The next year, he fantasized about surrendering to Greece without fighting. He sent messengers to the Greek city-states to ask for "water and soil", which meant to make them surrender to Persia. The small city-states in central and northern Greece were afraid of the Persian Empire's force and all bowed their knees and surrendered. But can Athens and Sparta, the two largest city-states in Greece, keep their heads down? The Athenians threw the Persian emissary from the cliff into the sea, and the Spartans threw the emissary into the well to get "water and soil" by themselves.

Darius had never been so humiliated in his life. He became angry from embarrassment and decided to send the most experienced general to Greece for the second time. In 490 BC, Persian troops crossed the Aegean Sea and landed in the Marathon Plain on the outskirts of Athens. Athens, in a dangerous situation, while mobilizing and strengthening its alert, sent Filipi Des, a long-distance runner at that time, to seek help from the Spartan city-state more than 200 kilometers away day and night. The long-distance runner reached Sparta at an amazing speed in a little more than a day. But the Spartans refused to send troops on the grounds that their ancestors stipulated that they could not send troops before the full moon. Philip Bede begged, the Spartans were indifferent, and Philip Bede had no choice but to rush back to the marathon to save his life.

The Athenians were not discouraged when they heard that the Spartans would not send troops. They immediately organized all citizens, even slaves, to join the army, rushed to the marathon and occupied favorable terrain.

According to the laws of Athens, the 10 generals in Athens should take turns to control the military power during the expedition, each for one day. Major military actions must be discussed by General 10 in advance, and finally a resolution is made on the principle that the minority is subordinate to the majority. A military conference was held under the auspices of Kalius, the military consul of Athens. At the meeting, General 10 had a heated debate on passive defense or active attack. A general named Miltiades advocated taking the initiative. When voting, 5 votes to 5 votes. Consul Kalis supported General Miltiades. In order to give full play to Miltiades's command ability, other generals voluntarily gave up the right to take turns as commander-in-chief, leaving Miltiades to command the war alone.

At that time, there were 10000 troops in Athens, plus reinforcements 1000, but the total number was only 1 1000. The Persian army has 65,438+10,000 people and is well equipped. In the case that the enemy was strong and we were weak, Miltiades decided not to fight recklessly with the enemy, but to lengthen the front slightly and arrange elite infantry on both sides, so that the troops on the front line were weak.

On the morning of September 2, 490 BC, on the eve of the Great War, Miltiades mobilized Greek soldiers. He said, "It is up to you whether Athens will remain free forever or put on the yoke of slavery." His inspiring words inspired the soldiers' determination to defend their motherland. The fierce battle began and the Greek soldiers attacked below. The Persian army didn't know what it was, so they fought back immediately. The Greek army retreated while fighting, and the Persian army advanced step by step. At the critical moment, the soldiers lying in ambush on both sides rushed out with lightning speed and attacked the Persian army from both sides. The Persian army chased the Greeks for too long. At this time, surrounded by Greek troops, they could not care for each other. It hurriedly fled to the seaside, trying to get on the boat and escape. The Greek army chased to the seaside, engaged with the Persian army and seized the warships. Kinal, a Greek warrior, desperately grasped a warship with his hand, and his hand was cut off by the enemy. He held back the pain, grabbed the warship with his other hand, and finally caught a warship with his comrades. In this battle, the Persians left 6400 bodies and 7 warships. The Athenians sacrificed 192 people, including consul Kalius and several generals. That night, when 2000 forward soldiers sent by Sparta arrived, all they saw in the moonlight was the battlefield full of dead bodies.

Miltiades was anxious to tell the people of Athens who were anxiously waiting for the news of victory, and he chose long-distance runner Ferdinand Peters to deliver the news. The long-distance runner was injured at that time, but in order to let his compatriots know the news of victory earlier, he ran desperately. When he ran to the central square of Athens, he was out of breath. He shouted excitedly, "Cheer, Athenians, we have won!" " As soon as the cry fell, he fell to the scene and never woke up.

The Persian war lasted nearly half a century. Marathon was the first battle between the Greeks and Persians, which greatly inspired the Greeks to strive for freedom and independence.

In order to commemorate the victory of this battle and commend the contribution of dutiful hero Ferdinand Peters, 1896, the Athenians stipulated a new race-marathon. The distance is the distance from the marathon to Athens, which is determined to be 40 kilometers and 200 meters according to the route that Fidi Pides walked in that year. 1920, after careful determination, the distance was changed to 40km195m. The names of Phidippides and Marathon will remain in the world for generations with the Olympic flame.

The emergence of the world's first marathon champion

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When it was announced that Athens would host the first modern Olympic Games, Michel Burrell, a friend of French historian and linguist Coubertin, suggested that a marathon should be held to commemorate Fidipides. Naturally, the Greeks responded enthusiastically to the game in memory of their heroes. Breal will present a trophy to the marathon champion, and LonnisLambros, a wealthy Greek collector, will present the champion with an extra ancient vase.

Uneasy medical experts suspect that running 25 miles in hot weather and dusty weather will endanger the health of runners. It is said that three marathon runners have died in training. But all this did not stop the Greeks from winning the first place. In order to achieve this goal, in March 1896, 10, they arranged the whole preliminaries. CharilaosVasilakos defeated another 65,438+065,438+0 local players in 3 hours, 65,438+08 minutes. In order to form the best team, officials held the second preliminary round two weeks later. This time, charles rolls Watts loucks won the championship in 3 hours 1 1 minute and 27 seconds. Although the registration for the Olympic Games has ended, several other athletes have been included in the list of the Greek team, including SpiridonLouis, who won the fifth place in the second round of the preliminary round with a time of 3 hours 18 minutes and 27 seconds.

Louis is a plumber. He walks several miles to deliver water every day. The 24-year-old young man has always dreamed of becoming an Olympic marathon champion. On the eve of the game, he fasted and prayed; On the day of the official competition, he ate a whole chicken to supplement the physical energy consumed during fasting.

17 marathon runner, 13 is Greek, and EdwinFlack is the most competitive foreign runner. He is an Australian accountant living in London. He once won the 800-meter champion and the 1500-meter champion the day before the marathon, but he never ran more than 10 mile. ArthurBlake of the United States won the second place in the 1500m competition, and AlbinLermusiaux of France won the third place. In addition, GyulaKellner, the only non-Greek who has run such a long distance, also poses a threat.

From the beginning of the Athens Olympic Games to the marathon, the Greek team has not won any competition, although their numbers are dominant. In order to ensure that the Greeks won the marathon, a new round of incentives began. In addition to the official trophies and ancient vases mentioned above, it was temporarily decided to provide the winners with a barrel of liqueur and free clothes and haircuts for life (of course, only for Greek athletes). The owner of the chocolate factory promised to provide the winner with 2,000 pounds of chocolate, and Olympic donor GeorgiosAveroff even promised to marry his daughter to the Greek runner who won the marathon with a dowry of 1 10,000 drachmas. The amateur nature of the Olympic Games is over.

On the eve of the competition, the contestants were taken to the Marathon Bridge by carriage and checked into the hotel. When more than 654.38 million people gathered in the Olympic Stadium, expecting the victory of the Greeks, a small group of villagers 25 miles away were watching the start of the game. Papadi Amá n Baosi (papadi Amantopoulos: ∈ α π α δ ι α μ α ν π α δ ι α μ α ν? πουλο? The mayor made a short speech, actually introduced his own name, and then he shot into the air. At 2 pm, the contestants hit the road.

Lemoss, a Frenchman, strode like a fly from the beginning, followed by a bicycle convoy and a horse-drawn convoy carrying judges and doctors. When he arrived at Pikemi village, he ran more than half the distance in an amazing 55 minutes, almost 2 miles ahead of his main competitor Flack. Blake was third and Kenner was fourth. The Greeks seem to be quietly waiting for the right time. They believe that the leading quartet will soon decline before it reaches Athens. When Louis arrived in Pikemi village, the sixth place, wearing shoes donated by villagers in his hometown, he drank a glass of wine and said to the audience, "Everything will go as planned, and it will be my turn."

Out of Pikemi village is the way up the mountain, and the leaders began to regret walking too fast. Blake dropped out of the competition less than 1 mile from the village. Kner was caught up by Vas loucks and Remus Oss and began to feel sick, but he was still ahead in Parigny village. The excited villagers put a wreath of victory on him, which proved that they were happy too early. Soon, Remus Oss's physical strength dropped sharply, and he was accidentally knocked down by a French cyclist, so Flack caught up with him. Alcohol massage failed to restore Remus Oss. Although he continued to race, he fell at the 2 1 mile mark and was taken to the ambulance.

At the same time, Flack was so confident that he could win the championship that he sent a cyclist to the stadium to announce that he was about to win it. The Greeks waiting in the stadium accepted the news in dismay. They didn't expect Louis to calculate well, and he accelerated after leaving the village of Ann Bellocchi Pi in A Mu. He is rapidly approaching the Australians. Five miles before the finish line, Louis quickly overtook the exhausted Flack. Exhausted, Flack insisted on running another two miles. When he hobbled, his assistant asked a Greek spectator to prevent him from falling, while he ran to find a blanket. In a coma, Flack thought he had been beaten, and he hit the benefactor in the face. He quickly withdrew from the competition and people had to wake him up with eggs and brandy.

The travel-stained mayor Papadi amán baos-les rushed to the royal box in the stadium to report the news to the king. The news that a Greek athlete will win the Olympic marathon soon spread. Cheers resounded through the sky, and gunfire announced that the leader was approaching the stadium. Louis pushed his way through the cheering crowd and appeared at the marble entrance of the stadium. Later, Coubertin wrote in his memoirs: "It seems that the whole ancient Greece entered the stadium with him. There has been unprecedented cheers. " Greek Crown Prince Constantine rushed to the runway and accompanied him to the finish line. The ladies in the VIP table took off their jewels and sprinkled them on the winners. When Louis reached the finish line, he was exhausted, but he still tried his best to bow to the king. The happy king waved his navy hat in return.

Louis completed the official marathon in less than 3 hours for the first time with a time of 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds. Vas loucks won the runner-up, 7 minutes more than Luis; SpiridonBelokas won the third place. The host country won a grand slam in the marathon. But Kerner accused Burx of riding to the end. The crown prince investigated the matter, Burroughs admitted cheating and was disqualified from the third place, and the Hungarian rose to the third place.

Louis, the national hero, was warmly welcomed everywhere. At the award ceremony, he officially accepted the championship trophy and an ancient vase with ancient Olympic runners painted on it. He generously donated the vase to the museum. The excited people of China continued to give him various gifts. Because he is the father of two children, he can't marry Miss Avlov. The king insisted on rewarding him. He asked for a horse and a carriage to transport fresh water from his village, Marussi, to Athens.

The humble Louis created a new Greek myth. His story makes "set out like Louis" a Greek idiom. After his epic victory, Louis quietly returned to Malosse. He refused all free clothes, meals and haircuts and never entered the competition again. He participated in the Berlin Olympic Games as a guest on 1936. Four years later, he died, but his legend is still circulating.

First person in China Marathon.

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China Marathon star Zhou Chunxiu won the championship in the famous London Marathon in 2 hours, 20 minutes and 38 seconds on April 22nd, becoming the first China runner to win the championship. This is the 27-year-old Zhou Chunxiu's first marathon outside Asia. Ethiopian former 1 0000m world champion Wami fell behind Zhou Chunxiu by1min 7 seconds. Romanian player Thomescu Dita came from behind and won the bronze medal.

Zhou Chunxiu officially started marathon training in 2002, and has made rapid progress in recent years. In the 2006 Doha Asian Games, she surpassed the Japanese runner by 1 km and won the championship. At the Seoul Marathon in March of that year, she ran a personal best of 2 hours 19 minutes 5 1 second, which was also the second best result in the world in 2006. This also makes her the seventh female athlete in history to run into the 2 hours and 20 minutes mark.

World famous marathon

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American New York Marathon

If there is any marathon that can claim to be the most popular in the world without hesitation, it must be the New York Marathon. The New York Marathon is second only to Boston in fame. Founded in 1970, it is held every year at the beginning of 10. The highest number of participants exceeded 654.38+million, with a huge momentum. Even when passing through new york Suspension Bridge, the bridge body will vibrate, and the scene is spectacular. No marathon attracts so many runners from all over the world as the New York Marathon. The unique charm of the city, the spectacular atmosphere of the competition, and the incredible audience packed on both sides of the track have made more and more people join the competition. If you want to feel the energy and passion of the city marathon, you must not miss the New York Marathon.

In 1980s, Norwegian long-distance runner Weitz won the championship nine times in new york, the most in the history of marathon. 198 1, the famous American salazar set the world's best score of 2 hours and 8 minutes 13 seconds here. From 1980 to 1982, it won three consecutive championships, and Rogers 1976+0979 won the * * championship. 1994, Kenyan female athlete Lolupe ran a marathon in new york for the first time. At that time, she was 2 1 year old, with a height of1.50m and a weight of 38kg.. She looks like an underage child, but she won the championship in 2 hours, 27 minutes and 37 seconds. Since then, Loroupe has become the most outstanding Kenyan long-distance runner.

After 90, the New York Marathon added a Mercedes-Benz in addition to the bonus, which was very attractive.

Route: The starting point is on the Vilaca-narros Bridge leading to Staten Island. After passing through five districts of new york, the destination is Central Park. This route is definitely a holiday cultural tour in new york.

Scale: over 30,000 people

Boston Marathon

Boston Marathon started on April 1897, which is the first city marathon in the world. At that time, only 15 runners participated. Since its inception, the Boston Marathon has been held once a year without interruption, usually in mid-April. Before 1986, Boston Marathon always followed the ancient Greek way. The winner only gets a crown and trophy made of olive leaves as a reward, and there is no bonus.

Boston Marathon follows its ancient tradition, beautiful Yuan Ye, point-to-point fast track and unprecedented audience, which all reflect the charm of this ancient marathon. But unfortunately, many runners have no chance to experience the Boston Marathon, because she has strict restrictions on qualifications. However, this did not stop people from trying. It is precisely because of this exclusiveness that the attraction of Boston Marathon is increased, and the top athletes in the world are proud of winning the championship.

The roads in Boston are very bumpy, so men never get the best grades in the world. The women's marathon produced the best results in the world three times in 1970s and 1980s (when there were not many women's marathons).

2006 05 438+0, 105,1April 6, 1996, Lee Bong Ju, the runner-up of the Olympic Games, won the championship by breaking through the encirclement of two Kenyan players and the pursuit of Olympic champion Bora (2: 09: 43). He broke the monopoly of Kenya 10 and caused a worldwide sensation. When Lee Bong Ju returned to Seoul, he received a hero's welcome.

Route: The race starts in Hopkinton, west of Boston, passes through seven towns and ends at Copley Square in downtown Boston. The whole route fluctuated greatly, especially in the initial stage.

Scale: over 6,543,800 people.