What is the climate name, landform and distribution position of alpine plateau?

Alpine plateau climate generally refers to a special local climate type of large plateau and mountainous area. Their similarities are named after high altitude. They are distributed in the alpine plateau climate of all continents.

The plateau region mainly includes the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding mountains (Karakorum Mountain, Himalayan Mountain, Hengduan Mountain, etc. ), Pamirs and its surrounding areas, Alps in Europe, Andes in South America, Kilimanjaro in East Africa, etc. The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change is significant. At low latitudes, there are tropical zone, subtropical zone, temperate zone, sub-cold zone and permanent snow zone from bottom to top, which reflects a complete vertical climate zone spectrum.

Alpine plateau climate

The climatic characteristics formed on the plateau with high altitude, wide ground and gentle fluctuation are as follows: ① With the increase of altitude, air, water vapor and dust decrease, while direct solar radiation increases, especially ultraviolet radiation; However, the effective radiation will also increase. In the snowy plateau, the reflectivity increases and the ground absorbs less radiation, so the net radiation is smaller than that in the plain at the same latitude. ② Low temperature, large daily range and small annual range; (3) On the windward side of the wet air flow, the precipitation increases, while in the interior and leeward side of the plateau, the precipitation decreases greatly; ④ The wind is strong.

Mesozoic sandstone shale is widely distributed in the western part of the plateau (Yunnan Province), and limestone in each era is distributed in the eastern part of the plateau. Limestone is dissolved and eroded by water and becomes karst landform, or karst landform. Because limestone in many areas of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is thick, pure in texture, warm and humid in climate and eroded by surface water and groundwater. The dissolution is so strong that the ground bones are rugged, there are many peaks and hills, and there are stone buds on the ground. There are caves and underground rivers (undercurrents) underground.

The eastern part of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is one of the largest karst distribution areas in the world, and many limestone landforms are very typical. The Lunan Stone Forest in Yunnan Province is called "the first wonder in the world", and many caves and waterfalls in Guizhou Province (such as Huangguoshu Waterfall) are tourist attractions and famous limestone landform areas.

There are many caves and underground rivers in karst distribution area, and the surface water system is often incomplete, which affects irrigation. However, underground rivers sometimes become the recharge source of surface rivers. Attention must be paid to prevent water leakage when building water conservancy projects, and the problems of karst caves and underground rivers should be considered when building roads and factories.

The important rivers in this area are Wujiang, a tributary of the Yangtze River, and Nanpanjiang and Beipanjiang in the upper reaches of the Pearl River. Due to river erosion and groundwater dissolution, there are many rapids and canyons, which are rich in hydraulic resources. A large hydropower station has been built at Wujiang Ferry where the Red Army crossed.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is a subtropical humid area. Although it is a plateau in topography, the climate is significantly different due to different altitude and atmospheric circulation conditions. For example, Kunming, Yunnan is about 1900 meters above sea level, but its latitude is low (25 north latitude), and it is generally not affected by the cold wave in winter. Under the control of the southwest warm current, it is often sunny and quite dry and warm in winter and spring. The summer half year is mainly influenced by the southwest monsoon, with abundant precipitation and rainy weather, so the summer temperature is low and the dry and wet seasons are distinct in a year. Under the comprehensive influence of latitude, altitude and atmospheric circulation, the seasonal variation of temperature is small, and the four seasons on the plateau are like spring, so Kunming is called "Spring City". The altitude in Guizhou is generally around 1000 meters, which is often affected in winter. Formed the famous "Kunming quasi-static front" in climate. Guizhou is often covered by static front for half a year in winter, with rainy weather, which is known as "no sunny days in three days" and cold in winter; Summer is influenced by the southeast monsoon, with more precipitation and higher temperature.

cause

The alpine climate has obvious vertical zonation, which varies with the latitude of the mountain location and regional climate conditions. Its characteristics are as follows: 1) The differentiation of the vertical climate zone of the mountain is different with the latitude of the mountain location and the mountain itself, in the low-latitude mountain and plateau climate.

The foothills belong to equatorial or tropical climate. With the increase of altitude, the surface heat and water conditions change gradually, and vertical climatic zones appear alternately. This change is similar to the lowlands with the increase of latitude. If the latitude of the mountain range is higher, the difference between vertical climate zones will be reduced. The smaller the height difference between mountains, the smaller the difference between vertical climate zones. 2) The vertical climate zone in mountainous areas bears the "brand" of local climate types, for example, the equatorial mountain has the characteristics of unobvious seasonal change from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. Both Mount Everest and Changbai Mountain have monsoon climate characteristics. 3) Vertical climate differentiation in humid climate zone is mainly determined by heat conditions, while vertical climate differentiation in arid and semi-arid climate zone is closely related to heat and humidity conditions. The degree of drought in this area is very high at the foot of the mountain. With the increase of altitude, the dryness gradually decreases. 4) Due to different local conditions, the vertical climate changes in the same mountain area are also different, such as slope direction, gradient, topographic relief, concave and convex, concealment, etc. The warm zone on the hillside and the cold lake in the valley are examples. The climate in mountainous areas does change. 5) The vertical climate zone in mountainous area is different from the horizontal climate zone varying with latitude in origin and characteristics.

typical representatives

Soil and biology in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is a typical alpine plateau area, and its soil and vegetation have very unique performances. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is called "the roof of the world". In the southern edge of the plateau and the valleys in the eastern region, due to the warm and humid air flow in the Indian Ocean and the plateau climate,

Yes, there are dense forests. However, with the increase of altitude, the temperature keeps dropping. After reaching a certain height, the heat can not meet the needs of forest growth. Tall and dense forests gradually became sparse dwarf trees and shrubs, which were eventually replaced by herbs. The highest place that a dense forest can reach is called the canopy line. The height of forest canopy line can be different in different areas due to different environmental conditions. On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it is generally 3900 ~ 4 100 meters. All kinds of soil above the forest enclosure line or equivalent to this height in the forestless zone should be called alpine soil. The main soil types of alpine soil are as follows: subalpine meadow soil: distributed in Qinghai and Tibet at an altitude of 3700-4700m, and Xinjiang at an altitude of 2000-3000m m. There are 5-5 on the surface. Polyacid reaction. The subalpine meadow soil area is rich in pasture and medicinal plants, and rich in wild animal resources, mainly animal husbandry, combining agriculture with animal husbandry. Alpine meadow soil: It is distributed in the alpine area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of 4500-5200m, slightly lower than that of Xinjiang. The turf layer is 5- 10 cm thick, but it is brittle; The soil is dark, and there are often flaky bedding in the structure; Multi-neutral reaction Although the grassland is low, it is dense and has strong grazing tolerance, so it is a pure grazing utilization area. Subalpine steppe soil: It is distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of 4,200-4,700 meters and the Xinjiang and Gansu plateaus at an altitude of 3,300-4,500 meters. There are tufted grass roots on the surface; The soil is grayish brown, with granular structure and calcium accumulation in the middle of the profile; Slight alkaline reaction. The quality and quantity of forage grass are poor; Crops can be planted in irrigated areas, which is a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Alpine grassland soil: it is distributed in the alpine area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of 4400-5200m, and there are tufted grass roots on the surface; The soil is light in color and granular in structure, with no obvious calcium accumulation and alkaline reaction. The alpine grassland is poor in grass quality and quantity, lacking in drinking water, but rich in wildlife resources, which is a pure grazing utilization area.

Kilimanjaro-the highest peak in Africa.

Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, has a vertical zonal distribution in the non-zonal distribution according to the current classification. Kilimanjaro is lush, with beautiful scenery and a mild climate halfway up the mountain. From the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, there are equatorial rainforest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, temperate forest, alpine meadow, alpine cold desert and ice and snow glacier in turn. These different plants grow. Because the distribution of Mount Kilimanjaro's natural belt is restricted by altitude, the climate distribution of Mount Kilimanjaro belongs to non-zonal distribution. The natural zone formed by the interaction of climate, biology and soil forms a vertical natural zone with the increase of altitude. The natural environment in mountainous areas is more complicated than that in low-altitude areas, and the vertical natural zone in mountainous areas is much more complicated than that in horizontal natural zones. It is called vertical natural band baseband. Generally speaking, the lower the geographical latitude, the wetter the climate, the higher the relative height, and the more complete the vertical natural belt. Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania near the equator in Africa) natural landscape belt

Baseband below 1000: tropical rain forest belt;

1000-2000m: mountain subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest belt;

2000-3000m: Mountain temperate forest belt;

3000-4000m: Alpine meadow belt;

4000-5200m: alpine desert area;

Above 5,700 meters above sea level: alpine permanent snow glacier area.

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