What should I pay attention to when camping?

Tent camping is the main camping method for outdoor activities such as field trips and mountaineering expeditions. And it is also a camping way worthy of active promotion.

Its characteristics:

First of all, it is closest to nature. There is no way to get closer to nature than sleeping in a tent. Think about the ground under your feet, not Simmons, spring beds and concrete. Opening the tent door is everything in nature, and no concrete building blocks your view. This is the real return to nature.

Secondly, this is a carefree home. As long as there is a flat land of three square meters under your feet, you can build a "home" for two people, and the lightest tent is only about 1kg. As long as it is around, there will be a shelter from the wind and rain, and it can also help us avoid the cold wind and snow. It is a close companion of our field trip, and we can use it with confidence.

The third is an economical camping method. When traveling abroad, the most economical accommodation cost is accommodation tent. You can calculate: a good tent should be around 450 yuan (for 3 people), and it can be used at least 50 times (at night). Then the per capita cost is only about 3 yuan. Isn't it cheap to stay for 3 yuan a night? Therefore, it is cost-effective and hygienic to stay in tents.

Of course, the price of these benefits is to invest in advance and spend effort on braces.

Selection of camping sites

The selection and construction of camping camps is a big problem related to the rest of all personnel, and the selection of camps is very particular. The following are precautions:

Near water: camping and rest can not be separated from water, and proximity is the primary factor in choosing a camp.

Therefore, when choosing a camp, you should choose to be close to streams, lakes and rivers in order to get water. However, we can't set the camp on the beach. There are power plants upstream of some rivers. When storing water, the floodplain is wide and the water flow is small. Once the water is released, the floodplain will be flooded, including some usually small streams. Once it rains, there may be floods or flash floods. We must pay attention to this problem, especially in rainy season and flash flood-prone areas.

Leeward: When camping in the wild, we should consider the leeward problem, especially in some valleys and river beaches. We should choose leeward places to camp. And pay attention to the orientation of the tent door, not facing the wind. Leeward also considers the safety and convenience of using fire.

Far cliff: When camping, you can't stick the camp under the cliff, which is very dangerous. Once there is a strong wind on the mountain, stones and other things may be scraped off, causing casualties.

Near the village: When the camp is near the village, if there is an emergency, especially when there is no firewood, vegetables and food, you can ask the villagers for help. Being close to the village is also a shortcut, that is, being close to the road is convenient for the movement and transfer of the team.

Shade: If you need to stay in the camp for more than two days, when the weather is good, you should choose a shady place to camp, such as under a big tree and to the north of the mountain. It's better to bask in the sun in the morning rather than at sunset. If you rest during the day, the tent will not be too stuffy.

Lightning protection: In rainy season or lightning-prone areas, the camp shall not be built on high ground, tall trees or isolated flat land. It's easy to attract lightning strikes.

builders'temporary shed (on a construction site)

After the camp is selected, it is necessary to build a camp. Especially for field campsites with a certain scale, the construction of the whole camp is particularly important, which is divided into the following steps:

Level the site: clean up the selected tent area and remove all kinds of uneven, prickly and sharp things, such as stones and bushes. Uneven places can be filled with soil or grass. If it is a slope, as long as the slope does not exceed 10 degrees, it can be used as a campsite.

Site zoning: A complete camp should be divided into tent camping area, fire prevention area, dining area, entertainment area, water area (toilet), health area and other areas. The first to implement the campsite first. Are you familiar with the fire area? Hey, hey, hey, hey? 0 ~ 15 meters above, in case Mars burns the tent. The dining area should use the nearby fire area to cook and eat. The activity and entertainment area should be in the downwind of the dining area to prevent the dust generated by the activity from polluting tableware and other things, and the distance from the tent area should be 15 ~ 20 meters to reduce the influence on the companions who go to bed early. The sanitary area should be downwind of the camping area and keep a certain distance from the dining area and activity area. The water area should be divided into two sections, the upper section is the drinking water area and the lower section is the domestic water area.

Construction of tent camping area: If there is a tent camping area composed of several tents, attention should be paid to the arrangement of tents: first of all, all tents should face in one direction, that is, the tent doors should be opened in one direction and arranged side by side. Second, the pitch of tents should not be less than 1 m. Try not to tie the wind rope of tents unless necessary, so as not to trip people. Third, a warning line (ditch) should be set up when necessary. Sleeping in Shan Ye may be attacked by threatening animals or bad people. Of course, this possibility is very small. Stimulating substances such as lime and tar can be used to draw a circle around the tent area to prevent the invasion of reptiles such as snakes. Or using electronic alarm systems and other methods.

Build a dining area with fire: Dining is usually in the same or similar place with fire. This area should keep a certain distance from the tent area to prevent Mars from burning the tent. It's best to cook in places with ridges and stones, so as to dig the ground and make stoves. The collected firewood should be stacked outdoors or in the windward. It is best to have a lawn where everyone sits around in the dining area. The "dining table" can be a large flat stone or placed on the ground. "Dining chair" is also best to use stones, or sit on the floor. Because the atmosphere is harmful to human body, you can use your own sleeping mat or air pillow instead. Don't be afraid of trouble, at least use a raincoat or plastic sheeting. It's already dark during most meals, so we should consider the location of lighting, whether it's using steam lamps or other means. The lamp should be placed in a place where it can illuminate in a wide range, such as hanging on a tree, on a stone platform or hanging on a lamp rack.

Construction of water intake area: water intake and water intake are generally at the water source, and washing water should be separated from edible water. If it is tap water, the upstream should be edible water and the downstream should be washing water. In the case of lake water, it is also a place to be separated, and the distance between two uses of water should be above 10 meter. This division is for hygiene. In addition, there are a lot of stony shrubs and other things in the river beach where water is taken, so we can't find the path, so we should clean it up during the day, otherwise it is not convenient to take water at night.

Establish a sanitary area: the sanitary area is a convenient place for players to relieve themselves. If you only stay for one night, you don't need to dig a toilet. You can designate a convenient place for men and women. If the number of team members is large or the number of days of accommodation exceeds two days, latrines should be dug, and temporary toilets should be built in densely wooded places without curtains. More attention should be paid not to build in places where pedestrians often pass by. If there are many streams nearby, you can build the toilet on the stream and erect two big logs on the stream. It should be stable and safe, so that everyone can urinate on it and discharge it directly into the stream. Don't worry about polluting the river, a small amount of feces will be biodecomposed or naturally purified in the river. If the sanitary area has been built, everyone should urinate in the sanitary area under construction, instead of excreting all over the mountain, which will ruin the scenery.

Build an entertainment area: the entertainment area can be cleaned up after dinner. If the site is large, you can also set aside a piece of land separately, as long as the site is flat. At the same time, there are few things (short trees) tripped and touched in the site, which need to be cleaned up. When playing some games, draw a protective rope in the designated circle to avoid accidents.

Little knowledge of field meteorology;

Outdoor travel needs to know some basic knowledge of meteorology. This book is introduced in chapter 7, and here is the introduction of camping in the wild. Once we are outdoors, we have to resign ourselves to fate. We can only know nature, but we can't control it. During the trip, in case of thunderstorm, blizzard, etc., you should stop and rest. And you can continue to act under other circumstances. Camping in the wild requires more consideration of some meteorological issues:

Rainproof measures:

Rain protection is an important issue in camping weather. If it is judged that it may rain that night, the camp and tent should be treated with necessary rain protection. In addition to choosing a good camp, we should also dig a flood discharge ditch, strengthen the tent and enhance its rain-proof performance. For example, rain-proof plastic sheets and raincoats can be covered outside the tent, and various travel goods can be put in the tent. It is a great gift to observe the weather changes before camping in the rain, and often go out to travel, observe more and accumulate more experience.

Windbreak wall:

Wind direction is more important for camping, which is related to the opening direction of tent doors and stoves and the overall layout of various areas in the camp. This requires some knowledge of topography and climate, camping near the great lakes, and the wind changes in the opposite direction in the morning and evening. During the day, the ground temperature rises rapidly and the wind blows to the land. At night, the ground temperature drops rapidly and the wind blows to the lake area. Therefore, the tent door should be opened to the leeward side and the stove mouth should be opened to the downwind side. There is a similar situation in dry and hot mountainous areas. During the day, because the temperature rise in the valley (valley) is slower than that in the hillside (mountain top), there is an upward airflow, that is, the valley blows upward, and at night there is a downward airflow, and the wind blows in the valley. So camping in the valley should consider this situation in advance. It is very important to study the wind direction, which corresponds to outdoor sports. If possible, you can bring a wind direction anemometer, or check the wind according to the following table. When writing a diary, you might as well record the maximum wind speed of a day.

Attached Table (6- 1) Summary of Wind Levels Wind speed unit: m/s

The outer boundary of the wind speed.

The level 0 static wind is 0.0-0.2, the smoke column is straight up, there is no wave on the water surface, and the leaves are still.

1 soft wind 0.3- 1.5 is weak, smoke floats with the wind and leaves move slightly.

Level 2 breeze 1.6-3.3 people felt it, the trees made a slight sound and the flag began to move.

The third-level breeze is 3.4-5.4, shaking twigs, hanging flags and shaking rice.

The breeze is 5.5-7.9. The branches are bent, the dust is everywhere, and the paper is floating in the air.

Level 5 gale is 8.0- 10.7. Small trees shake, lakes and ponds fluctuate, and crops fluctuate.

6-level gale 10.8- 13.8 wires can be heard, umbrellas are difficult to walk, and trees shake.

Strong gale 13.9- 17. 1, making it difficult to walk in the wind. The whole tree shakes and the big tree bends.

8-level gale 17.2-20.7, with great resistance, broken twigs and fierce river waves.

9-level gale 20.8-24.4 blew over the chimney, damaged the hut and moved the tiles.

10 gale 24.5-28.4 pedestrians were blown away, it was difficult to walk against the wind, and trees were blown down.

1 1 Storm 28.5-32.6 was severely damaged.

12 hurricanes above 32.7 were extremely destructive.

Temperature:

Temperature is equally important for outdoor travel, so we should learn to manage the temperature, that is, grasp the temperature changes and laws in what season and area, and configure the equipment and clothes on this basis. Learn to have a more accurate intuitive judgment of the temperature and its changes, which requires carrying a thermometer at all times for regular comparative observation and experience. In a day, usually at 2 pm, the highest temperature in a day is its peak; And 2 ~ 3 pm is the lowest point. The temperature difference between days is called diurnal range, which is related to geographical latitude, topography, season, weather conditions and other factors. Generally speaking, the daily range in low latitudes is greater than that in high latitudes, inland areas are greater than coastal areas, sunny days are greater than cloudy days, basins are greater than plains, and deserts are greater than woodlands. In the forest, the diurnal range is small due to the storage function of the forest. The temperature in the forest is 0.7~2.3℃ lower than that in the woodland, 8 ~ 10℃ lower in summer, 4 ~ 5℃ lower in winter, and the humidity in the forest is also high. We should pay attention to this problem when camping in the forest.

Accommodation cave

In the wild in most parts of the south, we can often see various forms of caves, such as dry caves, water caves, karst caves, compound caves and so on. Cave accommodation is one of the most common ways of field travel. Our ancestors lived in caves and started their new life on the ground. It can be seen that the accommodation cave is a safe, convenient, warm and sheltered place. Pay attention to the following points when staying in caves:

Ventilation: first of all, check whether the cave is a ventilation hole, not a dead hole. It is very important to keep the air circulating. You can light a cigarette and check whether the hole is ventilated. As long as the smoke floats in one direction or out of the hole, it means that the hole is ventilated.

Shallow living: Most caves are deep. From the perspective of safety, it is best to arrange the camp near the entrance to facilitate evacuation and transfer.

Water regime: when determining whether a cave can be accommodated, we must first understand the water regime of the cave. Most caves have flowing groundwater, and some groundwater conditions are very complicated, especially in rainy season. The selected residence should be dry and free of dripping water.

Others should pay attention to staying in caves: bats, swallows and other animals live in many caves, so it is best to stay in caves without disturbing them or changing a hole. If you don't have experience in cave exploration, you should be less active in caves and prohibit single-person activities; You don't need to set up a tent to live in a cave, just spread all kinds of sleeping utensils. If there are mosquitoes, you can burn cigarettes to drive them away.

Outdoor camping:

Sleeping out is a kind of exercise and test for our outdoor life, and it is also a rare life experience. In the weather without rain, strong wind, heavy snow and frost, you can try to sleep in the open air without any shelter such as tents. You can choose a big tree, covered with plastic sheets and moisture-proof mats, and then put a sleeping bag. You can cover the sleeping bag with another plastic sheet, or simply hang a poncho above the sleeping bag. The main problem of sleeping is to prevent the invasion of dew and mosquitoes. You can cover the headgear of the sleeping bag with gauze to prevent mosquito bites, or set off fireworks all night. Burning smoke can prevent the first frost and reduce dew. In some rural areas, farmers can do this to reduce the first frost. Of course, don't sleep in rainy season and winter. In addition, be careful not to sleep near the water, where there are many mosquitoes and it is not safe. At the same time, the temperature of sleeping in the open air is about 5 degrees lower than that of tents, so you should add more clothes to prevent catching cold.

Another way to sleep is to use a hammock. The advantage of hammock is that it will not be disturbed by animals (such as snakes and other reptiles) on the ground, and it is very suitable in some wet areas. When using the hammock, you should put a damp-proof pad under the sleeping bag and hang a poncho on it. There is a hammock tent with a rainproof awning and mosquito screen, which is very suitable for camping in the jungle.

Snowhouse:

On a snowy day with heavy snow, if the snow is thick, you can make a simple igloo with snow, which is familiar to hunters in the northeast countryside. To build an igloo, it is necessary to have relatively compact snow, and then cut it with a shovel or something. Due to the limitation of space, this book does not study camping methods under special conditions.

Field work and rest:

Reasonable outdoor work and rest arrangement is an important way to ensure good health. Often due to excitement, excitement and other reasons, people will talk endlessly around the campfire or engage in some recreational activities, thus affecting normal rest. Pay special attention to this, because everyone is very tired after a day's activities. At this time, the captain should stipulate a unified schedule of work and rest, such as taking a rest at 12 in the evening and getting up at 7 ~ 8 in the morning, with special emphasis on unity, so as not to affect the whole because of individuals.