Please answer in detail in senior one, thank you! ( 1 12:28:35)

Grammatical units are large and small. The largest grammatical unit is a sentence, and the smaller grammatical units are phrases, words and morphemes in turn. Human language is a combination of sound and meaning, which is the basic feature of grammatical units. Morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit, that is, the smallest combination of pronunciation and semantics.

Morphemes can be divided into:

Monosyllabic morphemes: such as earth, people, water, wind, children, people, sea, etc.

(2) Disyllabic morphemes are interesting when the two syllables that make up morphemes are together, but they have no meaning related to morphemes when they are separated. Disyllabic morphemes mainly include conjunctions, loanwords and special nouns.

A disyllabic word with the same initials: Pipa, Ping-pong, Surge, Tatar, Embarrassment, Thorn, Spider, Hesitation, Seemingly, Connection, Uneasy, Elimination, Gluttony, Charming, Ambiguous and Generous.

B) Rhyme, such as leisurely, lush, gourd, confused, creeping, brilliant, winding, boundless, hazy, vast, sloppy, wordy, encouraging, mantis, prickly, thumping, dragonfly, rumbling and pawning.

C Non-disyllabic rhymes: centipede, melancholy, coral, pimple, earthworm, drowsiness, bell, ridicule, wallet, jasmine, leech, hole, couple, butterfly, hedge, jump, and so on.

D loanwords are transliterated from languages other than Chinese. Such as cadres, polyester, jackets, taxis, buses, nylon, jeeps, tanks, ballet, dad, faucets and so on.

E. Special nouns, mainly place names, names of people and things. Such as new york, Paris, Beij, Su Shi, Li Bai, Confucius, radish, spinach, tomato and sweet potato.

③ Polysyllabic morphemes, mainly onomatopoeic words, special nouns and transliterated loanwords. Such as: Himalayas, Mount Everest, Andes, Frankfurt, Olympics, brandy, vaseline, crackling, dripping water, Marxism, China people, People's Republic of China (PRC).

Let's look at the following sentence:

He sat on the sofa reading a book.

This is a big grammatical unit. Let's divide it into small portions as much as possible, and it becomes:

He sat on the sofa reading a book.

Every cut is meaningful and can't be divided any more. It is a morpheme. The "sofa" here is just a morpheme, which is a transliteration of English sofa, expressing the same meaning, so it can't be segmented.

This shows that morphemes have two characteristics: first, they are the smallest and inseparable; One is meaningful.

Monosyllabic words in Mandarin do not exceed 1400, and morphemes are much larger than this number. Why? Because a syllable must represent many different meanings. For example, the syllable xοon can express several morphemes such as "Xin (hard work), Xin (new person), Xin (heart), Zn (zinc mine), salary (salary), Xin (fragrance) and Xin (joy). Because Chinese characters are not pinyin characters, syllables X and N are written in different forms, which has done the work of morpheme analysis for us. However, it cannot be said that a word of a Chinese character is a morpheme. The relationship between the form, sound, meaning and morphemes of a Chinese character is as follows, except that a syllable represents several morphemes, which can be represented by several Chinese characters respectively.

A Chinese character represents several different morphemes and reads the same sound. For example, the word "fu" can represent three morphemes: "fu ①", which means the second and second meanings, such as "deputy director" and "non-staple food"; "Deputy ②" means proportionality, such as "the name is not true"; "Deputy ③" means the unit of measurement of something, such as "a pair of gloves" and "a stretcher".

A syllable represents only one morpheme and is written as a Chinese character. For example: shuí-who, zΟ n-how, wá-wa, sēng-monk, hé n-mark, cé-extreme. There are few examples of this situation.

A morpheme can be represented by different Chinese characters. For example, the word "search" of "set" can be written as "Lu" and the awakened "Su" can be written as "Su", which is the so-called variant.

Several different syllables representing different morphemes are written in the same Chinese character. For example: chā- poor (poor), chà-poor (poor), chāI- poor (poor), cā- poor (uneven).

A syllable, written as a Chinese character, can contain two morphemes. For example, "two (li)" and "three (sā)" have only one syllable, but in fact they all contain two morphemes, namely "two"; "Three" means "three".

Some Chinese characters are meaningless and do not represent any morphemes. For example: Portugal, grape, black peony, Pteris ...

Some Chinese characters represent morphemes in some cases, but they do not represent morphemes in some cases. For example, "Sha, Fa, Qiao, Ke, Li, Ma and Da" are morphemes respectively; In "sofa", "chocolate" and "motor", they are just a syllable symbol, not a morpheme.

Morphemes can be divided into monosyllabic morphemes, disyllabic morphemes and polysyllabic morphemes. Examples are as follows.

Monosyllabic morphemes: heaven, earth, people, running, jumping, singing, red, white, people, friends, thinking ... There are thousands of these morphemes.

Disyllabic morphemes, mainly ancient Lianmian characters and transliterated loanwords. Lian Mian's words, such as: hesitation, confusion, gourd, grapes, hesitation, wandering; Transliterate loanwords, such as pipa, nylon, coffee and khaki.

Polysyllabic morphemes are mainly transliterated loanwords. For example: vaseline, Olympiad, Bolshevik.

Some monosyllabic morphemes can be used independently, so they can become words independently. For example, morphemes like "Man, Run, Me, La, Red ……" are called "morphemes". Others can't be used independently, so they can't become words independently. Morphemes such as "people, friends, machines ……" are called "morphemes without words". A morpheme cannot be a word alone, and it can never be a word; A morpheme that can become a word independently cannot guarantee that it is a word at any time and any occasion. For example, the word "ren" in "ren" is not a word, but it appears here in the form of morpheme, which is a component of the word "ren" and cannot be separated or inserted with other components.

It is worth noting that a few morphemes cannot form words independently, or their positions are often fixed when they are combined with other morphemes. For example: first, boss, amao, scissors, paintings, stones, and us. The position of "first, oldest, oldest, youngest, youngest, oldest, youngest, oldest and youngest" is fixed and cannot be changed. We call such morphemes additional elements, and some people call them affixes. Although the meaning of this additional ingredient is not so obvious, it is different from the previous words "Portugal, grapes, witches and Pteris". The former is vague and the latter is meaningless.

Morphemes that can form words independently, the extension of words and morphemes are coincident. A morpheme and a word, such a word is called a simplex word, which is composed of a morpheme. Its structure is simple and there is no need for further study. Morphemes that cannot be independently formed into words can be combined with other morphemes to form a word, which is what we call compound words. Here are some examples about the structural relations of compound words.

First, two morphemes are combined into words according to a certain relationship. This combination is called compounding. It can be divided into six forms:

1. The relationship between the two morphemes is equal, regardless of primary or secondary, and they are joint. For example:

My friend, the language struggle is great and brave.

Right and wrong things are reversed sooner or later, but each other.

2. There are primary and secondary morphemes, and there is a positive correlation between them. The former morpheme describes or restricts the latter morpheme:

The advantages of trains and railways attach importance to Snow White as long as

Stone flower core goodwill and pride front door spacecraft

3. There is a dominant relationship between the two morphemes. The former morpheme represents a behavior, and the latter morpheme represents what is dominated and influenced by this behavior. For example:

The revolution took the lead in mobilizing a limited number of officers to bind their legs.

Old-fashioned, stable, confidant, faithless, admit defeat, applaud.

4. The latter morpheme is the statement of the former morpheme, and there is a declarative relationship between them. For example:

The winter solstice of the earthquake hurts young, impatient and timid.

Sunrise flustered thirsty citizen voluntary weight

5. The latter morpheme is the result of supplementary explanation of the behaviors and actions expressed by the former morpheme, and they are complementary. For example:

Explain, improve, see, improve and reduce recognition.

Defeat, shrink, correct, overthrow, prove and expose.

6. The former morpheme indicates something, and the latter morpheme indicates the unit of measurement of this thing. Their relationship is quite special. For example:

Ships, documents, population, rooms, guns, books.

Cars, horses, lamps, cloth, rice grains and flowers

2. Morphemes expressing specific lexical meanings and as a group of additional compound words. For example:

Son: Brush, comb, pliers, scissors.

Say: Draw a stick to cover the circle.

Head: the sweetness of steamed bread is the bitterness of stone.

Student: We, you, them and us.

First: first, second, tenth.

Thirdly, compound words are composed of repeated morphemes, which is called reduplication. For example:

Mom gradually often just thinks slowly.

Most words in Chinese are composed of two morphemes, while some words contain more than two morphemes. Such as tractors, libraries, outlook on life, electrification, typicality, young people and so on. Such a word consists of the first two morphemes, plus one morpheme.

Understanding the characteristics of Chinese morphemes and their relationship with Chinese characters and Chinese vocabulary is extremely useful for learning Chinese. Since morphemes are meaningful, words composed of morphemes are related to their meanings. The meanings of words such as peace, competition, running water, spaceship, peace of mind, applause, palpitation and earthquake are all a collection of two morphemes. The special combination of words such as "boat" and "car" and the morphemes after quantifiers are also meaningful. We can't say "ship" as a "ship book" and "book" as a "book book" because a ship is a paper and a book is a paper book.

After knowing the knowledge of morphemes, we can better identify the meaning of words. For example, as long as we understand the morphemes "benefit" and "force", we can distinguish the meanings of "water conservancy" and "hydraulic power".

Morphemes play an important role in Chinese teaching, but the concept of morpheme is abstract. Teachers should not talk too much about theoretical analysis when teaching this part of the content. They can combine the knowledge of morphemes with the teaching of Chinese characters and vocabulary, and teach students through a large number of diverse exercises. In this way, the teaching effect may be better.