Indian custom

India is located in the south of Asia, the center of the South Asian subcontinent. It borders Pakistan in the northwest, China, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan in the northeast, Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east, Sri Lanka and Maldives across the sea in the south, the Bay of Bengal in the southeast, the Arabian Sea in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Himalayas in the north. It is a maritime transportation hub in Asia, Africa, Europe and Oceania.

India is 3 1 19 kilometers long from north to south (about 1600 kilometers long in the Indian Ocean), 2,977 kilometers wide from east to west and 6,083 kilometers long in coastline. According to its topographical features, the whole country can be roughly divided into five parts: Himalayan mountains in the north, Deccan Plateau in the south, Ganges Plain in the middle, thar desert in the west and islands in the east and west seas.

There are many rivers in India, which can be divided into three major water systems according to water sources and topography: Himalayan water system; Water system in peninsula plateau area; Coastal water system. The main rivers are: Ganges, the largest river in the subcontinent, originating from Gango Glacier at the southern foot of Himalayas, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers and more than 0/0 tributaries/kloc, with a total basin area of 6,543,800+0,600 square kilometers and flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The Yarlung Zangbo River has a total length of1130km, with a total basin area of 580,000km2 and a reach of 720km in India. Yamuna river, the largest tributary of the Ganges, is 1380 km long. Nabada River, with a total length of 1, 3 10 km and a drainage area of 98,000 square kilometers. Ge Davalli River, with a total length of1.400km and a drainage area of 260,000km2. Krishna River, with a total length of1400km and a drainage area of 260,000km2. Mahanadi River, with a total length of 858 kilometers and a drainage area of 654.38+0.3 million square kilometers. (8) Taputi River, with a total length of about 720 kilometers and a total area of 65,000 square kilometers.

India has a typical tropical monsoon climate. National weather can be divided into cold season (also known as winter or cool season,1~ February), hot season (also known as summer, March ~ June), rainy season (mid-June ~ mid-September) and monsoon retreat season. In the cold season, the lowest temperature in the north is 65438 05℃, the mountain area is -2.5℃ and the highest temperature in the south is 27℃. In hot season, the temperature can be as high as 40℃, 49 ~ 50℃ in Deccan Plateau and 29 ~ 30℃ along the coast. The minimum precipitation in rainy season is 400 mm, and the maximum precipitation can reach 3000 ~ 4000 mm.

India has a vast territory and rich resources. Main mineral resources: coal reserves 1.2 1.36 billion tons, of which lignite is 2 billion tons, ranking eighth in the world; Iron reserves are 22.4 billion tons, ranking fourth in the world; Oil reserves are 5 108 million tons; Natural gas reserves of 59 billion cubic meters; Copper reserves are 578 million tons and bauxite reserves are 2.653 billion tons; Chromium reserves are 654.38+35 million tons; Manganese reserves are 65438+279 million tons; Nickel reserves are 2.653 billion tons: bauxite reserves are 2 billion tons; Lime reserves are 5 1 100 million tons, and so on. The output of mica ranks first in the world.

There are about 30,000 kinds of plant resources and more than 70,000 kinds of animal resources, among which lions and tigers are' national treasures'. Elephants, cows and monkeys are India's' sacred animals'; Peacock is the national bird of India.

The forest area accounts for 22% of the land area, about 74 million hectares, and the virgin forest accounts for 70 ~ 80% of the total forest area.

Society [population and country]

Indian population is second only to China, ranking second in the world. Compared with the initial period of independence (360 million), the population has increased by 1.3 times, making it the country with the largest annual population growth rate in the world. According to the census results of Indian government 199 1 year, the population growth rate of India in recent years is 23.5‰, and the natural population growth rate of 199 1 year is 2 1‰. 80% of the population lives in rural areas, with an average population density of 227 people per square kilometer, 400-600 people per square kilometer in the area between Ganges and yamuna river, and over 65,438+0,000 people per square kilometer in the Bay of Bengal Delta Plain. However, in the desert areas in the northwest of Rajasthan, the alpine areas in the northern Himalayas and the central Deccan Plateau, the population is as small as 4 people per square kilometer, and the population in Kerch area in the west is only about 0/6 people per square kilometer/kloc-. Since independence, the population of India has moved from rural areas to big cities such as Calcutta, Delhi, Madeira and Mumbai.

India has dozens of ethnic groups and more than 300 "tribal members". Ethnic minorities account for 94-96% of the total population in China, and' tribesmen' account for 4-6% of the total population. The main ethnic groups are: Hindustan, accounting for 46.3% of the national population; Mainly distributed in parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar. Telugu, accounting for 8.6%, is mainly distributed in Telanadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Bangladeshis, accounting for 7.7%, are mainly distributed in West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. Marat, accounting for 7.6%, is mainly distributed in Maharashtra, Ratat and Madhya Pradesh. (5) Tamils, accounting for 7.4%, mainly distributed in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Gujarat, accounting for 4.6%, mainly distributed in Gujarat. Canada, accounting for 3.9%, is mainly distributed in Karnataka and surrounding states. Malayalam, accounting for 3.9%, is mainly distributed in Kerala and surrounding states. Oriya, accounting for 3.8%, is mainly distributed in Orissa. Punjab, accounting for 2.3%, mainly distributed in Punjab.

The number of indigenous tribes in India is about 38 million, accounting for 6.94% of the total population. Nine indigenous tribes have a population of more than1000000, and the least, such as Andaman tribe, has only a few hundred people. They mainly live in the northeast, Himalayas, central, western, southern and island areas.

There are about 180 languages and more than 700 dialects in China. They belong to Indo-European, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan and South Asian languages. The official languages are Hindi and English.

The main religions in India are Hinduism (82.7%), Islam (1 1.2%), Christianity (2.6%) and Sikh (2%). In addition, there are Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism, each with 65,438+0% followers. Some tribal peoples in mountainous areas believe in primitive religions. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are traditional religions, which originated in China, and the rest were introduced from abroad. Marriage and Dowry According to Hindu custom, early marriage is carried out through Taidan, and intra-caste marriage is practiced, which advocates widow martyrdom ("martyrdom" system) and prohibits widows from remarrying. Most marriages are decided by parents and the media. Usually, marriage is not only a combination of men and women, but also a combination of family, group and wealth. In rural areas, hairdressers are traditional matchmakers.

Expensive dowry is a traditional custom in Indian marriage, which is also a heavy economic burden and even leads to social tragedy. The dowry prohibition law was promulgated in 196 1, but the traditional and customary forces prevented the law from being implemented.

Etiquette and custom Indians are very polite when meeting friends, usually by crossing their hands to express their greetings. When crossing your hands, you should show respect, equality and care to your elders, be flat to your peers and be low to your younger generation. When welcoming the guests, they laid a wreath.

Express our heartfelt welcome. It is worth noting that Indians often shake their heads instead of nodding when expressing their agreement or approval with each other. Indian funerals and cremation: usually held by the holy river; Water burial, pushing the body into the water and letting it drift away; Celestial burial or wild burial, leaving the body in the wild or in the forest for vultures to peck or wild animals to eat, while Muslims bury it.

Society values boys over girls. Generally, Muslim women rarely show their faces, let alone casually associate with strangers and shake hands with the opposite sex. Most women put auspicious moles in the middle of their foreheads and like to wear necklaces, brooches, earrings, nose rings, rings, anklets and other accessories.

Hindu festival (1) Mother's Day is the largest festival in Bangladesh, which is held from September to June every year. (2) Wine Festival, transliteration' Holly Festival', is held at the end of February and the beginning of March every year. (3) Lantern Festival, transliteration of Diwali, the most solemn festival in Hinduism, is held every year from 10 to1,and is usually celebrated for 5 days to half a month in the whole country. (5) Women's Sleeping Vader Festival, translated as Salaswati Festival, which means "Goddess of Knowledge Festival", is held every year from/kloc-0 to February. (6) Sagner Riding Festival is held from June to July every year, on the15th day after bathing. (All the above are Gregorian calendar)

Islamic Festival (1) Eid al-Fitr is one of the two major Islamic festivals. September in the solar calendar (around February in the solar calendar). (2) Eid al-Adha, one of the two major festivals in Islam, literally translates as' Eid al-Adha'. 65438+ February Gregorian calendar 10 (around April Gregorian calendar).

Sikh Festival Nanak Birthday Festival, the first full moon of the Gregorian calendar 1 1.

Jainism Festival Mahapiro Festival is a festival to commemorate the founder of Jainism, Fatomona (that is, Daxiong), and it is a major Jainism festival every year 15 (March).

In addition, Christians in India, like Christians in the world, should also commemorate or celebrate Easter, Christmas and the festivals of a few Buddhists, Christians and Jews.

1947 When India became independent, the productivity was stagnant and backward, and the agricultural working population accounted for 80%. On the eve of independence, India's per capita income was 198 rupees, which was among the lowest in the world at that time.

In order to get rid of the predicament as soon as possible, the government regards accelerating industrial development, improving agricultural productivity and realizing economic diversification as the main strategic objectives of economic development. Therefore, a series of economic policies (195 1 ~ 1990, seven five-year plans have been implemented) have been formulated and implemented. The gross national product (GNP) has increased from 1950 ~ 195 1 to1746.9 billion rupees, an increase of about 18 times in 38 years. The per capita national income of 1989 reached about $320, which greatly exceeded the level of 150 at the beginning of independence (1950). 199 1 year, the per capita GNP is $350, and the GDP growth rate is 4.5%. 199 1 year foreign exchange reserves increased to $2.7 billion, compared with 1 billion in June. 65438+1At the beginning of September 1992, India's foreign exchange reserves totaled 6.3 billion US dollars.

Since independence, India's economic development has generally experienced the period of economic recovery (1947 ~ 1956), the period of formulating industrialization strategy and forming industrial system (1957 ~ 1966), the period of adjusting economic structure and focusing on developing agriculture (1967 ~ 6544) Establish the strategic target period of realizing technological modernization and accelerating economic development (1985 ~ 65438)1991After Rao came to power in June, the economy took measures such as depreciating the rupee, reducing the deficit and adjusting industrial policies, which made the economy better.

Since the implementation of industrialization policy in 1950s, Indian industry has developed rapidly. From 1950 to 195 1, the national industrial output value was only 175 billion rupees, from 1985+0986 to 1028 rupees, an increase of more than five times. From 1986 to 1987, the national industrial output value accounts for about 26% of the gross national product, and the average annual industrial growth rate is about 6%. The industrial production of 1990 increased by 7.5 ~ 8%, which was slightly lower than the 8.3% of 1989. 199 1 year India's industrial production growth rate is 0. 1%, which is the first time in recent 10 years. 1992 The growth rate of industrial production was 4.5%.

In the steel industry, at the beginning of independence, there were only three steel companies in India, including Tata, with a steelmaking capacity of 6.5438+0.5 million tons. By the end of 1988, six steel companies, including Bilai, Dujiapur, Rukala, Pocaro, India and Tata, had been established in India, with steelmaking capacity exceeding 1 10,000 tons.

In terms of energy, India is an oil-poor country, and its oil is mainly imported, accounting for about 70% of its foreign exchange income every year. 1989 India imports oil19.9 million tons, with an annual output of 34 million tons. 199 1 year oil production is 3 1 10,000 tons. At present, offshore oil fields are mainly exploited, and the output of offshore oil fields accounts for more than 1/2 of Indian crude oil production. Power supply includes hydropower, firepower and atomic energy. After independence, the electric power industry developed rapidly. Nuclear energy has reached a considerable scale. At present, four atomic power stations have been built, with an equipment capacity of 6.5438+0.7 million kilowatts.

The chemical industry was founded in 1930s and 1940s, and developed rapidly after the first five-year plan. The chemical industry (including petrochemical products) has an average annual growth rate of 8.7%, which is the highest among all industrial sectors in China, and its output value accounts for 12% of the total industrial output value.

After independence, machinists have become the largest production department in Indian industry, and their output value accounts for 30% of the total industrial output value of the country. Large and small manufacturers belonging to the machinery industry system account for about 1/3 of the total number of registered manufacturers in China. India is self-sufficient in manufacturing general machinery and equipment, electrical appliances, automobiles, motorcycles, locomotives, tractors, ships and airplanes, and some products have become one of the industrial sectors that earn the most foreign exchange through export.

The textile industry mainly includes cotton spinning, jute, food and paper making. These are the traditional industrial sectors in India. Especially in the cotton spinning industry, Mumbai and Ahmedabad have more than13 cotton mills, 2/5 sand spindles and 2/3 looms.

Agriculture plays an important role in the development of national economy. There are 65.438+0.73 billion hectares of cultivated land and 65.438+0.27 billion hectares of grain crops, including 62 million hectares of irrigated area, and about 500 million people are engaged in agricultural labor. Planting is mainly based on food crops. 1990 increased agricultural production by 3.5-4%, and this year's grain output1%was 7.8 billion tons, an increase of 8.8% over 1989, setting a historical record. The main food crops are rice and wheat. Beans and corn are the second. Rice accounts for 30% of the crop area and about 27% of the world's rice planting area, ranking first in the world. The sown area of wheat accounts for about 199 1% of the agricultural growth rate, and accounts for11% of the total cultivated land, ranking among the top wheat producers in the world.

The sown area of cash crops in India accounts for about 1/5 of the total sown area. The main cash crops are cotton, tea, tobacco, rubber and coffee, and the oil crops are peanuts, sesame, bananas and mangoes. Among them, cotton production accounts for about 10% of the world total output, and jute production ranks second in the world. The planting area of peanuts is as high as 7 million to 7.5 million hectares, and the annual output is about 5 million to 7 million tons, accounting for about 30% of the world's total output. At present, it is one of the largest peanut producers in the world. The annual output of tea accounts for 30% of the world total output, ranking first in the world. In addition, the output of cash crops such as tobacco, sugarcane, mango, cashew nuts, coconut, banana, walnut, citrus, coffee, hemp, silk and rubber is also considerable, all of which can rank among the top 10 in the world.

The output value of animal husbandry in India accounts for about 15% of the net agricultural output value, and the number of cattle ranks first in the world.

The sources of the national budget are mainly direct taxes and indirect taxes. Since independence, the national budget has grown rapidly. Ruby 1950 ~ 195 1 year 4.06 billion, rs. 1988 ~ 1989: 366.88 billion.

The national capital budget mainly comes from domestic debt and foreign aid, which is used for the five-year plan and national defense construction expenditure. Over the past 40 years, the capital budget ratio 1950 ~ 195 1 has increased by 1987/ 1988, which is an increase of 196.8 times. 1990 India's total foreign debt is $67 billion. 199 1 year, the total foreign debt increased to $69.8 billion. The balance of payments deficit 199 1 ~ 1992 is $6.04 billion. 39% lower than the previous year.

The largest Indian consortia are Takou Consortium, Billa Consortium, Mafatlal Consortium, Sin Chana Consortium and Tapal Consortium. Their total assets are above 4 billion to 654.38+0.3 billion rupees. At 199 1, India's inflation rate has reached 12.5%.

India's foreign trade has developed greatly since its independence 40 years ago. Especially since 1970s, the proportion of export in the gross national product has increased from 4.7% in 1985 ~ 1986 to 6. 1988 ~ 1989. However, there has been a deficit in foreign trade for a long time, and the export value 199 1 reached 193 billion US dollars, with a deficit of 8.9 billion US dollars. In terms of imported goods, traditional products such as textiles, tea and iron ore, which used to be among the best in the past, have retreated to the second place, replaced by handicrafts, clothing and mechanical products. Among the imported products, consumer goods such as grain, which once ranked in the forefront, also retreated to the second place, replaced by oil, chemical raw materials and their products, edible oil, fertilizer, paper and so on.

1853, India built the first railway-Mumbai-Tana line, with a total length of 32 kilometers. At present, the total length of the railway is 61850km, and there are more than 20 main trunk lines. Big cities such as New Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai are national railway hubs. 199 1 year, the railway passenger mileage is 263.4 million kilometers, ranking fourth in the world.

The total length of Indian highways is 6.5438+0.932 million kilometers, ranking second in the world after the United States.

The total length of navigable rivers (including canals) is about 14000 km, with more than 80 large and small ports 10, and the largest port10. The annual throughput of the top ten ports is about 65.438+0.25 billion tons. There are about 66 shipping companies in China, and the largest shipping company is Indian Shipping.

Company and mughal shipping company.

There are two state-owned airlines in India: air india, established in August, 1953, mainly engaged in regional routes between China and neighboring countries in South Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan). Air India was founded in 1972, mainly engaged in international routes covering five continents.

city

Indian cities formed earlier. It has developed rapidly since independence. According to statistics, there are 57 cities with a population of over 300,000 in India, and there are 1 metropolis with a population of over 1 10,000. Among them, New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Madras are the most important cities in India. In addition, there are Jagra, Allahabad, Bangalore, Cochin, Goa, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Luck, madurai, Simla and varanasi.

New Delhi, the capital of India, is located on the west bank of Yamuna River, with an area of 1.485 square kilometers and a population of 5.73 million (plus Delhi). It was newly built in 1, 9 1 year. Children's Park Square is the center of the city, and the streets radiate in all directions. In the modern magnificent buildings, standing on the west side of the city center are the parliament building with Central Asian style architecture and the presidential palace with hemispherical dome.

The Ancient Observatory (17 10) is located in Qinlun Pantuo Park on National Congress Avenue, which consists of four buildings with peculiar shapes, adding attractive luster to this ancient and modern city. At the western end, Knox Square, which is semi-circular and divided into three floors, is the most prosperous business district in New Delhi.

Delhi is also a cultural and educational center. There are many famous museums, memorial halls, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, and the famous Nehru University is located in the suburbs.

Delhi enjoys the reputation of "the capital of seven dynasties" in India. Located in the center of the subcontinent, on the north bank of Yamuna River.

Delhi has the ruins of the old fort built during the Peacock Dynasty and the famous Ashoka stone pillar. The Gutenberg Tower in the suburbs, built at the beginning of13rd century, is 72 meters high and divided into five floors, which is magnificent. The ancient palace Hongbao, built in 1638, is one of the famous Islamic buildings. Corresponding to the Red Castle is Jama-Maszat Mosque (also known as' Jama Temple'), which is completely made of red sandstone, with a length of 75.5 meters and a width of 24 meters. It covers an area of 1 170 square meters and can accommodate 25,000 Muslims to pray at the same time.

There are magnificent buildings such as Humayong Mausoleum in the suburbs.

Moonlight Street or Yinzi Street in old Delhi was once one of the richest streets in the world in history, and it is still the commercial center and open-air market in Delhi today.

Kolkata, the largest city in India. The capital of West Bengal. Near the Bay of Bengal, on the left bank of the Hugley River in the Ganges Delta.

The downtown area is centered on Dahewei Square, where the state government office building, state legislature building and high court are located. The' Qiaolingqi Square' in the city center is full of hotels, restaurants, shops and entertainment places, which is very prosperous.

Calcutta has developed industries, mainly including textiles, steel, machinery, chemistry, paper making, leather, printing, clothing, ceramics and so on. It is also the center of jute industry. All the goods in China13 are handled at this port. As one of India's cultural and educational centers, there are museums, libraries, art galleries and atomic energy research institutes. The center of Hindu activities, the goddess Kali is also here.

Mumbai is the second largest industrial and commercial city in India, the capital of Maharashtra and one of the largest ports in China. Located in the west of India, near the Arabian Sea, it is a natural harbor. The arched India Gate, built in 199 1, combines the architectural styles of Hinduism and Islam. Mumbai is also the cultural and educational center of West India. Mumbai University is located here, and many famous film studios are also here. As one of the industrial centers, the textile mills in this city account for about 40% of the national textile mills and 30% of the national spindles and looms. Cotton yarn is exported at home and abroad. Machinery, automobile, petrochemical, papermaking, electronics, shipbuilding, fertilizer, medicine, food and other industries are also relatively developed. Mumbai is also the hub of land, sea and air transportation on the west coast of India, where Santax International Airport, the largest airport in China, is located.

Madras is the transportation hub of South India, the capital of Tamil Nadu, the fourth largest commercial city in India and the largest artificial port. Located at the mouth of Qom River, near the Bay of Bengal. Area 128 km2. The city is centered on St. George's Fort and extends in three directions: south, north and west. The north of the old city (St. George's Castle) is the business district, and the seaside side is the port; The south of the old city is a residential area with many historical buildings. There are 120 temples alone. Among them, Mahabalipulan, located 60 kilometers south of the city, is known as the' City of Seven Pagodas' and is famous for its huge rock temples. Madras has the earliest Indian university and the oldest church in university of madras, St. Thomas Church. The port of Madras, with an annual throughput of over 7 million tons, is one of the important cargo distribution centers. Textile, leather, chemicals, machinery, rubber and film industries are developed.

travel

Castle cemeteries mainly include Red Castle, Humayong Mausoleum, Taj Mahal and Rajgat. Hongbao is the largest ancient palace in India. Located on the Yamuna River in the northeast of Delhi. Built in 1638 ~ 1648, it is the palace of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, all made of red sandstone. Therefore, it is called Red Castle. Humayong Mausoleum, the mausoleum of Humayong, the second emperor of Mughal Empire. It is also located on the Yamuna River in the eastern suburb of Delhi. Built in 1565. The Taj Mahal was built in 163 1 year. Standing on the south bank of Yamuna River in the suburb of Jagra, it is magnificent and can be called one of the seven architectural wonders in the world. The mausoleum is 583 meters long and 304 meters wide with red sandstone walls. The whole mausoleum covers an area of 6,543,800 square meters. Raj Ghat, an incineration site on the banks of Muna River in Derria. There are also several Buddhist shrines and historical sites, such as Rokuyaon, Bodhgaya, Naga, Wushe City, Guardian City, Nalanda Temple, Three-foot Pagoda, Ajanta Grottoes, Elora Grottoes, Elifenda Grottoes, Amritsar Golden Hall, Kajelaho Temple Group and Kormiaoge Temple, which are all worth visiting.

The best tourist season is from June 10 to February-March of the following year.