How to prevent landslides and debris flows

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Identification method of landslide

In the field, from a macro perspective, the stability of landslides can be roughly judged according to some external signs and characteristics.

The reinforced old landslide has the following characteristics:

(1) The back wall is high, covered with trees, without scratches, and stable;

(2) The landslide platform is wide and flat, with dense soil and subsidence;

(3) The front slope of the landslide is steep, the soil is dense, the trees are covered, and there is no loose collapse. The leading edge facing the river has been washed away by the river;

(4) At present, the river is far away from the tongue of the landslide, and even there are floodplains and terraces outside the tongue;

(5) The natural scouring ditches on both sides of the landslide cut deeply, even reaching the bedrock;

(6) There are clear springs flowing out from the tongue bottom of the landslide.

Unstable landslides usually have the following signs:

(1) The overall slope of the landslide is steep and extends for a long time, with uneven slope;

(2) There is a small landslide platform with gentle downward dip and unevenness;

(3) There are springs, wetlands and new gullies on the surface of the landslide;

(4) There are uneven local platforms on the landslide surface.

(5) The front of the landslide is loose, and small-scale collapse occurs from time to time, which is in danger of being washed away by the river;

(6) There are no huge upright trees on the landslide.

Landslide prevention measures

Landslide prevention and control should implement "early detection, prevention first;" Find out the situation and comprehensively manage it; The principle of "Strive for a radical cure and leave no future trouble" combines the factors of slope instability and the internal and external conditions of landslide formation. Landslide control can start from the following two aspects: eliminating and reducing the harm of surface water and groundwater.

The occurrence of landslides is often closely related to the action of water, which is often the main factor causing landslides. Therefore, it is particularly important to eliminate and reduce the harm of water to slope. Its purpose is to reduce pore water pressure and hydrodynamic pressure, prevent the softening and dissolution of rock and soil, and eliminate or reduce water scouring and wave impact. The specific measures are as follows: to prevent peripheral surface water from entering the landslide area, intercepting ditches can be built at the landslide boundary; In landslide areas, drainage ditches can be built on slopes. Mortar sheet or artificial vegetation can be used to cover the covering layer to prevent surface water from infiltrating. For rock slopes, shotcrete can also be used to protect the surface or hang steel wire mesh on shotcrete. There are many measures to remove groundwater, which should be selected according to the geological structure characteristics and hydrogeological conditions of the slope.

Commonly used methods are: 1, horizontal drilling drainage; 2, vertical hole drainage; 3. Shaft pumping; 4. Drainage of the tunnel; 5. Support the blind ditch.

Improve the mechanical strength of slope rock and soil

Through certain engineering and technical measures, the mechanical strength of slope rock and soil is improved, its anti-sliding ability is improved, and the sliding force is reduced. Common measures are: 1, slope cutting and load reduction; Slope stability can be improved by reducing slope height or slowing slope angle. In the design of cutting slope, the height of unstable rock and soil should be reduced as much as possible, and the rock and soil that prevents sliding should not be reduced. This method is not always the most economical and effective measure, so economic and technical comparison should be made before construction. 2. Reinforce the slope manually; The commonly used methods are: 1, building retaining wall and retaining wall to support unstable rock mass; 2. Using reinforced concrete anti-slide piles or reinforced piles as anti-slide supporting engineering; 3. Prestressed anchor rods or cables are suitable for strengthening rock slopes with cracks or weak structural planes; 4. Strengthen the strength of slope rock mass or soil by consolidation grouting or electrochemical reinforcement; 5.SNS slope flexible protection technology, etc.

Countermeasures for editing this paragraph

Countermeasures when it happens

In case of landslide, at least the following should be done:

(1) When you are on the landslide, you should first keep calm and don't panic. Look around quickly and evacuate to a safer place. Generally, except for high-speed landslides, it is possible to escape from dangerous areas as long as you act quickly. When you run away, running in both directions is the best direction. It is dangerous to run up or down the slope. Don't panic when you encounter an unavoidable high-speed landslide. Under certain conditions, such as landslide sliding as a whole, it is an effective self-help measure to keep still or hold on to trees. For example,1March 7, 983, the survivors of the famous high-speed loess landslide in dongxiang county, Gansu Province, were born clinging to a big tree on the landslide.

(2) When suspicious landslide activities are found in non-landslide areas, they should immediately report to the neighboring villages, townships, counties and other relevant governments or units. For example, prevention and treatment stations or county, city, region and provincial governments all have "land and resources bureaus". This body is duty-bound to shoulder this responsibility. And immediately organize relevant governments, units, troops, experts and local people to participate in rescue and relief activities. (3) Government departments should immediately implement emergency measures (or plans) and quickly organize personnel to evacuate from dangerous areas and areas that may be affected. And inform people in neighboring valleys and gullies to prepare for evacuation and pay close attention to the spread and transformation of the disaster. For example, in heavy rains and floods, landslides often turn into debris flow disasters (that is, secondary disasters). Pay attention to the occurrence of secondary disasters or third disasters, such as fires and floods, caused by lifeline projects that may be endangered by landslides (such as reservoirs, trunk railways, trunk highways, power plants, communication equipment, trunk passages, etc.). ). Pay attention to investigate whether the landslide has the characteristics of intermittent activity, and determine the possibility and time of its activity again as much as possible. When necessary (to be demonstrated by relevant experts or scientific and technical personnel), observation points (stations) or observation networks should be set up quickly to pay close attention to their changing trends. "It's never too late to mend."

Self-help and mutual rescue after the accident.

(1) artificial respiration. Before artificial respiration, the patient's mouth should be cleared of dirt, and the removable denture should be taken out of the mouth. Then, the patient's head should be tilted back, his jaw should be raised, and his clothes should be taken off, so as not to affect the thoracic movement. The rescuer of artificial respiration is located at the side of the patient's head, holding the patient's jaw with one hand to make it lean back as far as possible, holding the patient's nostril with the other hand to prevent air leakage, then taking a deep breath and quickly blowing air into the patient's lungs from mouth to mouth. Leave the patient's mouth immediately after blowing, release the hand holding the nose, and let the blown gas be discharged naturally. At the same time, pay attention to observe whether the patient's chest has ups and downs. Adults can inhale repeatedly about 16 times per minute, and children can inhale 20 times per minute until the patient can breathe spontaneously.

(2) heart massage. If the patient's heart stops beating, he should be given heart massage immediately and artificial respiration at the same time. If two people are rescued, one person presses the heart five times and the other person inhales alternately 1 time. In case of single rescue, press the heart 15 times and blow twice, alternately. When pressing, the patient should lie on his back on a solid bed board or the ground, with his head tilted back. The rescuer should be on the affected side, with his hands crossed and his fingertips facing up. Press the root of his palm vertically and evenly under the sternum 1/3 (that is, the two fingers on the xiphoid process), and pay attention to adding your own weight. Press his arms vertically, press his sternum down 3 ~ 5 cm, then relax and let blood flow into his heart. Adult patients can press about 80 times per minute, and the movements should be short, powerful and continuous. Generally, the patient's breathing and pulse are checked once after blowing 1 minute, and then every 3 minutes until it is effective.

mud-rock flow

preventive measure

Houses should not be built on ditches and ditches.

Limited by natural conditions, many villages are built on fan-shaped land at the foot of the mountain. The fan-shaped land at the foot of the mountain is the witness of historical debris flow activities. In the long run, mudslides are likely to occur in most valleys. Therefore, in the process of village site selection and planning and construction, houses should not occupy drainage ditches or be too close to the banks of ditches; Houses occupying rivers should be moved to safe places. Building protective dikes and shelterbelts on both sides of the river can avoid or reduce the harm caused by debris flow overflowing the river to residents on both sides.

Gullies should not be regarded as garbage dumps.

Abandoning soil, slag and garbage at will in the gully will provide a solid source for debris flow and promote its activities; When the amount of waste soil and slag is large, dams may form in the valley, and mudslides will inevitably occur when the dams break. Therefore, before the rainy season comes, it is best to actively remove obstacles in the channel to ensure good flood discharge capacity of the channel.

* Protect and improve the ecological environment in mountainous areas.

The occurrence and activity of debris flow are closely related to the quality of ecological environment. Generally speaking, in areas with good ecological environment, the frequency of debris flow is low and the influence range is small; In areas with harsh ecological environment, mudslides occur frequently and have a wide range of hazards. Improving the vegetation coverage of small watersheds and building a certain scale of shelterbelts near villages can not only inhibit the formation of mudslides and reduce the frequency of mudslides, but also provide an additional barrier to protect lives and property even if mudslides occur.

* Don't stay in the valley for a long time in rainy season.

Don't stay in the valley for a long time on rainy days; Once you hear an abnormal sound coming from the upstream, you should quickly flee to the uphill direction on both sides of the strait. When crossing the ravine in rainy season, you should observe carefully and make sure it is safe before passing quickly. Rainfall in mountainous areas generally has local characteristics. The downstream of the valley is sunny, and the upstream of the valley is not necessarily sunny. "Four seasons in one mountain, different days in ten miles" is a vivid description of the unpredictable climate in mountainous areas. Even if it is sunny in rainy season, we should guard against mudslides.

:: Debris flow monitoring and early warning

Monitor the rainfall process and rainfall in the basin (or receive local weather forecast information), and judge the possibility of debris flow caused by rainfall according to experience; Monitor the landslide activity along the gully bank and the accumulation of loose earth and stone in the gully, and analyze the danger of debris flow caused by landslide blocking the river channel. The sudden interruption of the downstream river may be a precursor to the impending landslide blocking the river and the outbreak of debris flow in the upstream; Set up observation points in the debris flow formation area, and send early warning signals to the downstream in time after discovering the formation of debris flow in the upstream.

Regularly check the reservoirs and tailings ponds upstream of towns, villages, factories and mines. When the dam body is unstable, disaster avoidance measures should be taken in time to prevent the dam body from bursting and causing mudslides.

Edit this paragraph to escape and save yourself.

Escape method

Debris flow at an extremely fast speed, making a loud noise through the narrow valley, pouring down. Wherever it goes, the wall will collapse and everything will be covered with thick and sticky mud and stones.

Under the action of gravity, rocks or soil on slopes and slopes lose their original stability and slide down as a whole. In case of debris flow or landslide, the escape methods are as follows:

When walking along the valley, in case of heavy rain, if you find abnormal sounds or hear alarm sounds in the valley, you should immediately run to a solid highland or the slope of debris flow, and don't stay in the valley.

Be sure to run out of the house as far as possible and go to an open place to prevent being buried as much as possible.

After discovering the debris flow, you should immediately climb the hillside perpendicular to the debris flow. Climb as high as possible. The faster you run, the better. You must never walk in the direction of debris flow. When a landslide occurs, you should also escape in the direction perpendicular to the landslide.

Choose a flat highland as a campsite, avoid slopes with rolling stones and a lot of deposits as much as possible, and don't camp at the bottom of valleys and rivers.

Self-help and mutual rescue method

1. What happened on the hillside before the landslide?

Expert tips

1. The extension direction of cracks in soil landslide is often parallel to the extension direction of slope, which has obvious arc characteristics, and the direction of horizontal twisted cracks often directly intersects with the direction of slope, which is relatively straight.

2. The distribution direction of cracks in rock landslide is often controlled by rock surface and joint surface.

3. When cracks appear on the ground, landslides may occur.

Don't:

1. Cracks on the hillside are considered normal.

I don't care at all.

Second, what happened to the things around before the landslide?

Expert tips

1. When the slope sinks locally, and the sinking has nothing to do with the underground cavern and the thick artificial fill on the ground, landslides may occur.

2. The buildings on the hillside are deformed, and the deformed structures have certain rules in spatial distribution, so landslides may occur. 3. When the quality of spring water and well water is turbid, the original dry place suddenly seeps or there is a lot of water leakage in the spring reservoir, landslides may occur.

4. There is abnormal noise underground, and poultry and livestock have abnormal reactions, which may lead to landslides.

Don't:

1. If you don't make a correct judgment, you will panic.

2. Anomalies caused by other factors are considered as precursors of landslides.

Third, how to choose a temporary disaster avoidance site

Expert tips

Moving to a safe place in advance is the best way to prevent landslide disasters.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Several safe shelters should be selected in advance near the landslide danger zone.

2. The disaster avoidance site should be selected at the periphery of the boundary on both sides of the landslide. In the case of ensuring safety, the closer to the original residence, the better, and the more convenient transportation and water and electricity.

Don't:

1. The disaster avoidance site is selected on the uphill or downhill slope of the landslide.

2. Moving from one dangerous area to another without a comprehensive investigation.

Four, after the landslide, how to face the standing houses?

Expert tips

Check carefully whether all the facilities in the house are damaged.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

Before moving in again, pay attention to check whether the water, electricity, gas and other facilities in the house are damaged, and whether the pipes and wires are cracked or broken. If a fault is found, it should be repaired immediately.

Don't:

I entered the house without careful water, electricity and safety inspection.

5. What should I do if I am in a non-landslide mountain area when there is a landslide?

Homepage prompt

Timely reporting is very important for reducing disaster losses.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Don't panic, report the details of the disaster to the relevant government departments and units as soon as possible.

2. Do your own safety protection work.

Don't:

1. Don't report it if you think it has nothing to do with yourself.

2. Go to the rescue and disaster relief alone.

6. Was it during the landslide?

Expert tips

Calm down, don't panic.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Take shelter on both sides in the direction of landslide, and find a safe zone around as soon as possible.

2. When you can't continue to escape, you should quickly hold the trees and other fixed objects around you.

Don't:

1. Run to the landslide when you escape.

2. at a loss.

7. What should I do when driving through the landslide area?

Expert tips

Observe closely and pay attention to safe driving.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Pay attention to all kinds of dangers that may appear on the road at any time, such as falling rocks and branches.

2. Check whether there are landslides, gullies, etc. Avoid danger on the road ahead.

Don't:

1. If we don't know the situation, we'll drive there.

2. Just after the landslide, it passes through this area.

Eight, what should I do after the landslide?

Expert tips

Don't break into the landslide area to find the lost property.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. You can immediately participate in rescuing other people in distress.

2. Don't go back to the landslide area before the landslide danger period, so as not to bring danger to the landslide again.

3. The landslide has passed. Make sure that your house is far away from the landslide area, and you can enter your life only after it is intact and safe.

Don't:

1. Go home immediately after the landslide stops to check the situation.

2. Ignore the danger of continuous landslide.

9. What should I pay attention to when rescuing people and things buried by landslides?

Expert tips

Excavation should be carried out from one side of the landslide.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Drain the water at the rear edge of the landslide.

2. Dig from one side of the landslide.

3. Save people first, then save things.

Don't:

1. Excavation from the lower edge of the landslide will accelerate the landslide.

Take care of yourself and ignore others.

X. How to avoid landslides in camping in the wild?

Expert tips

When sleeping in the wild, you should avoid canyons and steep cliffs.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Avoid steep cliffs and canyons when sleeping outdoors.

2. When sleeping outdoors, avoid slopes with sparse vegetation.

3. Very wet hillside is also a possible area of landslide.

Don't:

1. Set up camp on a cracked hillside.

2. Enter the landslide-prone area in the period of frequent aftershocks.

XI。 How to escape when the mountain collapses and landslides?

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. In case of landslide, you can hide under a solid bunker or squat in a ridge or trench.

2. Pay attention to protect your head and wrap your head with clothes.

Don't:

1. Run down the hill in the direction of the rolling stone.

2. No head protection.

Twelve, how to avoid landslides when going out?

Expert tips

Try to avoid going to landslide-prone areas after the earthquake.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

When you have to go out, you must stay away from areas prone to landslides.

Don't:

1. Go out at will before the aftershocks stop.

2. Don't pay attention to the precursors of landslides.

13. How to choose a house in a landslide-prone area?

Expert tips

It is very important to check the changes of the house and the surrounding objects.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Check the basement wall of the house for cracks and cracks.

2. Observe whether the telephone poles around the house are tilted to one side.

3. Whether the asphalt road near the house has been deformed.

Don't:

1. Don't do any inspection before you live in the house.

2. The cracks in doors and walls and the inclination of telephone poles caused by human factors are mistaken for the precursors of landslides.

Fourteen, how to choose the evacuation route

Expert tips

The correct evacuation route must be determined through field investigation.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

Geological experts will conduct field investigation and survey before evacuation.

Don't:

1. Despair, enter the danger zone.

2. Do not obey the unified arrangement and choose your own route.

15. What are the signs before the mudslide comes?

Expert tips

1. Debris flow may occur after continuous long-term rainfall.

If there is a thunderous sound in the valley after the rainstorm, it indicates that there will be a mudslide.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue 1. If it is found that debris flow has formed in the valley, we should inform everyone to move it in time.

In the process of escape, we should take good care of the old, the weak and the sick.

Don't:

1. Walking in the valley in the rainstorm.

I don't care if I hear the sound in the valley.

Sixteen, how to avoid encountering mudslides when sleeping in the wild?

Expert tips

Never sleep at the bottom of valleys and rivers.

Essentials of self-help and mutual rescue

1. Avoid the hillside with rolling stones and a lot of deposits when camping.

You can sleep on a flat highland.

Don't:

1. Sleep in the valley.

2. Take shelter from the rain and rest on the hillside with many deposits.

3. Sleep on the beach.