The climate of the earth

Equatorial (tropical) rainforest climate

It is roughly distributed between north and south latitudes 10, with the Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin in Africa, Asia and lesser sunda islands as typical examples. Controlled by the equatorial air mass, it is hot, rainy and humid all year round. The annual average temperature is around 26℃, the annual temperature difference is very small, and the annual precipitation generally exceeds 2000 mm, so the distribution is relatively uniform. The natural vegetation is tropical rain forest.

(2) Tropical monsoon climate

It is generally distributed on the east coast of the mainland between the north latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula in Asia as typical areas affected by the southwest monsoon. Most parts of Yunnan and the southeast corner of Tibet also belong to tropical monsoon climate. The annual temperature is high, and the annual average temperature exceeds 20℃. The seasonal variation of prevailing wind direction is significant. The summer half year is controlled by equatorial air mass, with abundant precipitation, forming rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rain forest; In the winter half year, under the control of tropical continental air mass, precipitation in some places decreased obviously, forming a dry season. The annual precipitation is 1500-2000mm, and the rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the annual total, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest.

(3) Tropical grassland climate

It is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternating control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, with an average annual temperature of about 25℃. During the control period of equatorial low pressure zone, equatorial air mass prevailed and precipitation was concentrated; During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by tropical continental air mass, with little rain and distinct dry and wet seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obvious and long. The natural vegetation is savanna.

(4) Tropical desert (dry) climate

Generally distributed in the mainland and west coast under the control of the north-south high-pressure retreating belt, with North Africa, Arabian Peninsula in Asia and desert areas in Australia as typical examples. Controlled by subtropical high pressure area or trade wind area, controlled by tropical continental air mass all the year round, prevailing downward flow, drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100 mm, and in some places it is only tens of millimeters or even less, with plenty of sunshine and high temperature. The average temperature in the hottest month can reach about 30℃. The contradiction between heat and water is prominent. The distribution and formation of the world's great deserts are closely related to the tropical dry climate. The natural vegetation is desert.

(v) Subtropical monsoon climate

It is mainly distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent, taking the eastern part of Asian continent, such as the south of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in China, the southeast of North America, the east of South America, the southeast of Australia and the southeast corner of Africa as typical examples. The prevailing wind direction varies greatly with the seasons. In winter, affected by the polar continental air mass, the temperature is low and the precipitation is less; In summer, affected by tropical ocean air mass, it is hot and rainy, and the water distribution in four seasons is uneven. The natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (the obvious reason of East Asia: backed by the largest continent and facing the largest ocean, the thermal properties of land and ocean are significantly different).

(vi) Subtropical Mediterranean climate

Mainly distributed in the west coast of subtropical continent, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of North and South America at 30-40 north latitude, and the southwest corner of Australia and Africa. And the Mediterranean coast is the most extensive and typical. For example, in the northern hemisphere, the subtropical high zone moves northward in summer and is controlled by high pressure. Affected by the tropical continental air mass, the weather is sunny, dry, hot and rainy. In winter, the subtropical high zone moves southward, which is warm and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt (Mediterranean front belt). Natural vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen shrub.

(vii) temperate monsoon climate

Mainly distributed in the eastern part of temperate Asian continent,

For example, North China, Northeast China and the Far East of the Soviet Union. The prevailing wind direction in winter and summer obviously alternates. Winter wind, controlled by polar continental air mass, is cold and dry; The summer monsoon is mainly affected by tropical ocean air mass, which is warm and rainy. The annual range is a big city with annual precipitation of 500-700 mm, which is unevenly distributed and relatively concentrated in summer, with continental characteristics. The natural vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest or mixed forest of coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest.

(8) temperate maritime climate

Mainly distributed in the west coast of temperate continents, such as the narrow strip of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America, with Western Europe as a typical example. Influenced by the prevailing westerly wind all the year round, the ocean airflow blows to the mainland, and the ocean regulation plays a significant role. The climatic characteristics are: the temperature is not high in summer, not low in winter, and the annual variation is small; The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000mm, and the distribution is relatively uniform. Natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. It is mild in winter and cool in summer. The precipitation is more than 1000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is even. Mainly distributed at 40 to 60 degrees north and south latitude. The west coast of the mainland is typical of Britain, Holland, Belgium and Denmark in Western Europe. Followed by Seattle in the United States, Vancouver in Canada, Wellington in New Zealand and so on.

(9) temperate continental climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the inland areas of North America. Away from the ocean, or blocked by mountains, the water cycle is inactive, mainly controlled by continental air masses, with scarce precipitation and dry climate; It is hot in summer, quite cold in winter, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is large. Natural vegetation is desert or desert grassland or grassland.

(10) Sub-frigid continental climate

Mainly distributed in northern Eurasia and northern North America. It is influenced by polar continental air mass and polar ocean air mass all year round, and it is also influenced by ice ocean air mass in winter. Winter is long and cold, and warm season is cool and short; There is less precipitation, relatively concentrated in summer and weak evaporation, so it is a humid area. Natural vegetation is coniferous forest.

(1 1) Polar tundra climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America. It is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss, lichen).

(12) polar ice sheet climate

Mainly distributed in the Antarctic continent and Greenland. It is very cold all year round, and the monthly average temperature is below 0℃, which is the lowest temperature area in the world. The average annual temperature in the Antarctic continent is -29℃-35℃, and it is below -22℃ in the Arctic region, and there are many snowstorms all year round.

(13) Alpine Plateau Climate

Mainly distributed in high mountains and plateaus, such as Himalayas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Andes in South America. In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change of climate is significant. At a certain height, there is a lot of humidity, fog and precipitation. The higher the mountain, the stronger the wind. China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has high altitude, low temperature, strong radiation, abundant sunshine, little precipitation and strong wind in winter. The annual variation of temperature is small and the daily variation is large.