What are the heating knowledge and common sense?

1. Why do you have to pay the heating fee when the reading of the user's heat meter is zero?

this question is actually a supplement to the above questions. If the user applies for a power outage and the watt-hour meter no longer rotates, there is no need to pay the electricity bill. If a hot user turns off his own heating and his neighbors are still heating, he will "touch" the neighbor's light because the indoor temperature of his house will increase with the heat transfer between households. If it is a question of applying for a power cut, his neighbors will not be able to "touch" the neighbor's light, no matter how big the light bulb power at home is. This is determined by the different conduction and use modes of heat and light, and the characteristics of heat conduction determine that households who stop using heat are still actually consuming heat energy. If charging by heat meter is implemented, there will be a phenomenon that the heat meter of households who stop heating does not follow the word, while the heat meter of neighbors has to follow the word more. Therefore, it is more reasonable for households who stop using heat to pay a certain proportion of heating fees. This shows that the problems involved in charging heating by heat meter are far more complicated than the collection of electricity charges. ?

in some areas where heat meters are used to measure fees, some property management and heating management departments stipulate that heat users should pay 4% to 6% of the basic heating fee according to the residential building area, regardless of whether they have installed heat meters or not and whether they have stopped using heat. In order to prevent a few users from opportunism and relying on heat transfer between households for heating, it is necessary to formulate a more reasonable system to avoid such unfair heating charges.

2. How do you charge for heating only during the severe cold period?

if the number of heating days in winter in a region is 12 days, individual heat users require heating only in the 4-day cold period between New Year's Day and Spring Festival for various reasons, and stop heating in the early cold period at the beginning of heating and the end of heating. When paying the heating fee, it is required to press? It is obviously unfair to pay only one-third of the heating cost for the actual heating days. Because, in the early cold period and the late cold period, the weather is not too cold, the room that needs heating consumes less heat, and the fuel consumption of the heating department is also less. In the coldest period of winter, the coal consumption for heating is much higher than that in the early or late cold period, and sometimes the daily coal consumption will even increase exponentially. Coal consumption is the main calculation basis of heating charge, and local price management departments regard fuel consumption as the main cost of heating when approving the local heating charge price.

therefore, it is obviously unreasonable for hot users to ask for heating only in the cold period, just like going to the market to buy food, but the price is still the same as long as the fine cabbage is served. Of course, if the user has installed a heat meter, there will be no such problem when paying by the meter, because in order to keep the indoor temperature unchanged, the speed of the heat meter in the cold period is much faster than that in the early and late cold periods, so the heating fee should naturally be paid more. Therefore, users who have not installed a heat meter and only require to use heat in severe cold periods should understand the composition of heating costs. When it is coldest, they consume the most heat and the most fuel. If they use more heat, they should pay more. They should pay according to the consumption of raw materials and the heating price calculated by the local heating management department. In order to avoid conflicts with heat users, some management departments generally do not provide heating in this case.

3. How many years is the service life of indoor heating facilities?

All facilities and equipment have a service life. Like buildings, refrigerators, televisions, pressure cookers and other household items, heating facilities such as pipes, valves and radiators in heat users' rooms also have a service life. From the point of view of safe heating, we can't wait until the heating pipes at home are rusted, broken, leaking, and injured, before we think that their life is up, and then replace them.

due to various reasons, some heating facilities have good internal quality, and their service life will be much longer if they are properly installed and maintained. If the materials of heating facilities are poor, steel pipes and fittings are not galvanized,

the wall thickness is not up to the standard, the working environment is humid and harsh, the internal and external corrosion is serious, and the use and maintenance are improper, etc., their service life will be much shorter. Under normal circumstances, the average service life of ordinary indoor heating facilities is about 3 years, while the life of cast iron radiators is longer. In recent years, the floor radiant heating facilities have the same design life as buildings, both of which are 5 years.

4. Who will pay for the renovation of indoor heating facilities?

when the service life of a building is up, it is necessary to demolish it; when the service life of pressure cookers and televisions is up, it is necessary to buy new ones; when the service life of indoor heating facilities is up, it is also necessary to spend money to update them. Under normal circumstances, indoor heating facilities are a part of residents' houses. When they are close to their service life, the failure rate will increase year by year. Although some of them have not yet reached the renewal period, they often break down and affect their normal use. They should also be updated as soon as possible. If they are not replaced in time, sometimes there may be water running failures such as tube explosion, damage and leakage, and hot water will burn their families and bring losses and harm to their families and neighbors. In severe cases, the hot air sprayed with hot water will also cause indoor hypoxia, which will bring people the danger of suffocation.

Therefore, heat users can't be careless. When the heating facilities are approaching the service life, the leakage is increasing, and the failure rate is increasing, the safety of heating should be put in the first place. Users should be willing to spend money and update the heating facilities in time. Of course, facilities such as public pipelines, valves, automatic exhaust valves and inlet shaft devices belonging to the whole building or the whole unit should be updated by the property manager or owner in accordance with the agreement on maintenance and update of heating facilities. If the property rights are owned by all the owners, they need to use the public maintenance fund for maintenance.

5. Why isn't the second floor warm after the first floor stops heating?

At present, the design of buildings in many residential quarters is thoughtful. All the floors of residential buildings are designed as garages, and heating is also designed and installed in the garages. A few years ago, due to lax accounting of heating consumption, heating was turned on in winter regardless of whether there was a car in the garage. In recent years, with the refinement of heating management, in order to save heating capital, users removed all the radiators installed in the garage. When the heating was removed from the first floor, residents on the second floor generally reported that the indoor temperature was low, and the heating effect was not as good as before. Some users' indoor temperature dropped below 16 degrees.

why did this happen? Originally, when designing and determining the number of radiators in each room on the second floor, the premise was that the first floor heater was used normally. When heating on the first floor, the indoor hot air has a light proportion and rises to the second floor, which plays a dual role of heat transfer and heat preservation between households. The number of radiators determined on the second floor is moderate, and users will not feel cold. Now that the radiator on the first floor has been completely removed, the heating conditions have changed. The heating on the second floor has to transfer heat to the room on the first floor while heating its own room, which increases the heat dissipation, so the second floor is not warm. In this case, we should consider re-accounting and increase the number of radiators on the second floor. In the same way, if the heating is removed from the adjacent room, or the room is changed to other uses and the doors and windows need to be opened frequently, we should also consider increasing the number of radiators in the normal heating room, so as to ensure the heating quality of users.

6. Why are there not as many radiators as the same room?

The heating in a garden district is an old-fashioned single-tube series heating system. One day, Mr. Li from the fifth floor of Building No.2 visited Mr. Zhang's house on the first floor. He found that in two living rooms of the same size, Mr. Zhang's radiator had 18 radiators, while his radiator had only ten. Why is there such a difference in the number of radiators in a room of the same area?

this is because, in the old heating system with single pipe connected in series with upper supply and lower return, the hot water is transported by the circulating pump to the top floor first, distributed by the horizontal pipes, and then flows through the radiators on the top floor, then flows through the radiators on each floor layer by layer, and finally flows to the bottom floor. Therefore, the temperature of hot water is the hottest on the top floor, and the water temperature on the ground floor is the lowest after cooling through the radiator step by step. In order to ensure that the room temperature of each floor is 18 degrees, it is considered to increase the number of radiators layer by layer as temperature compensation when designing. The higher the floor, the higher the water temperature, the fewer the radiator pieces, and the lower the floor and the lower the water temperature, the more the radiator pieces. In a building with this type of heating system, although the room area in the same direction is the same from the top floor to the first floor, the number of radiator plates is quite different.

However, in the household control system or double-pipe heating system, there is no such problem that the temperature of hot water decreases step by step. The temperature of hot water entering each floor and household is the same, the room area is the same, and the number of radiators is the same. However, if the residential building is not an energy-saving and heat-insulating building, we should also consider increasing the number of radiator fins in the top floor, bottom floor and backer wall rooms. Due to the location and envelope structure of these rooms, the exposed surface area is large and the heat consumed by the rooms is high.

7. What is the simple principle of household air conditioning refrigeration and heating?

Ordinary household air conditioners use air source heat pump technology to adjust the room temperature. When the air conditioner works, the refrigerant vapor in the refrigeration system is sucked in, compressed into superheated vapor with high temperature and high pressure, and discharged to the condenser. The high-pressure refrigerant liquid flows into the evaporator after depressurization and cooling through the throttling capillary to absorb indoor heat, and the outdoor fan blows away the heat released by the refrigerant at the same time. The fan of the indoor unit makes the air continuously enter the heat absorption fin of the evaporator for heat exchange, and sends the cooled gas after releasing heat to the room. Repeatedly, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling.

Ordinary household air conditioners use the heat of compression and condensation of refrigeration system to heat indoor air. When heating, just adjust the operation mode to this position, and the circulating direction of refrigerant will be automatically changed through the four-way valve, so that the system can absorb heat from outdoor and release heat indoors, thus achieving the heating purpose. In order to ensure the heating effect of air conditioners when it is too cold outdoors in winter, many air conditioners are designed with electric auxiliary heating components in the fuselage to ensure the heating effect. However, in general, it is not appropriate to use ordinary household air conditioners for heating for a long time, which not only consumes more energy and costs more, but also has poor comfort, which is far less effective than central heating.

8. Why can high-temperature hot water be used for refrigeration in summer?

The most common refrigeration method in summer is to use electricity as power for compression refrigeration, just like ordinary household air conditioners. There are also direct-fired mechanical refrigeration using oil and gas, and lithium bromide refrigeration powered by hot water. The principle of lithium bromide refrigeration is similar to Freon refrigeration. When it volatilizes, it can absorb a lot of heat from the surrounding environment, which makes people feel that the temperature drops obviously. Because of its unique characteristics, it has become a good medium for absorption air conditioning. In the lithium bromide refrigeration unit, it can make the medium cold water drop to about 8 degrees, and then the cold water passes through the air coil to reduce the air temperature. Then, the cool air is sent to each room by using the air conditioning duct of the building to achieve the purpose of reducing the indoor temperature.

In some cities, heating companies use hot water pipes for heating in winter to supply hot water with certain parameters in summer, so as to refrigerate units with large building area and lithium bromide refrigeration units. This refrigeration method is suitable for buildings with large area central air conditioning, and can be widely used in hotels, hotels, commercial buildings and other senior apartments and large office places. Because of the high synchronization coefficient of refrigeration in such places, the efficiency is also high. For ordinary residential quarters, this method is not suitable for refrigeration because of its high engineering cost and operating cost.

9. What is the function of the entrance device in the manhole at the entrance of the unit?

The heating entrance device of residential buildings, whether it is one staircase with two households or one staircase with four households, usually installs a set of facilities as a unit to form a heating system. If one inlet device undertakes the heating of several units, the number of users will be too large, and the probability of heating failure will also increase. If there are too few users, the cost of entrance facilities borne by users will increase again. Therefore, taking a natural unit as a unit, it is appropriate to set up an entrance well for every 2 households or so. This not only facilitates the maintenance and management of the heating department, but also ensures the heating quality of users.

for the convenience of management, most of the entrance devices are installed in the manhole at the door of the unit. The thermometer and pressure gauge are used to indicate the heating parameters; The decontamination device and the blowdown valve are used to filter and remove impurities and foreign bodies in the system; Water supply and return valves are used as maintenance switches; The balance valve is used to improve the heating quality and adjust the heating flow, so that the hot water flow of users in each building can be distributed according to the load, and the phenomenon of imbalance between cold and heat can be solved. Locking valves and locking manhole covers are used as locks, which can only be opened by managers with special keys. They are used for the protection of facilities and the management of heating, so as to prevent individuals from opening the valves for heating without paying the heating fee. In a word, the entrance device is one of the main heating facilities, which is used to control, adjust, overhaul, rinse and monitor the heating situation of the residential unit, and it is the public property of all heat users in the whole unit. In order to ensure the quality of heating, everyone should cherish and protect the entrance well facilities to prevent sewage soaking and man-made damage.

1. what should I do if the heating effect of the heat user at the far end of the heat source is not good?

generally speaking, users who are close to the heating boiler room or thermal power station have better heating effect than users who are far away. The resistance of nearby users' pipe network is small, the pressure head of heating circulating water is high, the hot water circulation is relatively smooth, and the heat sent per unit time is correspondingly more, so the user's room temperature is higher. On the contrary, the long-distance users' pipes have large resistance along the way, and the circulating hot water flow is less, which forms a water conservancy imbalance and the heating effect is inevitably worse. Under the condition that the total heat supply is constant, the closer the user is to the heat source, the higher the indoor temperature, and the farther the user is, the lower the room temperature.

how to solve the contradiction of poor heating effect of remote heat users? The original method is to increase the temperature of water supply and increase the circulation of hot water. Using this operation mode of increasing temperature, large flow rate and small temperature difference, it is easy to cause the near-end users to overheat and open the window to cool down, but the far-end users' room temperature is still low. In this way, not only a lot of heat energy is wasted, but also the electric energy of the water pump is consumed. With the progress of science and technology, the automatic regulating devices such as thermal balance valves are constantly improved and perfected. By using these devices, the circulating water can be distributed accurately according to the heating heat load area of each district and building, so as to control the hot water circulating flow of the near-end users from being too large, ensure the hot water circulating flow of the far-end users to be sufficient, and distribute the water evenly according to the design flow of the heat load of each building. So as to solve the problem of thermal balance of the heating pipe network, ensure that remote heat users have good heating effect, and save water, electricity and fuel by more than 15%.

11. Is it an act of stealing heat to install a simple heat exchanger without permission?

at present, there are many kinds of radiators on the market. It is also mixed with a simple small household heat exchanger, which looks like an ordinary radiator. A metal inner container is concealed in the body, and two water pipe joints are led out of the radiator from the inner container, one end of which is filled with tap water and the other end is filled with hot water. During heating, the hot water in the system is used for heating and radiating, and at the same time, it is used for heating the tap water in the metal liner. If the radiator is installed without the approval of the heating management department and the heat metering charge is not implemented, it is called stealing heat. Now the merchants on the market dare not publicize it, but only sell it in secret. Without the approval of the relevant departments and the installation of heat meters by users, it is an act of stealing heat energy to use the heat energy of public heating to heat tap water used at home without paying the hot water heating fee. Because heat is a commodity, it is immoral to take away the commodity without permission.

in the design of heating system in general residential buildings, because the additional load of hot water heat exchanger is not considered in advance, the installation and use of heat exchanger without permission will harm the interests of both heating enterprises and neighbors, and it is easy to cause the heating in neighbors' homes is not hot.