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What are the discoveries and inventions from 1840 to 20 1 1?

1840, the French invented the metal hose, which provided suitable packaging for some daily necessities, thus triggering the reform of some commodity forms. 1839 invented photography technology, 1840 invented shortened exposure technology, and photography technology made a breakthrough. The saxophone was invented by Belgian adolphe sax (18 14- 1894) in 1840. 184 1 year, the French invented the chain stitch sewing machine with hook. 184 1 year, optician Vogeland invented the first all-metal camera. 184 1 year, German physicist Weber invented the double-wire ammeter, which can measure both geomagnetic intensity and current intensity. 1842, Adricn Pnilippe made the first watch with a winding handle, which was realized in 1860. 1842, American Goode invented the hard rubber tire, which is very strong and bumps badly when driving. Fax technology was born as early as 65438+1940s, 30 years before the invention of telephone. It was invented by an English inventor named Alexander Bain in 1843. Sir Ray Kelly, who invented the glider, was also the inventor of the helicopter. He made a helicopter model at 1843. 1843, German scientists invented the silver-plated glass mirror. 1843, Goodyear and Hancock invented a revolutionary rubber vulcanization method. They heat raw rubber and sulfur, which can turn rubber into a strong and elastic material. 1843, French tobacco companies began to produce Spanish-style cigarettes, which were officially named "cigarettes" in French, from which the word English cigarettes came. 1844, Cheng Aber invented the Lancashire boiler. 1844, William Hall of England invented a spin stabilizer and used it to improve Congreve rockets.

1845, German von Martens invented the world's first 150 turning point.

1849, Davie-Blue Scott invented a stereo camera and a two-lens stereo observation mirror.

186 1 year, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photo.

1866 generator made by Siemens, Germany.

/kloc-in the 1970s, practical generators came out.

1876, Bell, a Scot who settled in Boston, USA, tried to make a phone call successfully. Edison and others made important improvements on the basis of Bell's invention, which made telephone communication popular in many countries in the world.

1877, the first telephone exchange was built in America.

1877, the first telephone exchange was built in America.

1882, Frenchman Depreux discovered the method of long-distance power transmission, and American scientist Edison established the first coal-fired power station in the United States, connecting power lines into a network. Electricity is an excellent and cheap new energy. Its wide application has promoted the rapid development of a series of emerging industries such as power industry and electrical appliance manufacturing. Human history has entered the "electrical age" from "age of steam". From 65438 to 0886, British mechanical engineer stahly designed a new bicycle style from the perspective of mechanics and kinematics. The front fork and brake are installed, and the front and rear wheels are the same size and balanced. A diamond-shaped frame is made of steel pipe and rubber wheels are used for the first time. Stahly not only improved the structure of bicycles, but also transformed many machine tools for producing bicycle parts, which opened up a broad road for the mass production and popularization of bicycles, so he was called "the father of bicycles" by later generations. The bicycle model he designed is basically the same as the current bicycle.

1888, Irish veterinarian Dunlop was inspired by the treatment of cattle flatulence. He glued the rubber hose for watering his garden into a circle and put it on his bicycle, which was the beginning of pneumatic tires. Pneumatic tire is an epoch-making pioneering work in the history of bicycle development, which not only fundamentally changes the riding performance of bicycles, but also improves the use function of bicycles. From 179 1 to 1888, the invention and improvement of the bicycle, the ancestor of motorcycles, experienced the unremitting struggle of these inventors for nearly 100 years. We must be moved by human inventions.

1888, German scientist Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves. Using this electromagnetic wave, Italian Marconi made radio communication equipment.

1899, Marconi successfully sent a telegram between Britain and France;

190 1, transatlantic transmission succeeded. The development of modern telecommunications provides convenience for the rapid transmission of information. Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened.

In the mid-1980s, German inventors Daimler and Karl Benz proposed the design of a light internal combustion engine, which uses gasoline as fuel. In 1990s, German engineer Diesel designed an efficient internal combustion engine, which can use diesel as fuel, also known as diesel engine. The invention of internal combustion engine, on the one hand, solved the engine problem of vehicles and caused revolutionary changes in the field of transportation. /kloc-In the late 20th century, a new type of transportation-automobile appeared. In 1980s, karl benz, a German, successfully built the first car driven by a gasoline internal combustion engine.

1896, American Henry Ford made his first four-wheel car. At the same time, many countries began to establish automobile industry.

190 1, transatlantic transmission succeeded. The development of modern telecommunications provides convenience for the rapid transmission of information. Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened.

1903, the plane made by the Wright brothers in the United States was successfully tested, which realized the dream of human beings soaring in the sky and heralded the arrival of a new era of transportation.

1907 plastics, after learning about the invention of plastics, the happiest thing in the world is the elephant. For hundreds of years, everything from the handle to billiards has been made of ivory. 19 In the 1980s, the supply of ivory gradually decreased and billiards rose, which once triggered a crisis. Phelan and Cowland, the largest billiards producers in the United States, can't wait to offer a gold prize worth $65,438+0,000 pounds-a considerable prize-to recruit any "invention genius" who can provide synthetic products instead of ivory.

Until 1907, the Belgian inventor Leo Baekeland, who had made huge profits by inventing photographic paper for taking fast-moving photos, accidentally invented the compound of phenol and formaldehyde. This innovative pure synthetic plastic-phenolic plastic has the functions of heat protection, electricity protection and corrosion protection. Not only is it good for billiards, but one of the great benefits of plastic is its versatility. Everything from telephones to toilets, ashtrays to airplane parts is made of plastic. By 1968, if young graduates want to find a job in a promising and successful industry, they must listen to one word-plastic.

Penicillin (1928) is said to be the most contributing drug in this century, and its inventor is British bacteriologist alexander fleming. 1928, in a bacterial culture experiment, the inventor happened to find that a mold later called penicillin was devouring the bacteria he cultivated in a Petri dish. According to Fleming's research results, after ten years' efforts, researchers at Oxford University in England finally found a way to refine this mold and put it into medical experiments. 1943, in order to treat soldiers injured in World War II, the Allies began to put penicillin into industrial production. For more than half a century, penicillin has saved countless lives, prompting people to pay attention to the research and development of antibiotic family.

1923 TV, the inventor of TV is British electronic engineer john baird. In 1923, he applied for a patent for his own device that can generate 8 lines of images. The first TV set was sold at the end of 1930. 1932, BBC broadcast the first standardized TV program in the world. Since then, mankind has begun to step into the television era. Today, people use satellites and other channels to spread TV signals to every corner of the earth.

1942 nuclear weapons, the atomic age began in 1942. In order to defeat the Axis fascism, the highest authorities in the United States decided to launch the Manhattan Project aimed at developing atomic weapons. At the end of the year, as part of the Manhattan Project, the first nuclear reactor was built and put into operation under a sports facility of the University of Chicago. 1On July 6th, 945, a mushroom cloud rose from the Atomic Energy Research Center in Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, and the world's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. On August 6th and 9th of that year, the United States dropped two atomic bombs named "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The Japanese emperor then announced his unconditional surrender. The atomic bomb seems to have made great contributions to the victory of World War II, but mankind has lived in the shadow of terrible atomic weapons ever since.

1943 computer, the computer is the foundation for human society to enter the information age, but it was born because of war. 1943, in order to decipher the German code, the British mathematician alan turing designed the first electromechanical computer named "Giant". Although it is only an imaginary computer for decoding, it initiated the development of computer technology, which is changing with each passing day. 1947, the transistor computer came out; 1959, the integrated circuit computer was born; 1970, computer produced large-scale integrated circuits; Since 1980s, a new generation of microcomputers have mushroomed. On this basis, mankind has ushered in a new network era.

1953DNA,1953 On February 28th, the famous British geneticist francis crick announced that he had "discovered the secret of life". Crick and his American colleague james watson devoted themselves to the research of life science for many years, and finally found the molecular structure of DNA double helix which determines the inheritance of life from the nucleus, and deciphered the genetic codes of human beings, plants and animals. This discovery initially revealed the secret of life, promoted the research and treatment of various diseases, and also promoted human research on improving food structure. In the first 20 years of the next century, it is possible for human beings to eliminate gene defects through gene therapy, and then overcome fatal sexual dysfunction such as cancer, heart disease, hemophilia and diabetes. Undoubtedly, the research results of DNA molecular structure have played a great role in studying life and treating diseases, but it also makes people face the moral crisis caused by it. For example, the development of cloning technology has given mankind a difficult problem.

1954, contraceptive: 1954, American doctor gregory pincus invented the contraceptive, which is a mixture of two hormones that inhibit ovulation in women. Contraceptive pill is listed as one of the greatest scientific achievements in the 20th century because it liberates women from passive childbearing. From then on, women can control their own fertility, decide whether to have children according to their own wishes, and decide when to get pregnant according to their own situation. More importantly, it breaks the shackles that imprison women's sexual freedom, gives women the right to go out of the family and participate in social work, and finally expands women's influence in social politics, economy and culture.

1957 Sputnik,195710/0 On October 4th, the Soviet Union launched the first Sputnik in human history, marking the beginning of the space age. 1961April 2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin went into space in a spaceship and became the first person to go into space. 1969 On July 20th, two American astronauts landed on the moon in a spaceship. Satellites can transmit TV and radio program signals, and also provide services for aviation, Hainan Airlines, weather forecast and scientific and technological information, thus greatly "shrinking" the earth. In order to further explore the mysteries of the universe, human beings have placed many detectors on the main planets of the solar system, and grand plans to build an international space station are also in the pipeline.

1967 organ transplantation, 1967, South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard successfully performed the first heart transplant operation. Since then, with the development of medicine and medical equipment, medical scientists have gradually solved the problems of organ infection and successfully transplanted limbs, liver, skin, retina and even testicles. The medical community believes that the next frontier technology of organ transplantation is brain cell transplantation, which can cure medical ills such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In the next century, medical scientists will devote themselves to solving the problem of xenotransplantation and transplanting organs from other animals into human bodies.

1978 test-tube baby: British girl Louise Joy Brown is the first test-tube baby in the world, and now she is 2 1 year old. At that time, her mother's egg and her father's sperm successfully mated in a test tube and gave birth to her. Since then, in vitro pregnancy technology has been continuously developed and perfected, and 1984 embryo freezing technology has been successfully tested; From 65438 to 0990, the experiment of embryo transfer technology was successful. The successful cultivation of IVF has given great hope to infertile couples, but it has also aroused people's concern about a moral issue. For example, if a woman gives birth to a child through in vitro pregnancy when she is in her fifties or even sixties, it is possible that the old man will die while the child is still underage, so who will raise the orphan?

The invention of 2 1 century is:

Repair gloves: "Repair gloves" are devices implanted with special actuators and sensors, which can imitate the biomechanics of human hands. The purpose of designing "repair gloves" in the manipulator research laboratory is to make a "coat" with artificial muscles. This "coat" can help the human body to move again. Scientists, programmers and inventors all over the world are developing innovative technologies to copy, replace or help the human body.

Bionic heart: In-situ artificial heart CATO is a device that can completely imitate the human heart. It consists of a blood chamber, a valve and a special driving device, which can suck blood into pulmonary artery and aorta. The biggest challenge facing scientists is to transplant artificial heart equipment, including power supply, into the limited space where the heart is usually located. Scientists have achieved great success in experiments with cattle, which has also created favorable conditions for him to successfully apply for a patent for orthotopic artificial heart transplantation.

Neurotransformation: An Australian programmer developed a system. According to this system, people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can communicate with others only through the tips of neural signals in the future. Another scientist has developed a new man-machine interface: a person can receive neural signals by using electrodes on the skin surface, and then communicate with them through artificial intelligence analysis. After the cooperation of two scientists, this system is called neural transformation technology.

See the world with your ears: Dr. Leslie Kay designed a sonar device that can release ultrasonic waves and find the reflections of other objects and obstacles. Then, the data is converted into a series of audible sounds, which correspond in frequency to the sounds made by distant objects. With a little training, the human brain seems to be able to subconsciously transform these sounds into spatial imagination.

This technology won the 1998 World Communication Innovation Award, and now blind people all over the world will use this technology to walk confidently in strange areas.

Artificial muscle: The research of artificial muscle began in the 1940s, but it didn't make great progress until recently 10, because research centers all over the world developed special polymers and intelligent materials. In the future, mankind is likely to see the strongest man in the world compete with the most powerful bionic arm.