See the weather from the clouds.

17. Looking at the weather from the clouds 2009- 12-04 2 1:06 "Looking at the weather from the clouds" was selected as the junior middle school Chinese textbook 200 1 edition (unchanged in 2009).

Brief introduction of the author

Zhu Yongxi 1960 graduated from Chinese Department of Jiangsu Institute of Education. Now she is a senior teacher of Changshu Middle School in Jiangsu Province. 1962- 1965 was seconded to Nanjing by Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education to participate in the compilation of Chinese textbooks for agricultural middle schools. 1984 was rated as a special teacher. 1988 was awarded as a young and middle-aged expert with outstanding contributions in Jiangsu province. 1997 received special government allowance from the State Council. 1999 won the first batch of famous teachers in Jiangsu province. 1993 was hired as a special editor by People's Education Publishing House.

Engaged in Chinese teaching and language research for many years, and participated in the compilation of middle school textbooks in this province, the whole country and Hong Kong for many times; Invited by the State Education Commission, he participated in drafting and drafting the Chinese teaching syllabus for junior high schools and full-time senior high schools in nine-year compulsory education for many times.

Since 1959, more than 200 teaching experience summaries, teaching research papers and language research papers have been published in foreign professional journals outside the central and provincial levels; He has published two Chinese elective textbooks, Language Expression and Writing of Scientific Papers, and has many monographs and co-authors. The Chinese monograph Ye Shengtao's Art of Language Modification has won many awards in this province and the whole country.

original work

Lead: Spring, summer, autumn and winter, rain, rain and snow, the weather is changeable and the weather is myriad. Weather is closely related to human life. The change of weather has its own signs. Now, please look at the sky, at the clouds, at the words of nature, and at the "signboard" of the weather. How to interpret it?

The clouds in the sky are really varied and changeable. Some are like feathers, floating gently in the air; Some are like fish scales, neatly arranged one by one; Some come and go like sheep; Some are like a big quilt, covering the sky tightly; Others are like mountains, rivers, lions and galloping horses ... sometimes they decorate the sky beautifully, and sometimes they cast a shadow over it. Just now, it was white clouds and the sun was shining; In a blink of an eye, it was cloudy and it rained cats and dogs. Clouds are like the "signboard" of weather: what kind of weather will appear when there are clouds hanging in the sky.

Experience tells us that thin clouds in the sky are often a symbol of sunny weather; Those low and thick clouds are usually signs of rain and snow.

The lightest and tallest clouds are called cirrus clouds. This kind of cloud is very thin, through which sunlight can shine on the ground, and the light and shadow of houses and trees are still very clear. Cirrus clouds are constantly floating, sometimes like a white feather, sometimes like a white silk thread. If cirrus clouds are arranged in a row in the air, like fish scale waves caused by a breeze blowing over the water, it becomes cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds and cirrocumulus are very high, where there is little water, which generally does not bring rain and snow. There is also a kind of white clouds like cotton balls, called cumulus clouds. They are often scattered in the sky about two kilometers, reflecting the bright sunshine, and the clouds are surrounded by golden brilliance. Cumulus clouds appear in the morning, most in the afternoon, and gradually dissipate in the evening. On sunny days, we occasionally see a kind of cumulus. Altocumulus clouds are groups of oblate clouds, which are arranged in a balanced way, with a blue sky in the middle, which looks like snow-white sheep on the grassland from a distance. Cirrus, cirrocumulus, Cumulus and Cumulus are all beautiful.

When the continuous rain and snow came, cirrus clouds were gathering, and a thin layer of clouds gradually appeared in the sky, as if covered with a white silk curtain. This cloud is called cirrostratus. Cirrostratus is advancing slowly, and the weather will turn cloudy. Then, the clouds are getting lower and thicker. Looking at the sun or the moon through the clouds is like a layer of frosted glass. At this point, the scroll tower has been renamed. It's time to call it a high-level cloud. There are high clouds, and it often rains or snows within a few hours. Finally, the clouds are getting lower and thicker, the sun and the moon are hidden, and the sky is covered with dark gray clouds. This cloud is called nimbostratus. As soon as nimbostratus was formed, continuous rain and snow came.

In summer, before a thunderstorm, cumulus clouds are first seen in the sky. Cumulonimbus clouds become cumulonimbus clouds if they swell up quickly to form tall Yunshan, and the peaks compete with each other and go straight to the zenith. The cumulonimbus cloud grows higher and higher, the cloud bottom gradually turns black, and the Yunfeng gradually blurs. Soon, the whole Yunshan collapsed and dark clouds filled the sky. In an instant, thunder rumbled and thundered, and then it rained heavily, sometimes bringing hail or tornadoes.

We can also infer the weather from the brilliant phenomena on the clouds. Around the sun and the moon, sometimes beautiful colored apertures appear, the inner layer is red and the outer layer is purple. This aperture is called halo. Solar and lunar halos often appear on the cirrostratus, and the high-rise clouds behind cirrostratus and nimbostratus are signs of heavy rain. So there is a saying that the sun is dizzy in the middle of the night and the moon is dizzy at noon. When cirrostratus is accompanied by dizziness, the weather will get worse. There is also a colored halo smaller than the halo, called "Hua". The arrangement of colors is purple and red, just the opposite of halo. Rihua and Yuehua are mostly produced at the edge of cumulus clouds. From small to large in central China, the weather tends to be fine. The central region of China is getting smaller from big to small, and the weather may turn rainy. In summer, after the rain clears, a colorful arc is often hung on the cloud curtain opposite the sun. This is a rainbow. People often say: "The east rainbow thunders and the west rainbow rains." If the rainbow is in the east, it will thunder and not rain; The rainbow is in the west and there will be heavy rain. There is also a cloud color, which often appears in the early morning or evening. The sun shone all over the sky and dyed the clouds red. This cloud is called Xia Xia. The morning glow is in the west, indicating that rainy weather is attacking us; The sunset glow in the east means that the weather has been fine in recent days. Therefore, there is a proverb "Don't go out at sunrise, but go to Wan Li Road at sunset".

Clouds can help us identify sunny and rainy days and predict weather changes, which is of great significance to industrial and agricultural production. If you want to learn to know the weather by observing the clouds, you must learn from experienced people with an open mind, pay attention to the changes of the clouds, and master the rules through repeated observation. However, the weather changes are extremely complicated, and there is a certain limit to understanding the weather from the clouds. In order to accurately grasp the weather changes, we have to rely on the weather forecast.

Word explanation

Peaks: peaks and mountains.

Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

This is a popular science article. The author introduces the relationship between clouds and weather from two aspects with vivid language: the relationship between different forms of clouds and weather; The relationship between different glorious clouds and the weather.

The article first talks about the relationship between different forms of clouds and weather. Paragraph 1 is an overview with a unique language. Always said, "The clouds in the sky are really changeable." Next, the author uses metaphor and parallelism to describe the myriad poses of the cloud very vividly, which can stimulate readers' imagination. To learn this language, teachers should familiarize students with it, appreciate the beauty of the language, imagine the wonderful changes in the blue sky and white clouds, and even let students imitate writing.

The following four paragraphs specifically introduce the relationship between cloud morphology and weather. The second paragraph is the outline of the next three paragraphs: thin clouds are often a symbol of sunny weather; Low and thick clouds are often a sign of rain and snow. The teacher reminds the students to think: Why do you use "often" and "often" as restrictive words here? Is it okay? The last three paragraphs follow this "outline". This is the main idea of the article. The teacher should guide the students to clarify this idea. Clear your mind and you won't be blind when you read the article.

Specific to a paragraph, there are also ideas. The third paragraph corresponds to "thin clouds" and "clear" in the second paragraph. How many kinds of thin clouds are there? What are the characteristics of thin clouds? Thin clouds can be divided into cirrus, cirrocumulus, cumulus and cumulus. They have their own characteristics and similarities. Teachers should guide students to find out their own characteristics and similarities. This paragraph is divided into four layers, which is very clear. Teachers can let students write by themselves. The author's clear thinking is expressed by classifying other methods. There are four kinds of thin clouds, which are introduced in an orderly way, and are worth learning and learning from.

Paragraphs 4 and 5 correspond to "thickness" and "rain and snow" in paragraph 2, and the writing ideas are the same as those in the above paragraphs. Starting from paragraph 6, the article turns to another meaning, that is, "the relationship between the brilliance of clouds and the weather." It should be said that "the brilliance of clouds" is covered by 1 paragraph "The clouds in the sky are really changeable", but the difference is that paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 are explained from the perspective of the relationship between cloud morphology and weather, and paragraph 6 is changed from the perspective of the relationship between cloud brilliance and weather. Teachers should guide students to see the change of interpretation angle and sum up their writing experience: they should be good at explaining things from different angles. According to the different brilliance of clouds, the author divides clouds into four types: halo, glow, rainbow and chardonnay. The author also introduces the difference between them, which is a comparative explanation. The author also quoted a proverb, explaining that it has been tested by people's practice and is a summary of life experience. The level of this paragraph is also very clear. This can inspire students to sum up the characteristics of clear paper writing level.

Characteristics of this article: 1. Clear hierarchy and purpose; 2. Be able to grasp the characteristics of the cloud to explain; 3. Vivid language, using rhetorical devices such as metaphor, personification and parallelism to write the cloud vividly; 4. Use classified interpretation methods.

Second, the problem research

1. This is a popular science article. Should the teaching focus be on learning meteorological knowledge? Or about the study of expository writing? Or both? If we focus on the study of weather knowledge, geography class will be easy. We should focus on studying the reading rules of articles and grasp the characteristics of such articles. The study of weather knowledge can be carried out properly, and it is impossible not to learn at all. But the study of weather knowledge should permeate the training of reading.

2. The name of the cloud is difficult to understand, which can be deepened by combining the colorful inserts in front of the textbook. For example, in the picture "Cirrus", cirrus is rolled up with small hooks. In addition, clouds are seen from the ground, not from the plane.

See an opportunity.

Teaching suggestion

First of all, review and consolidate the rhetorical devices of metaphor and accumulate metaphorical sentences in the text.

Secondly, it is suggested that teachers use multimedia to let students watch pictures of clouds and strengthen their perceptual knowledge.

Third, teachers should not talk too much, mainly through students reading, discussion and teachers answering questions.

Fourth, combine "related information" to teach students some proverbs about the weather and apply them to life.

related data

First of all, some proverbs tell the weather from clouds.

For thousands of years, the working people in our country have summed up the rich experience of "knowing the sky by observing the clouds" according to the changes in the shape, direction, moving speed, thickness and color of clouds in production practice, and compiled these experiences into proverbs. Here, we have summarized these proverbs about "knowing the weather from the clouds", and interested friends may wish to pay attention to some observations and comparisons.

"There are cloud hooks in the sky and rain in the ground": Hook clouds are called hook clouds in meteorology, which generally appear in front of warm front and low pressure, indicating that front or low pressure is coming, which is a harbinger of rain. But after rain or winter, there will be sunny days or frost, so there is a proverb that "the hook cloud dissipates, the sunny day is dry" and "the winter hook cloud dries up"

"battery cloud, rain": battery cloud refers to fort-shaped altocumulus or fort-shaped stratocumulus, which mostly appears in front of the trough of low pressure, indicating that the air is unstable, and thunderstorms usually come every 8~ 10 hours.

"Clouds pass through clouds, and it rains": Clouds pass through clouds, which means that the moving directions of the upper and lower clouds are inconsistent, that is to say, the height and wind direction of clouds are inconsistent, which often occurs near the front or low pressure, so it indicates rain, and sometimes the wind direction of clouds is opposite to the ground, so there is a saying that "the sky changes when the clouds go against the wind".

"The river pig crosses the river with heavy rain": The river pig refers to the broken rain clouds under nimbostratus. The appearance of this cloud indicates that there is enough water vapor in nimbostratus, and a rainstorm is coming. Sometimes broken rain clouds will be blown to cloudless places by strong winds on sunny days, and at night, clouds like river pigs will be seen floating across the "Galaxy", which is also a precursor to rain.

"Cotton cloud, rain is coming": Cotton cloud refers to flocculent cumulus clouds. The appearance of this cloud shows that the middle atmosphere is very unstable. If there is enough water vapor in the air and there is upward movement, cumulonimbus clouds will form and there will be thunderstorms.

"Gray cloth hangs over the sky, and the rain will continue": Gray cloth cloud refers to nimbostratus, which is mostly formed by the reduction and thickening of high-level clouds. The range is very large and thick, and the water vapor in the cloud is sufficient, which often produces continuous precipitation.

"Cloud to the east, chariots and horses to; The clouds go south and the water rises; Clouds to the west, covered with hemp fiber; Clouds going north are good for drying wheat ":according to the moving direction of clouds, it is predicted that the weather will be fine, and the clouds will move east and north, indicating that the weather will be fine;" "The clouds move west and south, which indicates that it's going to rain. The moving direction of a cloud usually indicates the wind direction at its height. This proverb describes the distribution of clouds in different parts of low pressure. It is suitable for low-altitude fast-moving clouds that are densely covered all day. " Clouds to the east, blowing gusts; Clouds go west, covered with hemp fiber ":The cloud here refers to the low cloud in the low-pressure area. The low pressure is from west to east (in fact, it often moves from southwest to northeast). The cloud goes west, indicating that this place is in front of the low pressure, because it will rain locally; The cloud is moving eastward, indicating that the low pressure has moved past the local area, and the local area is behind the low pressure. The weather is going to clear up, and a strong wind often blows before it clears up.

"Dark clouds drive the sunset, not today, but tomorrow": When the sun goes down, a wall-like dark cloud rises under the western horizon to drive the sun, indicating that the dark clouds are moving eastward, and the rainy weather in the west is moving and it is going to rain. Generally speaking, if there are clouds, it will rain that night; If you catch the high clouds, it will rain the next day. However, if the dark clouds in the west are lumpy or discontinuous, or some areas are cloudy, it is not a sign of rain in the future.

"The northwest sky opens the lock, and the sun shines brightly": It means that on rainy days, the clouds in the northwest direction crack and reveal a blue sky, which is called "the sky opens the lock". This shows that the local area is already at the back of the rainy weather system. As the rainfall system moves eastward, the local rainfall will stop and the weather will improve.

"It's sunny now, but I haven't seen it for three days": In spring and summer, at noon on rainy days, the clouds split and the sun appeared, but the clouds quickly gathered and became thicker, indicating that the local area was affected by the quasi-static front, and the airflow near the quasi-static front was strong and changeable. When the updraft is strengthened, the clouds become thicker and the rainfall increases; When the updraft weakens, the clouds become thinner and the rainfall decreases or stops; Around noon, the sun shines strongly, the upper part of the cloud is heated and evaporated, or the updraft below the cloud weakens, and the zenith cloud will split. As the solar radiation weakens or the updraft under the cloud strengthens, the split clouds gather again and become thicker. So "the sun appears now" often indicates that it will continue to rain. This proverb is similar to other proverbs, such as "The sun smiles, the temples are drenched" and "The Yi Deng shines, and it falls ten feet".

"Fish scales in the sky, no need to turn over the grain tomorrow" (Wayun will burn people): Carp spots refer to translucent cumulus clouds, and the air mass that produces this cloud is stable. In the evening, when it encounters downdraft, the clouds quickly dissipate, and the next day is sunny. However, if the cloud looks like a tiny fish scale, it is cirrocumulus. This kind of cloud mostly appears in front of the trough of low pressure or around the typhoon, and there will be wind or rain in the near future. Therefore, there is a proverb "It doesn't rain, but it's windy".

"Where the cloud hook goes, where the wind comes from": the cloud hook refers to the tail of the hooked cloud, which appears in the sky, and sometimes there are small hooks at the top, arranged in rows. The upper hook refers to the direction of the high-altitude wind, which is often connected with the ground, so the direction of the cloud hook can generally tell the direction of the wind.

"Dark clouds cover the morning, and the wind will come even if it doesn't rain": It means that there are dark clouds covering the sun in the southeast in the morning, which indicates rain. Because the warm and humid southeast wind blows in the morning, the temperature is higher than the local air, which causes the upper part to be cold and the lower part to be hot, and the water vapor easily rises into clouds. In addition, during the day, the ground is heated, and the air convection rises, which further promotes the cloud to rise. When it is cold, the water vapor becomes water droplets, which may make it windless and rainy.

"Huang Yun is flying up and down, and it's going to lay ice eggs": Huang Yun is mostly caused by the strong rise of warm and humid airflow. In this case, there are many showers and hail.

"When the mountain wears a hat, it rains heavily": When the mountain wears a hat, it shows that the air pressure is low, and most of the water vapor in the air forms clouds at the top of the mountain. As for whether it will rain, it generally depends. If the clouds gradually decrease and thicken, there is a great possibility of rain. On the contrary, if the clouds gradually rise and thin, the possibility of rain is small.

Stay indoors at sunrise and travel thousands of miles at sunset: it means rain in the morning and sunny at night.

"Clouds eat under fog, and fog eats clear clouds": After seeing fog, clouds come, and maybe low pressure comes, which is a sign of rain. On the contrary, if the clouds clear, it means that the low pressure has passed and sunny weather is coming.

"The setting sun shines at the foot, and the rain falls within three days": It means that the sun shines down from the cloud gap, which is called "the sun shines at the foot". The sun shining at the foot appears in the evening, indicating strong convection and rain.

"Don't go out at sunrise, but travel thousands of miles at sunset": There are no clouds in the east and clouds in the west in the morning. Sunlight shines on the clouds and scatters rosy clouds, indicating that there is a lot of water vapor in the air or a rainfall system moves in. During the day, the air is generally unstable and the weather will turn rainy. If there is a sunset glow in the evening, it means that the sky in the west has cleared up, and the general convection is weakened at night. The clouds in the east that form the rosy clouds will move eastward or tend to dissipate, saying that it will be fine tomorrow.

"Long sunny, foggy and cloudy, long cloudy and foggy and sunny": refers to the appearance of fog after a long sunny day, indicating that the warm and humid airflow moves and the air is humid, which is a sign of cloudy and rainy; Fog appears after a long period of cloudy days, indicating that the clouds in the sky become thinner, split and dissipate, and the ground temperature drops, so that water vapor condenses into radiation fog. When the fog disappears after sunrise, there will be sunny days.

In the morning of warm season, if castle clouds appear on the horizon, it means that the wet air layer at this height is already very unstable. At noon, once the low-level convection develops, the upper and lower unstable layers will merge, resulting in strong convective movement, cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms. So there is a proverb "pagoda clouds in the morning, and it rains cats and dogs in the afternoon".

In addition, clouds with weather omen often have certain continuity, seasonality and locality in the evolution process. Clouds in the sky move from a distance in the order of cirrus, cirrostratus, stratosphere and nimbostratus, and gradually change from less to more, from high to low, from thin to thick, indicating that rainy weather is coming; On the contrary, if the clouds change from low to high, from thick to thin, and from layered clouds to scattered clouds, there will be no rainy weather. In the morning of warm season, if there are isolated clouds (light cumulus clouds) with flat bottom and convex top in the sky, or white broken clouds (broken cumulus clouds) with fast moving speed, it indicates that the air in the middle and lower layers is relatively stable and the weather is fine.

In addition, the color of clouds can also indicate some kind of weather. For example, the color of hail cloud is first white and then black, and then red appears in the cloud, forming a white, black and red distorted cloud with khaki edges. Black is caused by the sun's inability to penetrate clouds; White is the result of non-selective scattering or reflection of sunlight by clouds; Red and yellow are the phenomena that some cloud droplets (ranging from one thousandth to one hundredth of a millimeter in diameter) in the cloud selectively scatter sunlight. Sometimes rain clouds are pale yellow, but the color of the clouds is uniform and will not stir. There are also many proverbs that predict hail from the color and shape of clouds. For example, there is a proverb in Inner Mongolia, such as "I am not afraid of the darkness in the clouds, but I am afraid of the dark red in the clouds, and I am most afraid of the white worms in Huang Yun". In Shaanxi, there is "Huang Yun turned over and hail; Stir clouds and hail in groups; There are proverbs such as "When clouds fight, it will hail" and "The dark clouds in Huang Yun are red, the clouds toss and turn, and there are many hail disasters". There are also some sayings, such as "the dark clouds roll into a ball in the afternoon, and the wind, rain and hail come together", "The sky is yellow and sultry, and the Tianhe water growls to prevent ice eggs", all of which show that when the air convection is strong, the clouds develop rapidly, like smoke, and the clouds roll up and down, which is easy to hail.

Second, you can know the weather by looking at the clouds, so that you can travel well.

Weather conditions are very important for outdoor athletes, because most of the bad weather is caused by sudden changes in the weather. In order to enjoy a happy outdoor life, while listening to the weather forecast, tourists need to master certain climate knowledge, learn to read clouds and know the weather, so as to cope with the abnormal weather changes calmly.

There are 10 cloud forms, in which the word "product" means that the shape of the cloud is massive (regardless of size) and the word "layer" means that the sky is full of gloomy clouds. Each type gives the approximate height of distribution, and the higher the cloud, the better the weather. In the polar regions, the same type of clouds will appear in the sky at lower altitudes.

Cirrocumulus: Small round cumulus clouds that look like ripples are often called "fish scale sky". Usually, the altitude is between 5 000 and 8 000 meters, which usually indicates sunny weather.

Altocumulus: Similar to cirrocumulus, it means the weather is good, but the coverage is wide, and the clouds are thick and dark white. It usually appears after heavy rain and is suspended at an altitude of 5 000~6 000 meters.

Cumulonimbus: It's a low-level Lei Yun with dark clouds. The tower cloud can be as high as 6,000 meters, and the flat cloud at the top is called anvil cloud. Cumulonimbus clouds often bring strong storms and lightning. The upper layer resembles a false cirrus cloud and the top layer resembles a false rain cloud.

Cumulus: It is easy to identify, fluffy white clouds, like floc, floating in the air. If we are separated, it will mean another beautiful sunny day, but if it gets bigger and bigger and there are more and more front ends, it is likely to bring a sudden rainstorm. Cumulus clouds in the blue sky at sea usually indicate that they are not far from land, and the height is generally not more than 2500 meters.

Cirrus: a high-level bunchy cloud formed by ice crystals, which is why it looks pure white. Often called ponytail cloud. They usually mean sunny weather, 5000-9000 meters high.

Cirrostratus: It is made of ice particles and looks like white clouds. These are the only clouds that glow around the sun or the moon. If cirrostratus expands, it means the weather is fine; If cirrostratus shrinks, it means it will rain; If the sky is covered with cirrus clouds, the sky above the cirrus clouds will darken and gradually form a cirrocumulus, which indicates the coming of rain and snow.

High-level cloud: It looks like a gray curtain in the sun or moonlight. If wet air approaches, the cloud disk disappears, and the clouds become thicker and darker until it rains, and the height can reach 2500 ~ 6000 meters.

Nimbostratus: It's a low-level dark cloud hanging in the air, which means it will rain within 4 hours, usually lasting for several hours.

Stratocumulus: A low-level tiled cloud that usually covers the whole sky. Clouds are thin and sunlight can pass through. They may bring thunderstorms, but they usually disappear in the afternoon, leaving a clear and bright blue sky. The height is less than 2500 meters.

Stratus clouds: clouds are the lowest, hanging in the air like dense fog. When they first appeared, they were often mistaken for mountain fog. They are not natural rain clouds, but they can also form Mao Mao rain. If it gets thicker and thicker at night and covers the morning sky, it will usually be sunny and the height will not exceed 2500 meters.