Detailed data of temperate monsoon climate

The temperate monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of the mid-latitude continent in the northern hemisphere. The annual average temperature is not lower than 0℃, and the annual accumulated temperature is between 3200℃ and 4500℃. Summer is hot and rainy, winter is cold and dry, and the four seasons are distinct. This is a transitional climate between subtropical zone and temperate zone.

Chinese name: temperate monsoon climate mbth: mid-latitude monsoon climate classification: monsoon climate distribution area: east coast of mid-latitude Eurasian continent in the northern hemisphere. Remarkable features: high temperature and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter. Representative cities: Beijing, Pyongyang and Sapporo. Characteristics, geographical distribution, causes, vegetation types, representative cities, differences, characteristics 1. Summer is hot and rainy: in summer, the sun's altitude angle increases, the days are long and the temperature is high, and the southeast monsoon blowing from the tropical ocean brings abundant precipitation. Temperate monsoon climate. Winter is cold and dry: the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, and it is cold in winter. The reason is: the latitude is high, close to the source of winter wind, the terrain is low and flat, and the west is high and the east is low, which weakens the winter wind. The monsoon is extraordinary. 4. Summer and autumn are often affected by tropical cyclones. The main disastrous weather brought by this climate are: winter and spring: cold wave (sandstorm, frost, white damage) and summer: strong convective weather (thunderstorm, gale, hail). Geographical distribution includes the area north of Qinling-Huaihe line in eastern China, Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and southern Russian Far East. It is located in the east temperate zone of Eurasia, specifically in North China, Northeast China of China, Northeast China of Honshu, Hokkaido Island, most parts of the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. Temperate monsoon climate The east coast of Eurasia, south of the sub-frigid zone, north of Qinling-Huaihe River in China, east of temperate semi-arid and arid areas, including northeast and north China, all of Korea, north and central Korea, Japan north of 37 N and south of the Far East of the former Soviet Union belong to temperate monsoon climate zones. The northern boundary of this area is the southern boundary of the sub-cold zone, with the annual average temperature of 4℃ isotherm as the boundary; The southern boundary is based on the average temperature of 9.5℃ in eight months of the year, and it is the northern boundary of the subtropical climate zone. In China, this boundary is roughly equivalent to the Qinling-Huaihe line, and it is also roughly consistent with the zonality. The western boundary of temperate monsoon climate extends along the northeast of Daxing 'anling to the eastern end of Waixing 'anling. Here, the boundaries between sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, temperate monsoon climate and temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate are relatively close. The land and sea distribution and topographic structure of East Asia have a great influence on the range of temperate monsoon climate, such as the northeast-southwest mountainous areas, which can prevent the deepening of monsoon forces. The cause of formation is similar to subtropical monsoon climate. Winter is controlled by temperate continental air mass, which is cold and dry with large temperature difference between north and south; In summer, it is warm, hot and rainy, and the temperature difference between north and south is small due to the influence of temperate marine air mass or denatured tropical marine air mass. It is cold and rainy in winter and warm and rainy in summer. In winter, influenced by the strong Siberian continental cold high, winter winds prevail, the wind is strong, the weather is sunny and cold, and there is little rain and snow. The average temperature in Leng Yue varies greatly from north to south, below 0℃ in the south and below -20℃ in the north, and the average latitude decline rate is 2℃/ latitude distance. In summer, influenced by the Pacific subtropical high, the summer monsoon prevails, mainly southeast wind, with less wind; It is wet and rainy, and the precipitation from June to August accounts for more than 70% of the annual precipitation. The average temperature in the hottest month in the south can reach above 26℃, but it decreases to the north, not lower than 20℃. The average latitude decline rate is only 0.4℃/ latitude distance. Natural vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest. The cause of formation is mainly influenced by the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. Vegetation type The natural zone of temperate monsoon climate zone is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone. Typical vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest. Millions of years ago, this kind of forest almost spread to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Glaciers and droughts in Pleistocene divided it into three main distribution areas: Western Europe, East Asia and North America. In China, it is mainly distributed in North China. Due to severe glaciation, the species composition of deciduous broad-leaved forest in western Europe is relatively poor. The distribution area of temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest has four distinct seasons, with hot and rainy summer and cold and dry winter. The average temperature in the hottest month is 13~23℃, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is about -6℃. The annual precipitation is 400~800 mm, and the main tree species that make up the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest are oak, beech, maple, cypress, linden and birch. Their leaves are wide and thin, falling leaves in autumn and winter and long leaves in spring and summer, so this kind of forest is also called summer green forest. The vertical structure of the community generally has four very clear levels: tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and moss lichen layer. Lianas and epiphytes are rare. In winter, all layers of plants wither in Xia Rong, and the seasonal changes are very obvious. The consumption animals of green forest in summer are mice, squirrels, deer, birds, foxes, wolves and bears. The productivity of deciduous broad-leaved forest in temperate monsoon climate is about 2 ~ 5g/m2 day. There are few remains of this forest, and most areas have been replaced by agricultural ecosystems. It mainly produces winter wheat, corn, soybeans, corn, sorghum, potatoes, peanuts, cotton and apples, peaches, apricots, pears, plums, dates, persimmons and walnuts. There are coniferous forests in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest areas, and most of them are Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis in China. There are more kinds of broad-leaved trees in East Asia than in Europe, including Quercus mongolica, Quercus liaotungensis, Acer, Tilia lindleyana, Birch and other miscellaneous trees. In western Europe, pure forests composed of single tree species are often formed, such as beech forests and oak forests. The broad-leaved forest landscape in North America (including the southern Great Lakes, Appalachian Mountains, Mississippi River Basin and Atlantic coastal lowlands) is dominated by American beech and sugar maple. Colored brown soil and gray brown soil are mainly developed in the whole temperate moist broad-leaved forest belt, while cinnamon soil and black soil are mainly developed in semi-humid forest grassland belt. Representative cities appear on the east coast of temperate continents, especially in East Asia (north of the Yangtze River in China). The seasonal changes of wind direction, wind force, temperature and precipitation are obvious. Winter wind is a cold high pressure from Siberia and Mongolia, blowing north or west with strong wind. The summer monsoon comes from the Pacific Ocean, and southeast winds often blow. Temperature changes: it is cold in winter (the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃) and high in summer (the average temperature in the hottest month is above 20℃). Precipitation is concentrated in summer, and the annual precipitation is more than 500 mm. Therefore, it is characterized by cold and dry winter, warm and humid summer and distinct seasons. The natural vegetation here is mainly deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest. The climate type of China and Beijing is a typical temperate monsoon climate, which is even worldwide. It is characterized by 12: it is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Temperate monsoon climate China Beijing belongs to the continental monsoon climate zone with four distinct seasons, short spring and autumn, long winter and summer. Spring is dry and windy, summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold, dry and snowy; Autumn is the best season. It is crisp, warm and pleasant. The annual average temperature is 1 1.7℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is-27.4℃ (1February 22, 966). The extreme maximum temperature is 40.6℃ (1961June 10). The average annual precipitation is 640 mm, which is one of the places with the most precipitation in North China Plain. The main precipitation is concentrated in July and August, with more thunderstorms and heavy rains. The annual frost-free period is 180-200 days. Because there is a lot of precipitation in the temperate monsoon climate in summer, Dandong City, Liaoning Province, which is located on the Yalu River, has become the area with the most precipitation in northern China, with an annual precipitation of about1000 mm. Only Beijing (China), Tianjin (China), Shijiazhuang (China), Tangshan (China), Xuzhou (China), Lianyungang (China), Shenyang (China), Dalian (China), Datong (China), Qiqihar (China), Dandong (China) and Jiamusi (Jiamusi) have meteorological data of Dandong in Asia. Taiyuan (China), Jinan (China), Qingdao (China), Yantai (China), Zibo (China), Zhengzhou (China), Luoyang (China), Nanyang (China), Kaifeng (China), Xuchang (China), Xi 'an (China), Baoji (China) and Tianshui (China). There are many similarities and differences between the temperate monsoon climate in Hakodate (Japan), Vladivostok (Russia), Khabarovsk (Russia) and Magadan (Russia) and other types of temperate climate. The temperate maritime climate is mainly distributed in the western part of the continent with latitude of 40-60. The westerly and temperate ocean air masses prevail all year round, and the warm current passes along the coast, forming the climate characteristics of warm winter and cool summer, small annual variation, more precipitation all year round and a little more rainfall in autumn and winter. In addition, there are more rainy days, more clouds and less sunshine. Key words: warm in winter and cool in summer, more precipitation, slightly more rainfall in autumn and winter. The temperate continental humid climate is mainly distributed in the eastern part of North America between 35 and 55 N and the eastern part of Asia-Europe temperate maritime climate zone, and the seasonal variation of wind direction and wind force is not as obvious as that of temperate monsoon climate. From the cause of formation, its cold and dry winter is not caused by the continental monsoon, but by the deep westerly wind blowing from the ocean, which has undergone continental degeneration, so the temperature is low and the precipitation is less; There is convective rain in summer, but the concentration of summer rain is not as significant as that of temperate monsoon climate. Key words: cold and dry in winter and convective rain in summer. Temperate monsoon climate temperate monsoon climate temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Also known as temperate desert and temperate grassland climate. This climate zone in Asia goes deep inland, surrounded by mountains and plateaus, and it is difficult for humid ocean air to reach. Temperate continental air masses prevail all the year round, forming a temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate with hot summer and little rain in winter. Generally speaking, the average annual precipitation in arid climate is below 250mm, and the average annual precipitation in semi-arid climate is 250-500 mm This climate zone in South America is located on the east coast of the continental westerly belt, which is a rain shadow zone, and there are tall Andes mountains on the west coast. The west wind sinks after crossing the mountain, which is warm, dry and rainy, and there is a cold current along the coast, so the air is stable and precipitation is scarce. Key words: Leng Xia's temperate monsoon climate, which is hot and rainy in winter, is mainly distributed in East Asia near 35° N-55° N Winter is controlled by temperate continental air mass, which is cold and dry with large temperature difference between north and south. In addition, the four distinct seasons and significant weather non-periodic changes are also the main characteristics of temperate monsoon climate. Because the climate characteristics of the above temperate climate types are mainly humid (semi-humid in North China Plain and Northeast China Plain), temperate broad-leaved forest landscape is generally developed (forest and grassland landscape in North China Plain and Northeast China Plain). Key words: warm and rainy summer, cold and dry winter, four distinct seasons.