Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - Architectural Environment (Li Nianping) Review the answers to thinking questions after class.

Architectural Environment (Li Nianping) Review the answers to thinking questions after class.

answers to after-school exercises of Building Environment

Chapter I:

Introduction

1

. The so-called building environment refers to how to make people feel

comfortable and healthy in the process of using in the building space on the premise of meeting the use function. According to the different use functions, from the user's point of view, this paper studies the indoor temperature, humidity, distribution of air distribution < P >, air quality, lighting performance, lighting, noise and sound effects, and their combined effects, and makes a scientific < P > evaluation, so as to provide theoretical basis for creating a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. The problems to be solved are: ① how to solve the contradiction between meeting indoor environmental comfort < P > and energy consumption and environmental protection;

② How to solve the problem of

-

(

sick building syndrome

-

-SBS ‖

)

.

2

. The main contents of the study include: external environment of the building, indoor air quality, indoor heat and humidity environment and airflow environment, architectural sound environment and light environment (including architecture, heat transfer, sound, light, materials, physiology, psychology and biology, etc.). Based on the diversity, relative independence and extensive application of the contents of Building Environment < P >, people study its contents from different disciplines, and study the formation mechanism of various microclimate environments in the laboratory and their relationship with people's living environment and working environment.

Chapter 2:

The external environment of the building

1

. It is related to the solar radiation, temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation.

2

.

When the sun passes through the meridian of a certain area, it is noon

12

to calculate the time of the day as the average solar time;

take the mean solar time at the prime meridian as the world standard time (universal time); The average solar time of

12

℃ east longitude is the China standard (called Beijing time).

3

. the relative position can be expressed by latitude

, solar declination

d

, hour angle

h

, solar elevation angle

and azimuth angle

A

, among which the first three parameters are

,

d < p.

h

indicates the change of time

. When the sun is farthest from the earth, the sunlight is perpendicular to the direct ground and has high radiation intensity, so it is the hottest and forms the summer solstice. < P > When the sun is closest to the earth, the sunlight is oblique to the surface of the earth, and its radiation intensity is weak, so the coldest leads to the winter solstice.

4

. Part of it is direct sunlight to the ground (i.e. direct radiation); The other part is scattered by the atmosphere and reaches the ground to become scattered < P > radiation. The sum of direct radiation and scattered radiation is called the total radiation of the sun to the ground. The intensity of radiation energy depends on the reflection, scattering and absorption of sunlight by various gas molecules, dust and particulate water particles in the sky when solar radiation passes through the atmosphere.

5

. For civil houses, the full window sunshine time is required to be no less than

1h

, and the sunshine time is closely related to the configuration, appearance, height and orientation of the building. For buildings, the square and rectangular structure is simple, and the biggest advantage is that there is no permanent shadow and its own shadow, and the shadow area of each orientation in winter is not large, which can ensure the surrounding venues.

L

-shaped buildings will have all-day shadows and their own shadows. While the concave

building has no permanent shadow area in the north-south direction and the east-west site, but the connection direction of each part facing the upper corner is different, and there are different degrees of

self-shadow shielding

...

6

. Ultraviolet rays in sunlight have a powerful bactericidal effect, especially in the range of

.25~.295

. On the other hand, excessive

ultraviolet radiation

will also endanger human health at the high-density ultraviolet line above

.32

, which will have an important impact on the ecological environment and atmospheric circulation of the earth

. Because ultraviolet rays at this wavelength can absorb a large amount of ozone, the ozone layer concentration will be reduced and the ultraviolet radiation will be enhanced, which will be harmful to the atmospheric environment and human health

.

7

. The heat exchange between the ground and the air is the direct cause of the temperature rise and fall, which mainly depends on absorbing the ground long-wave radiation (wavelength is

3~12

) and

heating, while the heating directly connected with solar radiation is very weak. The main influencing factors are: ① the solar radiation heat incident on the ground, which < P > plays a decisive role; (2) the influence of ground cover (such as grassland, forest, desert, river and terrain changes); ③ The influence of the intensity and speed of atmospheric convection < P >.

8

. The difference between the highest and lowest temperature in a day is called

-

daily temperature range

; The average temperature difference between the hottest month and the most Leng Yue in a year is called

-

annual range

. Due to the influence of land and sea distribution and topography fluctuation in China, the

-

daily temperature range

generally increases from southeast to northwest. And

-

annual range

is gradually increasing from south to north and from coastal to inland.

9

. On different underlying stones, the temperature change is the local inversion of temperature, and the maximum temperature difference is called

-

frost hole

. When sunlight

passes through the atmosphere and reaches the ground, part of it (about

1%

) is absorbed by water vapor and

CO

2

in the atmosphere, and at the same time, they also absorb

back radiation from the ground, which makes it have a certain temperature. At this time, the atmospheric temperature is called

-

. Water vapor partial pressure

E

d

and sunshine percentage.

1

. Its influencing factors depend on the nature of the ground, land and water distribution, cold and hot seasons, sunny weather, etc. The variation law is that the mainland is generally lower than the

sea surface, summer is lower than winter, and it is sunny and cloudy. Before and after dawn, the water vapor content in the air is less, but the relative humidity at the lowest temperature is the largest. In the afternoon, although the water vapor content in the air is larger, the temperature reaches the maximum. When the water vapor partial pressure

Pq

is constant, the saturated water vapor corresponding to the highest temperature is

. In a year, the absolute humidity in the hottest month is the largest, and the absolute humidity in the most Leng Yue is the smallest, which is mainly because the evaporation varies with the temperature.

11

. Wind can be divided into two categories: atmospheric circulation and local wind. The former is called large

gas circulation caused by the temperature difference between the equator and the poles caused by solar radiation; The latter wind is local wind due to land and water distribution, geothermal fluctuation and different surface coverage. Generally, the wind direction and wind speed measured by meteorological departments at a height of

1m

above the ground are taken as the local wind direction and wind speed. The wind rose diagram intuitively describes the changing law of wind direction < P > and wind speed in a certain area in a year or a month.

12

. ① Because of the high concentration of artificial buildings, cement, asphalt, masonry, ceramic tile and metal plate, which are hard, dense, dry and impermeable, have replaced the original loose materials and covered soil; ② Staggered and complicated traffic and its means of transportation have increased dramatically; (3) The rapid development of industry < P > is the main reason for the rising of urban temperature and higher than that in suburban rural areas; Because there are many urban covers, many heating bodies, relatively dense population < P >, and the heat generated by life and production is large, the heat island phenomenon is easy to occur in places with extremely uneven temperature distribution in various regions of the city.

13

. In order to adapt the civil buildings to the regional climate, ensure the indoor basic thermal environment requirements and conform to the national energy-saving policy, the average temperatures of the hottest month (July) and the hottest Leng Yue (January) in the past

years are generally used as the main indicators of zoning, and the average daily temperatures of the past years are

≤5

℃ and

≥ 25.

Chapter III

Air environment in the building environment

1

. Indoor air environment includes three parts:

indoor thermal environment, wet environment and air quality

. The reasons why people pay attention to it are as follows: ① Indoor environment

is the most ordinary place for people's activities, which is almost

8%

above the time.

② Indoor pollutants and

pollution sources are increasing day by day, and

the harm to people is increasing;

③ Building disease syndrome

(

SBS

)

has brought many diseases to people.

2

. The so-called

-

threshold

is the maximum concentration of airborne substances, and people who work and live in this concentration for a long time have no harmful effects.

the time-weighted average concentration value of a person in a normal

8h

working day or

35h

working week in an air environment,

and all workers

who have been exposed to this concentration for a long time have almost no harmful effects, and the value at this time is

-

time-weighted average threshold

‖. The maximum allowable concentration is

-

short-term exposure limit threshold

when people are exposed to air for less than

15min

. The concentration that people should not exceed even in an instant in the air environment is called the maximum limit

-

threshold

3

.

It was put forward as early as

1989

P. O. Fanger

:

-iap >. This definition is mainly based on people's subjective feelings about air quality and has a narrow sense; The definition of

ASHRAE62-1989

is:

Good indoor air quality should be

-

No known pollutants in the air reach the harmful concentration

index determined by recognized authorities, and the vast majority of people in this air (

≥8%

.

This definition combines objective evaluation and subjective evaluation

, which is relatively scientific and comprehensive, and it is a generalized definition.

4

. Refer to relevant standards inside and outside the threshold.

5

.

-IEQ ‖

includes:

-IAQ ‖

, indoor heat and humidity environment, light environment, sound environment, social environment and working environment.

it completely explains the meaning of

-

sick building syndrome

, and applies the new concept of

-ieq ‖

when evaluating and analyzing a building.

6

. According to the different channels of entering the room, it can be divided into: outdoor pollution sources, indoor pollution sources and pollution caused by indoor personnel; Outdoor pollution sources

refer to

SO

2

NOx

, smoke,

H

2

S

and various germs carried in the air, which mainly come from industrial enterprises, transportation

and various small boiler garbage dumps around buildings. Indoor pollution sources: mainly refer to the waste gas, waste heat, various chemical products used at home, building materials, various microorganisms generated under indoor temperature and humidity conditions, and pollution caused by poor ventilation; The pollution of people in the room < P > is mainly caused by various gaseous substances and odors produced by the new metabolic rate of human body, as well as the pollution caused by tobacco combustion. According to the types of pollution, there are mainly

-

solid particles

-

microorganisms

-

and various harmful gases. Particle pollution in the air is mainly suspended in the air for the first time and the second time. Depending on the particle < P > diameter, the staying and settling time in the air is different, which affects the health of people's upper respiratory tract. Most microorganisms are attached to solid or liquid particles < P > and suspended in the air, and they are infected with diseases with human breathing. Gaseous pollutants mainly refer to formaldehyde, radon,

CO

2

,

CO

,

NH

3

,

H

2

S

and other

volatile organic compounds.

7

.

Generally, the following measures can be taken:

-

blocking the source

‖-

selectively using building materials,

controlling the release of harmful substances from the source;

Second,

-

throttling

‖-

Ensure the correct design, strict operation management and maintenance of air conditioning or ventilation systems, and reduce harmful substances to the minimum

; Third,

-

dilution

‖-

Ensure sufficient fresh air or ventilation to dilute and eliminate indoor gaseous pollutants. The ventilation equations of steady and unsteady ventilation are:

The dilution equation of unsteady ventilation describes the relationship between indoor pollution concentration and ventilation volume in

time, and the dilution equation of steady ventilation assumes that the initial indoor concentration

C

1

=

and the dilution time.

8

. The theoretical ventilation volume should be calculated separately to dilute the air volume required for various pollutants, and then take its maximum value; According to the

specific characteristics of ventilated rooms, one of the phenotypic allowable concentration standards of pollutants is selected for engineering design (for example, the allowable concentration of

CO

2

in common rooms is used to determine the fresh air volume);

minimum ventilation specified in ASHRAE

standard:

where:

gp

-

is the required fresh air volume for each person,

p

-

the number of people in the room,

GB

-

the required fresh air volume per unit building area.