Summary of Knowledge Points of Geography Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2022

Geography is based on textbooks and has a solid foundation. Judging from last year's senior high school entrance examination paper, the proposition coverage test is all chapters, and the test questions are extremely flexible, combining society, politics and life. This time, I compiled a summary of the knowledge points of the geography entrance examination for your reference.

catalogue

Summary of knowledge points in geography senior high school entrance examination

Geography knowledge points of senior high school entrance examination

Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in geography senior high school entrance examination

Summary of knowledge points in geography senior high school entrance examination

Section 1, Weather and Climate

1. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions in a place in a short time. It is characterized by variability. Such as: storms, strong winds, etc.

2. Climate refers to the weather conditions in a place for many years. It is characterized by relative stability. For example, it is hot and dry, and Leng Xia is cool in winter.

3. Remember common weather symbols and read simple weather forecast charts.

Section 2, Temperature and Precipitation

1, temperature: (1), global annual average temperature distribution law: the temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to high latitude; The temperature of land and sea at the same latitude is different.

(2) The highest average temperature in a year in the northern hemisphere is July, and the lowest is 1 month; The southern hemisphere is the opposite.

2. Precipitation:

(1) Three precipitation forms: convective rain and frontal rain in topographic precipitation.

(2) The distribution law of global precipitation last year: there was more precipitation in equatorial belt; Less precipitation in polar regions; There is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland, and less precipitation on the west coast on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer. There is less precipitation in mid-latitude inland areas and more precipitation in coastal areas.

3. Representation method of climate data:

(1), climate data table, coordinate map and contour map, etc.

(2) Give an example.

Section 3. Factors affecting climate

1. The factors that affect the climate are: the shape of the earth, the movement of the earth, the distribution of land and sea, topography and human activities, etc.

2, the movement of the earth (see table below).

Phenomenon caused by the rotation period in the direction of motion and the center direction.

The earth's axis rotates from west to east, alternating day and night.

The rotating sun changes from west to east all year round.

Note: Look at the P49 map of World Geography (Volume I) carefully.

3, the division of the five zones on the earth:

(1) Tropical: 23.5° N-23.5° S between the Tropic of Cancer (direct sunlight);

(2) North temperate zone: 23.5° N-66.5° N between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (with seasonal variation);

(3) South temperate zone: 23.5° s-66.5° s between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle (with seasonal variation);

(4) Northern cold region: 66.5° N-90° N (day and night extremes) in the Arctic Circle;

5. South cold region: Antarctic circle 66.5° S-90° S (day and night extremes);

Note: From the distribution of five zones, Africa is the hottest and Antarctica is the coldest.

4. Land and sea distribution: In places with the same latitude, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low, but the opposite is true in winter.

5. Distribution of topography and landforms:

(1), different terrain, the temperature is different. For example, the precipitation and temperature on the east and west sides of the Andes are different.

(2) As the terrain rises, the temperature decreases. In general, the temperature drops by 0.6℃ every time the terrain rises 100 meters.

6. Human activities will affect the local climate. Such as: artificial afforestation, reservoir construction and irrigation projects.

Section IV Main Climate Types in the World

1, tropical climate:

Climatic characteristics of surface landscape types, main distribution areas

Tropical rain forest climate Tropical rain forest is hot and rainy all year round, Amazon Plain, Congo Basin and Malay Archipelago.

Tropical monsoon climate

The annual temperature in monsoon forest is relatively high, which can be divided into rainy season (June-65438+1October) and dry season (165438+1October-May of the following year).

Tropical Grassland Climate Tropical grassland is hot all year round, and a year is divided into dry season (1 1- May of the following year) and rainy season (June-10). The tropical rain forest climate is on the north and south sides, such as the African continent.

Tropical desert climate The tropical deserts of West Asia and North Africa are hot and dry all year round.

Central Australia

2. Subtropical monsoon climate:

Climatic characteristics of surface landscape types, main distribution areas

Subtropical monsoon climate Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest is hot and rainy in summer, with four distinct seasons in southeast China, the United States, Brazil and other countries.

Mediterranean climate subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest is warm and rainy in winter and hot and dry in summer. The western part of the mainland is 30-40 degrees north and south latitude, and the Mediterranean coast is the most typical.

3. Temperate climate:

Climatic characteristics of surface landscape types, main distribution areas

Temperate monsoon climate Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest is cold and dry in winter, warm and rainy in summer, with rain and heat in northeast China, southeast Russian, Korean Peninsula and nearby areas.

Temperate maritime climate Temperate grassland is warm in winter and cool in summer, with more annual precipitation and even seasonal distribution. The west coast of the continent in the mid-latitude region. For example, the Atlantic coast of western Europe.

Temperate continental climate: forests, grasslands and deserts are hot in winter and cold in summer. Eurasia and the inland areas of North America have more annual precipitation and rainy in summer.

Cold-resistant coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone are long and cold in winter and short and warm in summer, with less precipitation in Russia and Canada.

4. Cold climate:

(1) Alpine plateau climate: It is mainly distributed in the mountainous plateau at middle and low latitudes, with low temperature and little precipitation, and the vertical change of natural landscape is the basic feature.

(2) Polar climate: (1) tundra climate: The arctic coast of Eurasia and North America is cold all year round, with moss and lichen distributed.

② Ice field climate: cold all year round. Mainly distributed in the Arctic and Antarctic, no plants grow.

& lt& lt& lt

Geography knowledge points of senior high school entrance examination

1. Earth

(1) The earth is an ellipsoid with two levels slightly flat and the equator slightly bulging.

(2) The equatorial radius of the earth is 6378. 137km, the polar radius is 6356.752km, and the average radius is about 637438+0km.

(3) The equatorial circumference is about 40,076 kilometers, and the earth's surface area is 5 1 100 million square kilometers, of which 7 1% is ocean and 29% is land. Seen from space, the earth looks blue.

2. Warp and weft

(1) meridian

Meridian, also called meridian, indicates the north-south direction. Meridian is an arc on the earth's surface connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the equator.

② Longitude: defined as the included angle between the connecting line between a point on the earth's surface and the two poles and the plane where the longitude is 0 degrees. It increases from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east. The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "e"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

(2) Weft

(1) Latitude is the trajectory formed by a point on the earth's surface with the rotation of the earth. All latitudes are parallel to each other, perpendicular to the longitude, and latitudes point in the east-west direction. The weft is round.

② Latitude: Latitude is the included angle between the vertical line of gravity direction and the equatorial plane on the earth. People divide latitudes into low, medium and high latitudes. 0 ~ 30 is low latitude, 30 ~ 60 is middle latitude, and 60 ~ 90 is high latitude.

3. the movement of the earth

(1) Earth's rotation: the rotation of the earth around its rotation axis from west to east, which is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole. It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes for the earth to rotate once.

(2) The revolution of the earth means that the earth revolves around the sun in a certain orbit. The earth's revolution follows the laws of the earth's orbit, the plane of the earth's orbit, the intersection of the ecliptic and the equator, the period of revolution of the earth, the speed of the earth's revolution, and the effect of the earth's revolution.

(3) the five divisions of the earth's surface

North temperate zone (66.5° N-90° N), North temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N) and tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S).

South temperate zone (23.5 degrees south latitude-66.5 degrees south latitude) South frigid zone (66.5 degrees south latitude-90 degrees south latitude)

4. Map

(1) The three elements of a map refer to scale, direction, legend and notes.

(2) Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

(3) Proportional formula

Map distance = actual distance × scale

Actual distance = distance on map/scale.

Proportion = distance on the map ÷ actual distance

(4) The larger the molecule, the larger the scale, the more detailed the content and the higher the accuracy.

Review outline of geography knowledge points for senior high school entrance examination 3

Comparison of differences between south and north of China:

Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project

1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.

The annual precipitation is small.

The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.

Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

Basic elements of a map

(1) Legend and notes: introduce the signs of each geographical thing.

2 direction: used to identify the direction; There are coordinates: n is north, s is south, e is east, and w is west; No coordinates: up north and down south, left west and right east; The direction is determined by the (north-south) latitude (east-west) network.

③ Scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance. Expression: a. Numbers B. Words C. Line segments. Nature: large denominator, small scale, large scope and simple content; On the contrary, the opposite is true.

Longitude and latitude and longitude

① Meridian and meridian: the line connecting the north and south poles. There are countless meridians. The longitude passing through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England is 0 meridian (also called prime meridian), and the highest longitude is 180 degrees.

② Latitude and longitude: the line perpendicular to the meridian. There are countless parallel lines. Parallel lines with equal distance to the poles are called 0 parallel lines (also called equator), and the highest latitude is 90.

& lt& lt& lt

Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in geography senior high school entrance examination

The main industries in China

I. Agriculture in China

1, agricultural achievements

(1) Agricultural production in China has developed rapidly. The output of grain, meat, cotton, peanuts, rape and fruit ranks in the forefront of the world, and the per capita possession of cotton exceeds the world level.

(2) Agricultural production conditions are improving day by day. (Poor ecological conditions and weak infrastructure)

(3) The regional distribution of agricultural production tends to be reasonable.

2. Distribution of food crops

(1) North Wheat Spring Wheat: Northeast Plain (Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain)

Winter wheat: North China Plain and Weihe Plain.

(2) South Rice Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain and Chengdu Plain.

3. Distribution of main cash crops

(1) Features: (1) High economic value. ② High technical requirements. (3) Strong commodities.

(2) Distribution: ① Cotton: middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River. Xinjiang is the main producing area of long-staple cotton in China.

② Rape: Yangtze River Basin

③ Peanut: Shandong and Henan are the main producing areas.

④ Sugarcane: Sichuan Basin, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, etc. Guangxi is the largest producing area.

⑤ Beets: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia and Northwest Xinjiang.

6. Tea: The hilly areas south of Tailing and Huaihe River are the main producing areas. Among them, Fujian, Zhejiang and Yunnan have the most.

⑦ Natural rubber: Hainan Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Xishuangbanna, etc.

4. New agriculture

(1) Export-oriented agriculture: export is the main way to earn foreign exchange. The main bases are: Shandong Peninsula, Taihu Plain, Pearl River Delta, Minnan and so on.

(2) sightseeing agriculture (sightseeing agriculture).

(3) Ecological agriculture and precision agriculture.

5. Distribution of animal husbandry

(1) Major pastoral areas and excellent livestock breeds: (1) Pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia-Sanhejia and Sanhejiu.

② Xinjiang Pastoral Area-Xinjiang Fine Wool Sheep

(3) Yak, a pastoral area in Qinghai and Tibet.

④ Tan sheep in Ningxia pastoral area

(2) Main producing areas of commercial pigs: Hunan, Sichuan and Henan.

Second, China's industry.

1. Factors affecting industrial layout: natural resources, population and labor conditions, market factors and existing economic base, etc.

The output of coal, steel, cotton cloth, TV sets and refrigerators in China ranks first in the world.

3, the layout of the energy industry

(1) Coal is the first energy source in China. Shanxi's coal output ranks first in the country.

Oil is the second largest energy source in China. Daqing Oilfield is the largest petroleum industrial base in China. Experts predict that Xinjiang will become the "leader" of China's oil production in the next decade. (Understand the basic situation of the "West-East Gas Transmission Project")

(3) Power industry: hydropower-mainly in the upper reaches of major rivers in the south. Such as the power industry in Hubei Province.

Firepower-mainly distributed in the northern region. For example, Shanxi's electric power industry.

4. Distribution of iron and steel industry

(1) Large iron and steel industrial base: (1) Eastern coastal areas: Aberdeen, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shanghai.

② Along the Yangtze River: Maanshan, Wuhan, Chongqing and Panzhihua.

③ Yellow River Basin: Baotou and Taiyuan.

⑵ Analyze the favorable conditions for WISCO and Baosteel to establish iron and steel industrial base. (omitted)

5. Distribution of machinery industry: Liaoning, Shanghai-Nanjing and Beijing-Tianjin. (National large-scale industrial base)

6. Distribution of textile industry: China is dominated by cotton textile industry.

Main cotton textile industrial bases: Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Xi, Wuhan, etc.

7. High-tech industry

(1) Conditions for forming a high-tech industry: advanced technology, intensive knowledge and talent gathering.

(2) China High-tech Industrial Belt: Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim, etc.

(3) Four high-tech industries. (See the explanation in the textbook P 18- 19)

Third, the traffic in China.

1, the types and characteristics of modern transportation modes and the choice of transporters.

(1) Modern operation modes: railway, highway, sea transportation, river transportation, air transportation, pipeline, etc.

⑵. Characteristics of modern transportation mode: Analysis from the aspects of volume, speed and freight rate.

(3) the choice of modern transportation mode: teachers and students discuss it together with the actual situation.

2. Road transport

(1) Features: flexible, fast and adaptable.

(2) Remember: the starting and ending points of Qinghai-Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet and Yunnan-Tibet trunk lines. (See the activity questions on page P9 1 in the first volume of Grade 8 Geography)

(3) The number of expressways. The first digit of capital radiation (national highway) is "1", the first digit of north-south vertical line is "2", and the first digit of east-west horizontal line is "3".

3. Railway transportation

(1) Memory: the starting point and ending point of the railway trunk line.

① North-South direction: Jingha-Jingguang Line, Beijing-Shanghai Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Taijiao-Liujiao Line, Baocheng-Chengkun Line and Nankun Line.

② East-west direction: Binzhou-Suibin line, Bao Jing-Baolan line, Longhai-Nanxin line, Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Kunming line.

(2) Major railway hubs: Beijing, Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Zhuzhou, Lanzhou and Chengdu.

(3) Basic situation of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway under construction.

4, ocean transportation (divided into coastal routes and ocean routes)

(1) Coastal route: (1) Northern route: centered on Shanghai and Dalian.

② South Line: centering on Guangzhou and Hong Kong.

(2) Major coastal ports: Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Zhanjiang and Haikou.

5. Air transportation

(1) Features: fast speed, comfort and safety.

(2) Air transport is an important symbol to measure a country's transportation modernization.

(3) Major airports: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

& lt& lt& lt

Summary of knowledge points in the 2022 geography senior high school entrance examination;

★ In 2022, the geography entrance examination must recite knowledge points.

★ Summary of geographical knowledge points of the college entrance examination in 2022

★2022 geography exam must recite knowledge points.

★ 2022 Senior high school geography must recite knowledge points.

★ Summary of Geography Teachers' Teaching Work in 2022

★ Review special knowledge points in the second round of Geography 2022

★ Summary of geography teaching in senior high school in 2022

★ Summary of Geography Teaching in Senior One in 2022

★ 5 Summary of Personal Work of Geography Teachers in 2022

★ Five Summaries of Excellent Geography Teaching in 2022

var _ HMT = _ HMT | |[]； (function(){ var hm = document . createelement(" script ")； hm.src = "/hm.js？ 8 a6b 92 a 28 ca 05 1cd 1 a9f 6 beca 8 DCE 12e "； var s = document . getelementsbytagname(" script ")[0]； s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm，s)； })();