Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel accommodation - Collection of detailed information of Guo cemetery
Collection of detailed information of Guo cemetery
Guo Lingyuan is a national key cultural relics protection unit, located in Shangcunling, north of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. It is the graveyard of the monarch and nobles of the Zhou Dynasty. The whole tomb area covers an area of 40,000 square meters, and * * * excavated 234 tombs of various nobles, more than 60 chariots and horses pits, and unearthed more than 10,000 precious cultural relics/kloc-0. Many precious first-class cultural relics have been unearthed in two of the emperors' tombs, such as the jade-aged copper-core sword known as the "first sword in China" and the exquisite and gorgeous "jade mask". The discovery of Guo cemetery filled the blank in the archaeological history of the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, and provided important material data for studying the culture and economy at that time.
Chinese name: Guo Lingyuan Address: Shangcunling Cemetery in the north of Sanmenxia, covering an area of 40,000 square meters. Discovery time: 1956. Unearthed cultural relics: bronze sword with jade handle and jade face. Historical significance: It fills the blank of Guo's historical research, including geographical location, historical discovery, burial system level, human history, unearthed cultural relics, summary, bronze ritual vessels, jade articles and so on. Since the discovery of 1956, four cultural relics drilling and two large-scale archaeological excavations have proved more than 800 relics, excavated more than 300 tombs and unearthed nearly 30,000 cultural relics. This is the only large-scale Guo cemetery with complete grades, orderly arrangement and well-preserved in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Guo was an important vassal state in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and a vassal state of his younger brother. Baoji was moved to Sanmenxia City in the late Western Zhou Dynasty under the influence of Pingdong's move to the capital, and Shangyang, the capital, is in today's Li Jiayao Village. History shows that from the 9th century BC to the 7th century BC, the history of Guo was as long as 300 years. During this period, Guo's monarch was an aristocrat in the Zhou Dynasty. They fought for the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Southern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and made great achievements repeatedly, occupying a decisive position in the Pingfan Zhoushi. There were many weapons and chariots and horses buried with him, which was enough to show Guo's military strength at that time. Because the later monarch was arrogant and extravagant, he finally embarked on the road of national subjugation. In 655 BC, the state of Jin was destroyed by false fears, and the once dominant state of Guo disappeared from the historical stage, leaving a heavy and sad story of "auxiliary cars depend on each other, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold", and then a series of question marks about this ancient and mysterious kingdom. The discovery of Guo's graveyard brings hope for solving these mysteries. In 1950s, in order to cooperate with the construction of Sanmenxia Water Control Project, the China Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Culture jointly formed the "Yellow River Reservoir Archaeological Task Force", which was led by Xia Nai, a famous archaeologist in China, and carried out a large-scale archaeological investigation and excavation in the northern part of Shangcunling in Sanmenxia reservoir area. From then on, the excavation and research work of Guo cemetery began. After two years of excavation, * * * cleared more than 230 tombs, 3 chariots and horses pits, and 9 1 pit, and 9 179 cultural relics were unearthed. Archaeologists believe that this cemetery belongs to the same vassal state, and the burial time is from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. The whole cemetery is arranged in an orderly manner with strict etiquette. According to the inscriptions on unearthed bronzes and the investigation and excavation of surrounding cultural relics, archaeologists concluded that this was the Guo cemetery that was hard to find through the ages. This discovery was included in the great field archaeological discovery in China in 1950s and went down in history. Guo Moruo, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), personally visited the archaeological excavation site and wrote "Two or Three Events of Bronzes Unearthed in Sanmenxia", which was regarded as a masterpiece by academic circles and aroused strong repercussions in the field of cultural relics and archaeology at home and abroad. In order to further understand the overall layout of Guo's cemetery and the burial of underground remains, from 1990, Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology once again conducted a large-scale archaeological investigation and excavation in the northern part of Shangcunling, and found the central area of Guo's cemetery, where the monarch and many senior nobles who migrated from west to east, as well as their funerary chariots and horses and sacrificial pits were buried. Among them, the discovery of the tombs of Ji Guo and Guo Zhong is remarkable. A large number of bronzes and jades were buried in the tombs, including a large number of rare treasures. The important discoveries of these two tombs were rated as "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China" respectively. Guo cemetery is extremely rare in two-week archaeology in China for its large scale, complete grade, well-preserved and exquisite unearthed cultural relics. Its discovery is of great significance to the study of patriarchal clan system, tomb system and Guo's history and culture in the two-week period, which fills the gap in the study of Guo's history and is rated as one of the "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in Henan in the 20th Century" and "One Hundred Archaeological Discoveries in China in the 20th Century". In order to effectively protect and fully display the rich tomb culture and a large number of precious historical relics unearthed in Guo Cemetery, the relevant departments built Guo Museum and Chemakeng Museum on the original site of Guo Cemetery and opened them to tourists. After two excavations, more than 250 noble tombs including two monarchs, one monarch's wife's tomb and two princes' tombs were discovered, and more than 20,000 precious cultural relics were unearthed. 1999, the site of Yangcheng in Guodu City was discovered in the southwest of Sanmenxia City. The discovery of Guo Cemetery and Shangyangcheng is of great academic value, and was rated as one of the 100 new archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century. Since 1950s, it has been drilled four times and excavated twice on a large scale, which proves that it is a large-scale state-owned cemetery in the late Western Zhou Dynasty with complete grades, orderly arrangement, unique features and good preservation. The cemetery covers a total area of 324,500 square meters and is divided into eight groups. Tomb No.2009, namely Guo Zhong Tomb, belongs to the eighth group, located in the north area, and is the group with the largest number of tombs and the highest level. Unearthed cultural relics are not only large in number and full in variety, but also many of them fill the gaps in the archaeology of Zhou Dynasty in China. Burial system level The burial system level of Guguo cemetery can be roughly divided into six levels: the first level: Jiuding, Baguan and Baguo. There are also eight bronze bells and 10 stone bells. The nearby chariot pit is 40 meters long and 5.2 meters wide. Such as M200 1. The second level: Qiding, Liugui and Liuwei. There are nine copper buttons and clocks. The bronze sparrow terrace is engraved with Prince Tuge. Attached to the chariot pit, vehicles in the pit 10, 24 horses. Such as M 1052. The third category of Guguo cemetery: Wuding, Pingui and Sigui, without musical instruments. Attached to the burial pit, there are five cars and ten horses in the pit. Such as M 1706, M 18 10. The fourth category: Sanding, Sigui and Erwei. There are also chariots and horses pits (not yet excavated). Such as M 1705, M 172 1, M 1820. There is also a tomb of Sanding, with chariots and horses buried with it. Such as M 1602. Level 5: Two Ding or One Ding, with nearly 20 tombs. Some only make tripods, some make plates and cards, and some make pots, beans, cans and other pottery. Grade 6: There are nearly 200 tombs without bronze sacrificial vessels. At the beginning of Human History Week, King Wen's younger brothers Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were in the east and west. Dongguo was destroyed by Zheng in Xingyang, Henan Province. Xiguo is now Baoji, Shaanxi, and moved to Sanmenxia, Henan and Pinglu, Shanxi at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 655 BC, the state of Jin was destroyed by false fears, leaving behind the eternal legacy of "the lips are dead and the teeth are cold". Overview of Unearthed Cultural Relics Guo Zhong's Tomb No.9 is a vertical cave tomb with a north-south direction, with a length of 5.6 meters from north to south and a width of 4.4 meters from east to west. The bottom of the tomb is slightly larger than the mouth of the tomb, 6.00 meters long from north to south and 4.62-4.92 meters wide from east to west; The tomb is 19.3 meters deep from the surface, which is the largest tomb unearthed in Guo cemetery. The walls of the tomb were specially painted with light green pigment from top to bottom. The burial tool used by the tomb owner is a single coffin with a large lid. Judging from a large number of bronze inscriptions unearthed, the owner of the tomb is Guo's king. Buried in the late Western Zhou Dynasty between Li and Xuan. The number of bronze sacrificial vessels buried with bronze sacrificial vessels reflects the status of the owner. More than 20 bronze ritual vessels 120 were unearthed from Tomb No.9, among which 29 ding vessels were used to mark the identity of the tomb owner. There are 44 inscriptions indicating that it is the self-use equipment of the tomb owner Guo Zhong. Two sets of chimes unearthed, one is Bayong chime; A set consists of eight new clocks, and the longest inscription is over 60 words. As can be seen from its contents, this new clock is a self-made device. And called himself "Zhong". It can be seen from the inscription that the owner of the tomb assisted Zhou to govern the world and manage his subjects before his death, which was "acceptable to the son of heaven". His position, power and wealth are obviously higher than that of Ji Guo, the owner of Tomb No.2001excavated in 1990. It is the earliest two sets of chimes unearthed in archaeological excavations in China. The four bronzes unearthed in this tomb are all engraved with the inscription "Guo Zhong is the treasure cup of Guo Fei, and children and grandchildren are for eternal protection". They are large and well-preserved, and they are the largest bronzes of their kind in China at present. Jade unearthed from No.9 Jade Tomb is a treasure in the archaeology of the Zhou Dynasty, with a large number, complete varieties, exquisite workmanship and good jade quality. 724 pieces (groups) of jade articles, identified by experts, are divided into white jade, sapphire, sapphire, topaz, jasper and so on. Most of them are Hetian jade in Xinjiang. Judging from the production process, most of them are excellent works. For example, a Yu Pei with dragon patterns is refined from Hetian jade and decorated with abstract deformed dragon patterns on both sides. The whole body is round and regular, with smooth and generous patterns and full of movement. Jade tools, such as blue gluttonous husband, suet white jade diamond, etc. , are also made of hetian jade, without any traces of use. It can be seen that these jade articles are only used as symbols of ritual jade on specific occasions. Among the jades buried with the tomb, the two jade handles unearthed from this tomb are the most typical: the left handle is Hetian blue white jade, which is a round square tube with eight strings and four cicada patterns at both ends, which is a relic of Shang Dynasty; The right hand is Hetian sapphire, which is round and tubular, and the whole body is decorated with rotating dragon patterns. It is a typical artifact of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The most exquisite jade carving is the bionic animal jade carving. There are mysterious Jade Dragon, fierce roaring Jade Tiger, winged Jade Eagle, lively and lovely Jade Rabbit, jade deer, jade mouse, jade cow, jade snake, jade sheep, jade monkey, jade spider and jade dragonfly. According to statistics, these bionic jade carvings cover almost all common animal species in the northern temperate zone of China. In addition, the jade manuscript unearthed from Tomb No.9 has the word "South China" written with a brush, which is the earliest writing with a brush found in China at present, and is of great value for studying the origin of China's calligraphy. Four iron-edged bronzes and two weapons were unearthed from Tomb No.9 of Bronze: one was bronze iron auxiliary, and the other was copper iron leaf spear; There are two kinds of tools, namely copper, iron and iron, and cutting iron with a copper handle. It is rare that several iron-edged bronzes were unearthed at the same time in the tombs of the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Appraised by Metallurgical Research Office of University of Science and Technology Beijing, one piece is artificial ironmaking, and the other three pieces are meteorite products. In the tombs of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the appearance of artificial iron smelting products and meteorite products is very important and rare physical evidence for the archaeology and metallurgical history of China. This shows that ancient craftsmen in China began to choose meteorites as utensils at the latest from the14th century BC, and they were still in use in the 9th-8th century BC, lasting for more than 500 years. Combined with the iron sword with copper handle unearthed from Tomb 200 1 (also known as the first sword of China), it shows that artificial iron smelting was not the only weapon source in this period. Similar discoveries have been found in other ancient civilizations in the world, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and so on. Meteorites and artificial iron smelting have been used for hundreds of years at the same time, which is the nature of ancient civilizations in various regions of the world. China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. It should be like this, but there is no empirical evidence before. The excavation of these four iron-edged bronzes provides us with convincing physical evidence. In another tomb No.9, pottery, wood, bamboo, mussels, hemp, ivory and other artifacts were unearthed, especially a complete set of linen clothes, which was only seen in archaeology at the same time in China.
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