Collect knowledge about poetry

Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.

1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:

(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.

② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.

③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.

④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.

2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:

Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.

(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.

(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.

(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.

⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork. Agree with 0| Comment 2011-1-1517: 26 zmhdlzq | Level 1.

First, what is poetry?

The word "poem" is the abbreviation of the Book of Songs among the four books and five classics (poem, book, ceremony, book of changes, spring and autumn). The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music.

1, the definition of poetry:

"1" is the earliest literary genre. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms.

< 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic and rhythmic language.

2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to Modern Chinese Dictionary)

(1) A rhythmic language.

Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.

① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone.

△ Wang Wei's Acacia:

Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/a few branches are sent. I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick.

△ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.

Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village?

Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm. Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm."

(2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry. Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry.

△ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua). According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street.

The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.

The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.

△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not. There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Examples of Wang Zhihuan's poems:

△ In the Lusu: the mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river. By going up one flight of stairs, look further.

△ "Liangzhou Ci":

The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain. Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!

(2) Reflect life

① Reflect the working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo. Fly the soil and eat meat.

△ "The Book of Songs, Cutting Tan"

Kan Kan cut sandalwood, and the river dried up. The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian!

(2) Reflect the wedding of social stone collectors.

△ Du Fu's Three History Tongguan Li's Three Farewells

Xin 'an officials are homeless.

△ Du Fu's famous sentence "From Beijing to Fengxian 500 words": "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones."

△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao. They followed you, crying, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "

△ "The Book of Songs"

③ Reflect frontier life.

△ Wang Changling "Joining the Army":

(1) Qinghai has a dark snow-capped mountain with long clouds and an isolated city overlooking Yumen Pass. Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.

(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.

△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Plug":

It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.

△ William Wang Liangzhou Ci:

Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.

④ Reflect the love life: △ "Guan Ju" △ "Peacock flies southeast" △ Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang"

(5) Reflect the pastoral landscape:

△ Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden:

I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.

The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.

△ Tao Yuanming's middle sentence in "Building a House by Drinking":

"Mining bureau chrysanthemum east fence, carefree see nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "

△ Wang Wei's "Weishui Farmhouse":

In the countryside where the sun is setting, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane. There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat,

Sleeping silkworms, peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially. No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! .

△ He Jingzhi's "Guilin Landscape Song"

(3) Express feelings:

Belinsky: "Emotion is the most important dynamic factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. " Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example:

① Hi: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army";

The Great Wall suddenly spread to the north. At first, I couldn't stop crying from my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.

On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .

② Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong":

Angry hair rushing to the crown, leaning on the fence and drizzling. Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon. Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it? Driving a long car to break through, Helan Mountain is lacking. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty. Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky.

3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's slow voice;

Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.

△ Li Ying lost in January:

Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. The January wind lifted my hair, and the dim street lamp flashed cold tears. ...

(4) Boudoir dissatisfied housewife thinks:

△ Li Qingzhao's "Red Lips, Boudoir Thinking":

"Lonely boudoir, heart full of sorrow. Cherish the spring, when to rush the rain ... "

△ Li Qingzhao's "Don't worry about cutting plums":

Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone. Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles. One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure. There is no way to eliminate this situation, only frown and mind.

△ Li Bai's "Spring Thoughts":

The grass is as green as Beth, and the mulberry leaves in Qin area are green. Nostalgia, heartache. Spring breeze, you and I don't know each other. Why do I feel sad when it blows to Luo Zhang?

△ Li Bai's midnight Wu Ge:

There is moonlight in Chang 'an, and all the families in Yi Dao are there. The spring breeze will never stop, and it will always go to Yumen Pass. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition?

△ Jin Changxu's "Spring Complaints" (Tang):

Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree. They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.

Second, the history of poetry development

↓ 1, ancient songs

↓2. The Book of Songs: 305 articles, 5 of which have no words, also known as "Three Hundred Poems". China's "Six Arts" in The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems, are Feng (15 national style 160), Ya (105 works by emperors and generals), Ode (40 temple sacrificial songs), Fu (straight things), Bi (figurative) and Xing (first).

↓3. Songs of Chu: Represented by Qu Yuan, he inherited the tradition of The Book of Songs and created a new romantic poetic style.

↓4. Han Yuefu: "Yuefu" is the name of the music institution responsible for collecting folk songs. "Yuefu Shuangbi": Mulan Poetry and Peacock Flying Southeast.

↓5, Tang poetry: the golden age of China's poetry, the three great poets.

↓6. Song Ci: bold school (Su Xin school) and graceful school (Jiang Kui, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao)

↓7. Yuanqu: Including Sanqu and Zaju.

↓8. Free Poetry (New Poetry): Poetry after the May 4th Movement.

Poetry encyclopedia business card

Poets express their feelings, express their feelings and use skills-excerpt from Zhao que's preface to 300 poems without complaints. Poetry is the oldest and most basic literary form in the world, and it is a literary genre that expounds the soul. Poets need to master mature artistic skills and express social life and human spiritual world with concise language, rich emotions and rich images according to certain requirements of syllables, tones and rhythms. Confucius believes that poetry has four functions: arousing, observing, gathering and telling. Lu Ji believes that "poetry is beautiful because of love." In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. Later people call it poetry.

catalogue

I. Overview

Second, the interpretation of 1

Step 2 explain in detail

Third, the origin

Fourth, development.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) characteristics

Sixth, the technique of expression

Seven, classification 1, ancient poetry

2. Modern poetry

Eight, an overview of poetic style

Nine. Appreciation of Bai Pu's Poem "Clear Sand and Autumn"

Guo Moruo's Market in the Sky

Poetry in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's Period

X. Origin of Modern Poetry Theory

Xi. Mainstream school 1, new national style.

2. "May 4th" Poetry

3. Crescent School

4. modernism

5. kuya School

6. obscure poetry

7. the middle generation

8. Cenozoic era

9. lake poets

10, rhyme correction

Twelve. Musical Beauty of Classical Poetry Language 1, Rhythm

2. Tone

3. Sound and emotion

13. Poetry of the same name

Fourteen I. Overview

Second, the interpretation of 1

Step 2 explain in detail

Third, the origin

Fourth, development.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) characteristics

Sixth, the technique of expression

Seven, classification 1, ancient poetry

2. Modern poetry

Eight, an overview of poetic style

Nine. Poetry appreciation

Bai Pu's Sha Qiu in Jing Tian and Guo Moruo's Market in the Sky Poetry in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Period X. The Origin of Modern Poetry Theory XI. Major schools

1, New National Style 2, May 4th Poetry 3, Crescent School 4, Modernism School 5, kuya School 6, Misty Poetry 7, Middle Generation 8, New Generation 9, Huxiang Poet 10, Rhyme School 12, the musical beauty of classical poetry language.

1, rhythm 2, tone 3, sound and emotion 13, poem of the same name.

Poetry 14. Other versions of this paragraph i. Overview

Poetry, as a literary genre, has various forms and can be recited. In ancient China, the main criterion for distinguishing "poetry" from "non-poetry" was "whether it rhymes" (anything that doesn't rhyme is definitely a poem). After the New Culture Movement, under the influence of western literature, some writers created rhyming new poems. Since then, "Rhyme Poetry" has officially entered the stage of China literature, and even once became the mainstream of poetry. The main features of poetry are highly concentrated reflection of social life, condensation of the author's strong thoughts and feelings, imagination, concise and vivid language and distinct sense of rhythm.

Edit paragraph 2. explain

Title: Poetic Pinyin: SHG Book of Songs

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1, basic explanation

[Poetry and songs; In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. In modern times, they are collectively called poetry. There is only one art expressed in words, and that is poetry.

Step 2 explain in detail

In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. In modern times, they are generally called poems. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world according to certain syllables and rhythms. "History of rites and music": "If you have an indissoluble bond with your relatives, you will come from poetry and Zhong Shi will sing the strings." Yue's Diary of Han Ji Hui is a poem. Tang Hanyu's Preface to Poems in Xitang, Yunzhou: "Although, the work of Si Tang says that there are words but no poems, it connects the people of the country with Tao, regardless of public morality." Wang Minghong's "Zhen Ze Chang Yu Official System": "The Hanlin in Tang and Song Dynasties is a very deep and strict place, and many poets can see it." Lu Xun's Letter to Dou: "Although there are two kinds of poems, the latter is better."

Edit the third paragraph. origin

Poetry originated from ancient social life, which is a rhythmic and emotional language form due to labor production, sex and primitive religion. "Shangshu Yu Shu": "Poetry expresses ambition, song expresses Tao, sound is eternal, law and harmony." "Rites and Music": "Poetry expresses ambition; Song, chanting its voice; Dance, move its capacity; The three are based on the heart, and then the instrument follows it. " In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poetry is the lyrics, which are always sung with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music and dance developed independently and became independent adults. Poems and songs are collectively called poems. Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs, which originated from ancient people, were originally the floorboard of poems and songs. At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry and music and dance were combined into one, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. Poetry in Western Europe was written by Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.

Edit the fourth paragraph. develop

The development of poetry has gone through the development process of The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu Poetry → Jian 'an Poetry → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Tang Poetry → Song Poetry → Song Yuan Poetry → Ming and Qing Poetry → Modern Poetry.

Edit this paragraph V. Features

Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre that reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. Its language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally in rows and pay attention to the beauty of structural form. He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is the literary style that most strongly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often expressed in a direct lyrical way. Moreover, in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm, its language and prose are different. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.

One legend is that ...

Wang Lun was a native of Jingzhou (now Jingxian County, Anhui Province) in the Tang Dynasty. He is generous by nature, likes to make friends with celebrities, and often gives generously and spends money lavishly. At that time, Li Bai was famous in the poetry circle, and Wang Lun loved him very much, hoping to have a chance to see the poet's elegant demeanor. However, Jingzhou is unknown, and he is also a nobody. How can I invite the great poet Li Bai?

Later, Wang Lun got the news that Li Bai was going to travel to Anhui, which was a rare opportunity. Wang Lun decided to write and invite him. Everyone who knew Li Bai at that time knew that he had two hobbies: drinking and traveling. As long as there is good wine and beautiful scenery, Li Bai will hear about it. So Wang Lun wrote this letter:

"Mr. Li likes playing and enjoying the scenery? We have ten miles of peach blossoms here. Does Mr. Li like drinking? We have Wanjia Hotel here. "

Li Bai came here happily as soon as he received such a letter. As soon as I saw Wang Lun, I went to see Ten Miles of Peach Blossoms and Wanjia Hotel. Wang Lun smiled and told him, "Peach blossom is the name of the pool here. There are no peach blossoms in Fiona Fang Shili of Taohuatan. Wanjia is the surname of our hotel owner, not that there are 10 thousand hotels. " Li Bai was stunned, then laughed and even said, "I admire you! Admire! "

Wang Lun stayed with Li Bai for a few days, and Li Bai had a good time there. Because the villas in Wang Lun are surrounded by mountains and rivers. Inside the villa, the pond building is quiet and deep, just like a fairyland. Here, Li Bai is drinking wine, eating delicious food, listening to songs and chatting with friends of Gaoyou. There are several banquets a day, and he often gets together and is often entertained. This is the life that Li Bai likes. Therefore, he can't help feeling a brief encounter with the host here. He once wrote "Two Poems of Wang Parting", in which Wang Lun was compared to Dou and Gong.

On the day Li Bai was leaving, Wang Lun gave eight famous horses and ten bundles of silks and satins, and sent servants to the boat. After a farewell dinner at home, Li Bai boarded a boat parked on Taohuatan. The ship was about to leave the shore when he suddenly heard a song. Li Bai looked back and saw Wang Lun and many villagers marching on the shore, singing to see him off. Li Bai was very moved by the host's profound friendship and simple form of seeing him off. He immediately spread out paper and ink and wrote a famous farewell poem for Wang Lun:

Li Bai was just about to leave when he heard a farewell song from the shore.

Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love.

This poem is a wonderful metaphor, and because of the influence of simple folk customs, Li Bai's poem is simple, plain and sincere.

The poem "To Wang Lun" made the name of Wang Lun, an ordinary villager, spread to future generations, and Taohua Lake became a tourist attraction. In memory of Li Bai, the villagers built a pavilion on the southeast bank of Tan, which still attracts many tourists.