Lu Xun (188 1- 1936) is a great writer and translator in modern China and the founder of the new literature movement.

Zhou Shuren (1881September 25th-19361019), originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, was born in Yucai. Formerly known as Zhou Zhangshou, 1898 was changed to Zhou Shuren, with the word Yushan and Yuting. He is famous for his pen name Lu Xun. Lu Xun's works, including essays, short stories, comments, essays and translated works, had a far-reaching influence on China literature after the May 4th Movement. President Mao Zedong commented that he was a great proletarian writer, thinker and revolutionary, the main commander of China's cultural revolution, and was also called "soul of china" by the people. After middle age, Mr. Lu Xun often wears simple Hanfu, his hair is as straight as a brush, and his thick beard forms the word "one" in official script. Mr. Lu Xun wrote 6 million words in his life, including about 5 million words in his works and 6,543.8+0,000 words in his letters.

Mr. Lu Xun fought with pen as a weapon all his life, and was known as "soul of china". Born on September 25th, 188 1, he was influenced by the theory of evolution, Nietzsche's superman philosophy and Tolstoy's thought of fraternity when he was young. 1902 was admitted by Japanese overseas students to study at Hongwen College in Tokyo, Japan. 1904 entered Sendai medical college to study medicine at the beginning, and then engaged in literary and artistic work, hoping to change the national spirit. 1905- 1907 participated in revolutionary activities and published papers such as Moro Poetry and Cultural Prejudice. During this period, I was ordered by my mother to return to China to get married, and my wife Zhu An. 1909 Co-translated the Collection of Foreign Novels with his brother Zhou Zuoren to introduce foreign literature. He returned to China in the same year and taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing. Statues of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping in front of Guangzhou Library

After the Revolution of 1911, Lu Xun served as a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government, and taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University. 19 18 in may, the diary of a madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was first published under the pseudonym of "Lu Xun", which laid the cornerstone of the new literature movement. He participated in the work of New Youth magazine around the May 4th Movement and became the leader of the May 4th New Culture Movement. From 19 18 to 1926, he has successively created and published collections of novels, essays, essays and reminiscences. Among them, the novella The True Story of Ah Q published in19212 is an immortal masterpiece in the history of modern literature in China. 1in August, 926, he was wanted by the Beiyang warlord government for supporting the patriotic movement of Beijing students, and served as the head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. 1927 1 month, went to Guangzhou, the revolutionary center at that time, and served as the academic director of Sun Yat-sen University. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai and began to live with his student Xu Guangping. 1929, son Zhou Haiying was born. 1930, successively participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League, resisting the dictatorship and political persecution of the Kuomintang government. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in the Collection of Historical Novels, which were collected in Tomb Raiders, Collections, Three Idle Collections, Two Hearts, Assembling in the South and the North, Pseudo-Free Books and Collections respectively. Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, and compile Miscellaneous Notes on Old Books in Huiji County, Hooking Ancient Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, Notes on Old Novels, etc.19361June. Tens of thousands of Shanghai citizens spontaneously held public sacrifices and funerals and were buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery. The scene is spectacular. 1956, Lu Xun's body was buried in Hongkou Park, and Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the reconstructed Lu Xun's tomb. Lu Xun

life experience

School time

Lu Xun was born in Zhou Zhangshou, a scholarly family in Dongchangfangkou, Huiji County, Shaoxing City, China. Grandfather Zhou Fuqing was a Jinshi of Sinvik in the decade of Tongzhi (187 1) and was an official in Beijing. Father Zhou Boyi is a scholar and mother Lu Rui. Lu Xun and Zhou Enlai are of the same ancestry, and their ancestors were Zhou Dunyi, the originator of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. 1892, Lu Xun, 1 1 years old, studied in the private school "San Tan Yin Yue" run by his hometown in Shaoxing. 1893 (19th year of Guangxu), Lu Xun's grandfather Zhou Fuqing was dismissed from his post and imprisoned for cheating in the imperial examination, while Lu Xun's brothers were placed in the home of his uncle Huangfuzhuang, who was more than 30 miles away from the city. Zhou Fuqing was sentenced to "beheading and waiting for prison" and was imprisoned for 8 years. Therefore, the Zhou family spends a large sum of money every year to maintain Zhou Fuqing's life, so his family began to decline. Meanwhile, his father Zhou Boyi was seriously ill in bed and died in 1896. Family changes have had a far-reaching impact on young Lu Xun. Scenes of childhood life, such as vanilla garden, Xianheng hotel and the countryside around grandma's house, have become important sources of materials for Lu Xun's two collections of novels, Scream, Hesitation and Prose. 1898, 17-year-old Lu Xun left his hometown of San Tan Yin Yue and entered the Jiangnan Naval Academy of Jinling New School, renamed Zhou Shuren. 1899 transferred to the mine road railway school affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi school, made friends with Chen Hengke, and graduated in190/0/year. Deeply influenced by the theory of evolution, he loves to read original books, especially translated novels. Famous writers such as Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Guo Moruo and Yu Dafu are all students studying in Japan. 1902 In February, 2 1 year-old Lu Xun went to Hongwen College in Tokyo, Japan to study Japanese. Two years later, he entered Sendai Medical College (19 12 changed to Northeastern University Medical College) to study modern medicine. Lu Xun chose to study modern medicine because his father's death made him have serious doubts about Chinese medicine. He was the first international student in Northeastern University and the only China international student in Sendai at that time. In Sendai, anatomy teacher Fujino Genkuro had the greatest influence on Lu Xun. In Zhou Zuoren's Youth of Lu Xun and Xu Shoushang's Impression of Lu Xun's Old Friend, Lu Xun's academic achievements published by his classmate Xiao Lin Maoxiong, MD, were cited: 59.3 points in anatomy, 73.7 points in histology, 63.3 points in physiology, 83 points in ethics, 60 points in German, 60 points in physics and 60 points in chemistry, with an average of 65.5 points. Notes of Lu Xun, a natural science and medical major, when studying in Japan.

The results of the project are relatively average, and only Fujino failed in the anatomy subject. The total score is like Lu Xun's self-report in "Mr. Fujino": "In 100 students, I am in the middle, but I am not behind." Some students in this class think it is "the topic of last year's anatomy experiment, which was marked on Mr. Fujino's handout. I knew it in advance, so I can have such a result." 1994 Watanabe Xiang found that his grades were miscalculated: physiology scored 60 points last semester and 75 points next semester, with an average of 65 points in a single school year, not 63.3 points, 65.8 points in the whole school year and 83 points in the school year. Lu Xun later wrote Mr. Fujino, and attached great importance to this work. 1935, Iwabo Bookstore in Japan wanted to translate the Selected Works of Lu Xun into Japanese. He asked his students who edited the Selected Works to add field intervention: "I don't think there are any articles to put in. There is only the article "Mr. Fujino", please translate and supplement it. " Behind Lu Xun, Fujino also published the article "Remembering Zhou Shuren Jun", recalling Lu Xun's study abroad life. At that time, the average scholar took three roads: one was to study and be an official. If you are not an official, you can also be a "screen friend" of a bureaucrat (commonly known as "master"). If the first two roads don't work, you can still go to sea to do business. Lu Xun took another road that was most despised at that time: entering the "foreign school". At that time, in China, it was generally regarded as a despicable act of "selling souls to foreign devils". 1898, 18-year-old Lu Xun left his hometown and took eight silver dollars borrowed by his loving mother to enter Nanjing Naval Academy, which was later changed to Nanjing Road and Mine School. These two schools were established by the Westernization School to enrich Qiang Bing, offering courses such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, and imparting natural science knowledge. During this period, Lu Xun read works on foreign literature and social sciences and broadened his horizons. In particular, Yan Fu's translation of Huxley's Theory of Evolution, an Englishman, had a profound influence on Lu Xun. Evolution is a book introducing Darwin's theory of evolution, which makes Lu Xun realize that the real world is not harmonious and perfect, but full of fierce competition. To survive and develop, a person and a nation must have the spirit of self-reliance, independence and self-improvement. Can't be at the mercy of fate, can't be bullied by the strong. Mr. Lu Xun's outstanding performance in Nanjing Road Mining School gave him the opportunity to study abroad at public expense after graduation. 1902, he went to Japan, began to study Japanese at Hongwen College in Tokyo, and later entered Sendai Medical College (now Tohoku University School of Medicine). He chose to study medicine in order to treat patients who were victimized by quacks like his father and improve the health of China people who were ridiculed as "the sick man of East Asia".

Abandon medicine and join literature.

Portrait of Mr. Lu Xun

Mr. Lu Xun wants to enlighten the people of China through medicine. But his dream didn't last long before it was shattered by the harsh reality. In Japan, as a citizen of a weak country, Lu Xun is often highly discriminated against by Japanese with militaristic tendencies. In their eyes, all China people are "imbeciles", and Lu Xun scored 59.3 points in the anatomy test, so he suspected that Fujino Genkuro, the anatomy teacher, had leaked the examination questions to him, which made Lu Xun deeply sad as a weak country. On one occasion, in a movie, Lu Xun saw a large group of "strong and insensitive" China people coldly watching their compatriots being executed by Russian detectives. Lu Xun was hit hard when he realized that mental numbness was more terrible than physical weakness. During his study in Japan, Mr. Lu Xun initially formed his world outlook and outlook on life. However, Lu Xun's thoughts were not only incomprehensible to most Japanese at that time, but also difficult to get a wide response among students studying in China. The foreign novels he translated can only sell dozens, and the literary magazines he organized can't be published because of lack of funds. The difficulty of family planning forced Lu Xun to return to China to find a job. From 65438 to 0909, he returned from Japan and taught in Hangzhou Zhejiang Normal School (now Hangzhou Senior High School) and Shaoxing High School. This is a period when Lu Xun's thoughts are extremely depressed. 19 1 1 year also excited him for a while, but then Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, zhang xun restoration and other historical scandals were constantly staged. The Revolution of 1911 did not change the stagnant reality of China. Social chaos, national disaster and personal changes in marriage life all made Lu Xun feel depressed and depressed. After the May 4th Movement, his repressed thoughts and feelings exploded like lava through literary works. At that time, he was already working in the Ministry of Education and moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education. 1924, Nobel Prize in Literature-winning Indian poet Tagore visited the Forbidden City, and Beijing arranged for Lu Xun to meet with Tagore and take a group photo. At that time, the domestic evaluation of Tagore's visit to China tended to be polarized, and Lu Xun evaluated it as "making a bottle of perfume". Lu Xun * * * was a civil servant in the Republic of China 14 years, recommended by rank, and served as the director and assistant director Dr. Xuan in the Social Education Department of the Ministry of Education (with Xia Cengyou as the director) 1 year. The main achievements are as follows: as the representative of the Ministry of Education of the National Language Unification Association, he coordinated the formulation of phonetic symbols (with Ma Yuzao, Zhu Xizu, Xu Shoushang and Qian Daosun, he proposed and wrote "Unified pronunciation, but improved anti-tangent, so two-syllable simplified characters are the most suitable"); Cooperate with Qian Daosun and Xu Shoushang to design the national emblem of the Republic of China, and write the Description of the Painting of the National Emblem of the State Council (see Complete Works of Lu Xun, 2005); And designed the school emblem of Peking University at that time, which was the artistic font of the word "Peking University"; In charge of library and information service: in charge of Shi Jing Library (later Beijing Library, now National Library of China), etc. Until he was dismissed by Zhang, then Minister of Education. Therefore, Lu Xun filed an administrative lawsuit with the Administrative Court of the Republic of China and won the case. He can be reinstated according to law, but he chose to leave the government system. After Yi Peiji, a good friend, took over as the chief of education, he signed an order to restore Zhou Shuren's post, and issued a letter of appointment as a new professor as the president of the National Beiping Women's Normal University. 1926 after the March 18th tragedy broke out, Yi Peiji and others were wanted by the temporary ruling party of the Republic of China.

Novel creation

1918May 15 Mr. Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman under the pseudonym of "Lu Xun" for the first time in the history of literature, which established the New Culture Movement (19 19) and promoted the development of modern literature. This novel boldly exposes the feudal thought that man eats man, and sends a message to the stagnant and backward China society, "It has never been like this, has it?" Seriously questioned, shouting: "Save the children!" Portrait of Mr. Lu Xun

Lu Xun's novels are few in number, but they are of great significance. Lu Xun focused on the bottom of society and described the daily life and mental state of these bottom people. This is inseparable from Lu Xun's creative purpose. Lu Xun said: "My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in the morbid society, aiming to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment." How can I write novels with southern and northern accents? This creative purpose of expressing and improving life made him mainly describe some common people, such as Hua Laoshuan, Shan Sisi, Ah Q, Xianglinsao and Ai Xin. These people live at the bottom of society and need sympathy, pity, care and love from people around them most. But in China society at that time, people gave them insults and discrimination, indifference and ruthlessness. Is such a society a normal society? Is this interpersonal relationship reasonable? What saddens us most is that they live in a world without love and are tortured by life, but they also lack sincere sympathy for each other. They take an indifferent and even appreciative attitude towards the tragic fate of their own kind, and vent their pent-up resentment when they are oppressed and bullied by bullies weaker than themselves. In Kong Yiji, there are short-sleeved guests who maliciously ridicule Kong Yiji; In The True Story of Ah Q, others bullied Ah Q, and Ah Q bullied a little nun who was weaker than himself. In Blessing, villagers in Luzhen appreciate Sister Xianglin's tragedy as an interesting story. ...