Yi customs

What are the hospitality customs of Yi people?

Folk people have the habit of "beating sheep" and "beating cattle" to welcome guests. If there are visitors, they must be killed first and then treated. According to the identity and closeness of the visitors, they are treated as cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens respectively. Before killing animals, bring live animals to guests, ask them to have a look, and then kill them to show respect. Wine is a welcome gift for guests. In Liangshan, as long as guests come into the house, the host must entertain them with wine first, and then cook various dishes. The fat pig is the most decent meal for the guests. In the middle of eating, housewives should always pay attention to the food in the guest's bowl, and replenish what they can't finish at any time to show their sincerity in hospitality. When eating, the elders sit on it, and the younger generation sits on both sides and below in turn, adding rice, serving dishes and soaking in water to the elders.

Custom of baking tea on blind date

Baked tea is a daily necessity for ethnic minorities in the alpine valleys of China. Because of the cold and dry climate and the lack of vegetables, we often supplement the nutritional deficiency by drinking rich hot tea. The so-called "tea must be drunk three times a day". Roasted tea is diverse, salty, sweet, bitter and spicy, full of life flavor. It is not only the source of energy for hard work, but also the spiritual thing to entertain guests in festivals.

It is said that in the local area, if you can't learn the skill of baking tea and can't bake good tea at your aunt's house, your father-in-law will think that you are incompetent and won't marry your girl. So local boys will learn to bake tea when they are fifteen or sixteen, and they all have their own unique skills in baking tea.

There is also a story among the Yi people that Bailing takes tea seeds from Baizhang Cliff in Wuliangshan to treat all diseases for people. In order to commemorate Lingbi, when guests drink tea, boys and girls always imitate Lingbi to dance, and every time they paste rice and fragrant teas, pots and pans are also related to Bailing. [2]

marriage customs

After the young men and women are engaged, they should make preparations for the wedding reception. Pigs and chickens are often used at wedding banquets, but mutton is generally not used (mutton is used for funerals). The Shiping Yi people in southern Yunnan have the habit of inviting men and women to eat and drink before marriage. Yi people in western Yunnan, who have married their daughters, want to build a shed with branches in the yard or on the dam for guests to drink, smoke, eat and sit around. People call this temporary shed made of branches a "green shed".

Marriage and love of Yi people are strange and interesting. The most interesting thing is that girls who have held the "dressing ceremony" can have sex with their sweetheart in the "theater", and there are traditional wedding customs such as the matchmaker saying that they are friendly to drink and engage in betrothal, starving the bride, crying all night, splashing water on the guests attending the wedding, robbing the bride and fighting in the bridal chamber.

Girls change nepotism.

When Yi girls come of age (usually 15 years old), they will hold a grand "dressing ceremony" according to the custom. At the ceremony of changing skirts, the girl asked her sisters to change her original single braid into double braids and put them on her head. It is also necessary to tear off the original white pendant or old earring line and replace it with coral beads or silver earrings such as red agate to show good luck. Finally, the girl took off the original red and white children's skirt and put on a blouse embroidered with lace and a colorful pleated mop-up dress in black, blue, yellow and white. After wearing the new skirt, the girl can go to the "playground" to dance and sing, participate in social activities and start looking for her sweetheart.

Back bride

According to Yi custom, when the bride leaves the house, her feet can't touch the ground, otherwise there is a danger that her children are not sweet. The young man who takes care of the bride must carry her and help her get on the horse. There are also various rules on the way home: if the mountain is too high and the road is too narrow to ride a horse, the young man who takes care of the bride must take turns carrying the bride; Crossing the river and wading, it is even more necessary for people to carry water across the river. The bride's embroidered shoes must not get wet.

Splash water on relatives.

Yi people believe that clear water can drive away evil spirits and bring happiness. Therefore, Yi people must splash water when they get married. In order to withstand this test, men should be strong and nimble when greeting their relatives, so as to cope with the cold of splashing water and complete the arduous task of robbing the bride. They often review candidates repeatedly and select the best candidates, and some of them travel long distances to select talents.

The wedding ceremony of the Yi people was completed by robbery. On the first night of "robbing the bride", the girls launched a fierce water war against the young man. The girls attacked the young man violently in various ways, such as splashing, splashing and patting. This makes it difficult for young people who come to "grab relatives" to parry. So, the clever young man found a place to store water before dark and quietly dumped some of it to alleviate the attack of "flood".

After pouring water all night, it was dawn and "robbing relatives" began. At this time, the girls hug the bride and the boys go to the "competition". Girls are well-defended, while boys are smart and changeable. They took advantage of the loophole that appeared in an instant, grabbed the bride and ran, and ran out of the Yierli Mountain Road before changing. It can be seen how great it is to "rob" the bride to her husband's house ... >>

The custom of Liangshan Yi people is monogamy. Our nation has many unique customs and habits. In the past, men in black hired cattle, horses, gold and silk when they were engaged to get married. Bai Yi hired wine, cloth and money; Cognac uses wine, hemp and fried noodles. After liberation, the dowry was simple. Generally, after young men and women get engaged, the man asks someone to go to the woman's parents to act as matchmaker and bring a bottle of wine. As long as the woman's parents pick up the wine, they agree. Then the man goes to the woman's house for formal engagement, usually with twenty or thirty zhangs of cloth, twenty or thirty dollars, and all the cloth money is given to the woman. After three months, the man will buy three pieces of green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat and a bottle of wine to the woman's house. These things are for her parents. They are called "small gifts". The man asked Bimo to choose a date and discuss it with the woman's parents. At this time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman according to your family situation, which is the so-called "eight-character". The bride's parents prepare a dowry for their children, usually making a cupboard, two dressing tables, two boxes and three small tables. The big table must be equipped with eight stools, and the second table and the small table only have four stools. You also need to prepare two sets of bedding, washbasin, vat and towel. When the man asks for relatives, he should make a set of clothes for the woman, including Baotou, shoes, needle and thread, etc. , by his bride back to the woman's house. These things will not be taken out until the woman's parents invite the singer to drink "wedding songs" in the evening. If the singer makes a mistake, the married person will take out the wrong thing and turn it around three times in front of the singer, and put it in his bag with a smile. It will not be returned to the bride or groom, and the married person will have it himself. If the singer sings exactly what he wants. The married man couldn't get out, so the singer hit the married man three times with a dustpan, which caused the guests to burst into laughter. Married people and female singers continue to sing. Female singers must beat married people and let them put the back reed in the middle of the room. Then, the female singer takes out her pants when she sings pants, and takes out her farm jacket when she sings clothes. When a Yi girl gets married, the girl's sisters and brothers and young men and women of the same age can splash water on the guests attending the wedding. In the larger Yi stockade, ten days before the girl got married, the young men and women in the stockade. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to control them into tripping ropes. When the wedding guests arrive, they use dozens of buckets of water prepared by the roadside. Dial to the wedding guests. The guests at the wedding can't escape, they are all soaked in the water. Only by running hard and running into the bride's house can we not be splashed. So, prepare a smart wedding person. If he finds that there is a back door in the girl's house or another road leading to the bride's house in the village, he will take advantage of the water splashing person's inattention, walk into the woman's house, light three sticks of incense on the table of the woman's house, burn three pieces of money paper and knock three heads to avoid being splashed by water. However, it is not easy for most married people to do this and they will be splashed with water. It's freezing, teeth are cold, young men and women often laugh, and the woman's parents find clothes to change for the guests attending the wedding. Generally, water is poured, and some places have already poured cow dung water, such as Liangshan. There is a record of "splashing cow dung water" in Volume 12 of Xichang County Records. It is said that the water must be spilled on her husband's house, so that she won't go far away to fetch water, and it's getting late. She has food and clothes. According to historical records, in the past, there was a custom of robbing marriage in Liangshan, Sichuan and parts of Yunnan. "Snatching marriage", according to the Yi people's statement: "This is handed down from the older generation. The man's robbing is a kind of respect for the woman's family, indicating that it is not impossible to get married and send it away. " Although the marriage between men and women is arranged by parents, they are married through a matchmaker. However, when they get married, the man's family sends the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the woman's house to pick up relatives on the first day, and also invites two relatives to spread blankets and carry horn wine with them. To take relatives to the woman's village farmers, two people carrying horn wine first take relatives to the woman's house, and the woman's house has the right to beat them with sticks at their door. At night, the woman's young people can discredit their loved ones. On the third day, the bride's uncle, brother and other relatives sent the bride to the man's house, and they should try to get bowls, spoons or other things from the man's house. When you leave the man's village, you should run around the square outside the village and break the bowl you brought, which is called "talking" locally, and then leave the venue. There is a custom in southern Yunnan. On the basis of mutual love between men and women, the man and the other half take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery, and then make up the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women generally take advantage of collective singing and dancing to get to know each other and fall in love during the Spring Festival. If the two are privately married for life, it is convenient for the man to invite a few friends and take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery at the place agreed with the woman in advance at night. Once a woman is taken to a man's room, it means that she is married. The next day, the bride will be at the man's house in ............................................................................................................................................................... & gt

History of Yi folk custom materials

Yi nationality is a nationality formed by the continuous integration of ancient Qiang people with southwest indigenous tribes in the long-term development process. Six or seven thousand years ago

The ancient Qiang people living in Hehuang area in northwest China began to develop in all directions, and one of them swam to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who traveled to the southwest formed "Six Yi", "Seven Qiang" and "Nine Borders" in the southwest of the motherland, which are the so-called "Song Yueyi", "Qing Qiang", "insulting Kun", "labor immersion" and "Mimo" that often appear in history books. When the ancient Qiang people swam to the southwest, there were already two ancient nationalities in the southwest-Baipu nationality and Baiyue nationality. After the ancient Qiang people went to the southwest, they learned that Baipu and Baiyue lived together for a long time and absorbed the southern culture of Baipu and Baiyue. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and Yan (Pu) developed into the integration of modern people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents in eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan were called "Lao people" in China's historical records, and sometimes "Lao people" were juxtaposed with "ordinary people".

Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been two kinds of barbarians among the ancestors of Yi people. Wuman is developed from Kunming tribe, while Baiman is mainly composed of Lao, Pu and other ethnic groups, and is integrated with other ethnic groups.

During the long-term formation and development of Yi ancestors, their activities once spread all over the central areas of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and a part of Guangxi, and their core areas should be the vast areas adjacent to the three provinces.

An important feature in the history of the Yi people is the long-term maintenance of the slave possession system. Around the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, there was a split between nomadic tribes and settled agricultural tribes in Yi ancestors' society. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a group of ancestors of the Yi nationality were constantly divided, which indicated that the Kunming tribe had basically completed the transition from primitive tribe to slave ownership on the basis of conquering ordinary tribes.

In the 1930s, the Mongolian society Zhao Tong introduced the Six Zhao Dynasties, and the ancestors of the Yi and Bai nationalities in Yunnan established the Nanzhao slavery regime, with the ruling center in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan, covering eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan, and basically controlling the main distribution areas of the ancestors of the Yi nationality.

Nanzhao slavery dynasty once ruled the Yi ancestors' areas for a long time, which had a far-reaching impact on the existence and development of local slavery. In the second year of Tang Dynasty (902), the collapse of Nanzhao slavery dynasty did not mean the demise of slavery in the areas of Yi ancestors. In the Song Dynasty for more than 300 years, Yi ancestors in Rong (Yibin), Lu (Hanyuan) and Li (Hanyuan) were in the struggle between the Song Dynasty and Dali regime, and the slave economy was relatively prosperous. In line with this, the slave production relations appeared the situation that big tribes enslaved small tribes.

In the third year of Mongolia, Mongolia and Mongolia Khan (1253), Mongolian cavalry attacked Yunnan in three routes from Sichuan, passing through the Yi region, which led to the formation of a loose anti-Mongolian alliance in the divided Yi region and began to be unified under the name of Luoluo people. Accordingly, Mongolian aristocrats intensified their struggle for the local Yi people and developed into a chieftain system in some frontier ethnic areas, in which the hereditary positions of leaders of all ethnic groups were enfeoffed to rule the local people. From 1263 to 1287, the Yi Tusi were established in Yuexi, Xichang, Pingshan, Dafang, Zhaotong and Weining.

During the 276 years of Ming Dynasty, the land spanned the Yi Tusi (Mozi) such as Shuixi (Dafang), Wuxuan (Weining), Wumeng (Zhaotong), Mangbu (Zhenxiong), Dongchuan (Huize), Yongning (Xuyong), Mahu (Pingshan) and Jianchang (Xichang). On the basis of the above hierarchical relationship, the chieftain system of Shuixi, Jianchang and Wumeng Yi people in Ming Dynasty is still the superstructure of slavery.

During the period of Kang Yong, the Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of "changing the soil into the stream" in the Yi area, which dealt a heavy blow to the forces of Tusi, Mutu and slave owners. With the development of social productive forces, some areas have quickly transitioned from slavery to feudalism.

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Culture and art

Yi people can sing and dance well. Yi people have various traditional tunes, such as climbing mountains, entering doors, welcoming guests, eating wine, getting married and mourning. Some tunes have fixed words, some don't, and they are all improvisations. Folk songs are divided into male and female voices, and local folk songs have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include Hulusheng, Mabu, Bawu, Kouxian, Yueqin, flute, Sanxian, chime, bronze drum and Daping drum. Yi dance >>

Yi customs to pictorial, you have to go to the encyclopedia:

baike.baidu/view/273 1? fr = ala 0 _ 1 _ 1

What are the customs of the Yi people? 30 taboos of Yi nationality

Women over the age of 17 are forbidden to go upstairs in Liangshan Yi area. If they violate the rules, they should hold a "small cloth" magic instrument at home to drive away the dirty gas and bad luck. It is forbidden for outsiders, brothers, fathers, uncles, uncles' brothers and daughters-in-law to "Nimude" at the owner who is bounded by the upper right of Guo Zhuang Stone. In the past, if there was a violation, the daughter-in-law returned to her family, and her family had to refund the employment fee and compensate the disrespectful money; Father, brother, uncle, etc. They had to brew wine as a gift for their owners. When moving in after the completion of the new house, avoid the male host first, otherwise it is not conducive to the development of the family. Whistling, singing folk songs and swearing are forbidden at home in Weishan Yi area of Yunnan. It is forbidden to bring sticks, ropes, knives and guns into the main room and kitchen.

Choosing a place of residence The Yi people's place of residence is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful soil, fertilizer and grass. After the site selection, the house will be built. The methods of building houses by Yi people in Liangshan are rolling away, cooking rice and burning sheep shoulder bones. Fuck off, that is, take an egg and roll it on the homestead, and then set up three stones to cook the egg in the pot. After cooking, peel off the eggshell and see if the egg nest is right or wrong. With luck, you can build a house and choose another address. Li Mi, hold five grains of rice in your hand, then erect the rice one by one in the middle direction of southeast, northwest and northwest, and buckle it with a bowl. If you find that the rice grains are lost and dumped unlucky the next day, choose another address. To burn a sheep's scapula, you need to ask a wizard to perform this trick, that is, put the fire grass on the sheep's scapula and see if the cracks on the scapula are good or bad. The square pattern is Shangji, the word pattern is Zhong Ping, and the cross pattern is unlucky. These are superstitions and are gradually being eliminated. The back door faces east, facing the slope. Avoid opening the door to the bald mountain; There is water after the house is banned, otherwise it is easy to send flash floods and endanger the house. ?

Village characteristics: Liangshan Yi production is a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Historically, because the Yi people are often harassed by other ethnic groups and have frequent internal struggles, most villages choose to live on mountains or slopes with dangerous terrain, or on sunny slopes near river valleys. In this way, they have a preventable danger, a way to go, and a foresight. Terraces in front and pastures in the back are ideal places for Yi people to live. Generally, mountainous areas are scattered, and Pingba Valley is inhabited.

Marriage and love of Yi people

Before 1949, due to the different distribution areas and branches of the Yi people, the differences in social and economic forms in different places were also reflected in the regionality of the marriage system. The specific performance is as follows:

(1) Monogamy.

In Yi society, monogamy adapted to patriarchal clan system is the dominant form of marriage. In Liangshan before, except for some children of Xia Xi and Aga, when men and women were children or young, it was their fathers who chose objects for them, sought matchmakers' words, predicted marriage and engaged them. The wedding will be held after a certain time. After marriage, except for the youngest son, all of them separated from their parents, married separately and formed monogamous families. If the husband is still young after marriage, the bride will go back to her mother's house and wait for her husband to become an adult before starting a family. As for Aga and Xia Xi, they are still in the form of monogamy after being married by their owners or with their consent. In the past, some aristocratic rulers and rich people also had polygamy. Generally speaking, their wives live in different places. Although the first wife of all wives has a high position in the family, she has no right to manage and dominate other wives. However, if you remarry, you must obtain the consent of your first wife in advance, and after making the gift, you must hold a banquet for your relatives and friends. Otherwise, it may lead to criticism and fighting between enemies. ?

The Yi people in Liangshan, large and small in Sichuan and Yunnan, practice "intra-ethnic marriage", "hierarchical marriage", "family support marriage", "house transfer system", "menstruation cousins don't get married" and "menstruation cousins get married first". "Intra-ethnic marriage" means that both spouses must be Yi people, and it is forbidden to marry other nationalities. If they violate it, according to the common law, they will be executed or expelled from their homes. "Intra-rank marriage" means that the black Yi must marry the black Yi, and it is strictly forbidden for black Yi men and women to marry men and women of other ranks. If black Yi women marry men of other ranks, both parties will be executed; For example, in other grades of black Yi men and women, men will be expelled from the clan or executed, and women will be executed. "Marriage outside the family branch" means that marriage is strictly prohibited within the same family branch, and the spouse must choose outside the family branch. If sexual relations occur within the same family branch, it is regarded as * * *, and both parties shall implement it according to the common law. "Transfer system", that is, after the husband of a married woman dies, she is still in childbearing age and must transfer to another man in her husband's family. The order of transferring houses is: peers first, if there is no suitable candidate among peers, then the younger generation or elders. There are no restrictions except that you can't transfer to your son and your cousin's marriage to your father-in-law. "Aunt doesn't get married", that is, it is forbidden for aunt and cousin to get married. Aunties and cousins, like brothers and sisters, can neither get married nor have extramarital sex, otherwise they will ... >>

Yi people's New Year custom means 20 points. I come from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The Yi people celebrate the New Year in a grand way. The time is 165438+ October every year, which is also called the Year of the Yi people. When the Year of the Yi people comes, there will be many folk celebrations. There are many specific contents, and it is difficult to explain them clearly in a few words. For details, please see baike.baidu/view/619968, which is an interpretation of the Year of the Yi people. There are very comprehensive answers and all the answers you want. I hope I can help you.

As for the "Torch Festival", it is not "the year of B". Torch Festival is held in the seventh month of the lunar calendar every year, and its national significance and celebration activities are the same as those in the second year, but it is more lively, and it is called the carnival of the East.

What traditional customs and unique folk customs of the Yi people can make people return to simplicity and experience the charm of ancient civilization? The unique and colorful national customs formed by the Yi people in the special natural environment are reflected in their food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals and worship. Yi people have a traditional habit of eating Baba, which is mostly steamed and baked with corn and buckwheat flour. Flat and round, weighing about half a catty, exquisite. It is made of corn, which is first coarsely ground and shelled, and then finely ground with water. It's steamed and baked according to Baba's method. It's exquisite, sweet and especially delicious. Generally, it is specially made only on New Year's Day or when guests come to the door, which is considered as high-grade food. Yi people are used to drinking "Zhuanzhuan Liquor", but they will drink when guests come or celebrate festivals and some festivals and meetings. When drinking, several people or dozens of people sit around together, and one person takes turns drinking with a container of wine, one bite at a time, and so on until he is as drunk as a fiddler. You can drink a lot when you are happy, regardless of a bowl and a half bottles, to show generosity. Yi people are particularly hospitable. No matter who comes in, whether it is a relative or an acquaintance, as long as the name and family support are given, they will be warmly received. According to family conditions, try to treat people with wine and meat, and stay, never ask for remuneration, sincere and generous. Treat relatives, friends and guests by killing chickens and sheep. For particularly distinguished guests, if conditions permit, we will also kill cows to entertain them. Killing a chicken is the lightest entertainment. You should also invite the guests to eat all the chickens on the table first, and then invite them to eat a chicken head to see wealth. Kill pigs and sheep, not only entertain guests to eat well, but also give them half a pig's head and a piece of sheep's shoulder meat to show respect and enthusiasm. Most of the homesteads of Yi people are located on hills or slopes with dangerous terrain. In ancient times, Yi people often migrated because of production and living factors. Most wealthy families build two houses in high and low mountains. In winter, they live in low mountains and move to high mountains in summer. In summer, some of them live in Meigu, Daliangshan, and move back to Ebian in winter. In the past, the houses of Yi people were mostly one room. There are no windows and ceilings on the four walls of the earth wall and tile, and the room is very dark. The entrance is a middle room with a fire pit filled with three pots and stones. It is a place for the whole family to cook, eat, warm up, discuss, stay and entertain guests. The middle room is separated by bamboo basketry on the left, which is the housewife's room for storing food, clothes and money, and on the right is the mill and the place where sundries, farm tools and even pigs are tied. Before the democratic reform of the marriage customs of Yi people, the marriage customs of Yi people in Ebian adopted such marriage systems as internal marriage of Yi people, hierarchical internal marriage, family support for external marriage, unmarried aunt, transfer of house, and uxorilocal marriage. Monogamy is generally practiced, and there are also some phenomena of arranged marriages, matchmakers' words and buying and selling marriages. From engagement to marriage, the wedding etiquette and form with national characteristics have been preserved. Yi people's funeral custom Yi people generally cremate the dead, but bury the dead baby who has not yet teethed. During the Yi New Year, Liangshan Yi people mainly have two traditional festivals: Yi New Year and Torch Festival. Ebian Yi Festival: Liangshan Yi Year is the solar calendar of Yi people, and it lasts for ten months. One month at the end of the year is equivalent to October of the lunar calendar, and it is also the end of the autumn harvest in Yi areas. Yi people choose an auspicious day in each village, usually from the first day of October to the thirteenth day, which is the first day of the Yi people's New Year. The day before the Chinese New Year is New Year's Eve, and every household has to do a lot of cleaning, sweeping the floor and tidying up the furniture. In the early morning of the first day of the lunar new year, every family that has the conditions will kill pigs for the New Year. According to the traditional habits and regulations of respecting ancestors and the elderly, the Chinese New Year begins with killing pigs in the most respected nursing home in the village. Then every household will be slaughtered accordingly. After killing the pig, take out the gallbladder, waist, spleen and breast, cook and cut into pieces, and put them in a tall wooden basin with buckwheat. Then put a red-hot stone into a bowl of clear water, and generate steam to circle three times, which means to remove dirt and filth. Then, pour the soaked wine, put the meat bowl on the altar in the inner room and hold a ceremony to welcome the ancestors. During the New Year in China, everyone wears new clothes. Young people hold horse racing, wrestling, sheep fighting, chicken fighting and other activities, while children have a picnic outside the village and have fun; Invite old people to chat and drink together. Three days later, I began to visit relatives and friends and pay New Year greetings to distant relatives. The married girl went back to visit her parents with gifts such as wine and pig's head. After about five or six days, the Chinese New Year is over.

What are the customs and habits of the Yi people? Yi costumes vary from place to place. In Liangshan and Qianxi areas, men usually wear black narrow-sleeved right-angle shirts and pleated wide-leg pants, while in some areas they wear feet pants, with a lock of long hair in the middle of the front of their heads and a pincer-like knot on the right. Women mostly retain national characteristics, usually wrapped in a bun with a waist and a belt; Women in some places have the habit of wearing long skirts. Men and women wear jerva when they go out. Jewelry includes earrings, bracelets, rings, neckties, etc. Most of them are made of gold, silver and jade.

The main food in Yi people's life is corn in most areas, followed by buckwheat, rice, potatoes, wheat and oats. Meat mainly includes beef, pork, mutton and chicken. They like to be cut into big pieces (fist size) for cooking, which the Han people call "tuorou". Liangshan and most Yi people do not eat dog meat and do not eat horse meat, frogs and snakes. Yi people like to eat hot and sour, and they are addicted to alcohol, so they have the etiquette of entertaining guests with wine. Wine is essential for solving various disputes, making friends, weddings, funerals and other occasions.

The housing structure of the Yi people is the same as that of the surrounding Han people in some areas, and the houses of the Yi people in Liangshan mostly use slate roofs and earth walls. There are houses in the shape of "Gan Lan" in the Yi nationality areas in Guangxi and eastern Yunnan.

Patriarchal family system prevails in Yi people all over the country, and young children often live with their parents. Women's status is low. The inheritance is divided equally among scholars, and unique businesses are generally owned by close relatives. Father and son names prevailed in the history of Yi people, and this custom continued in Liangshan Yi people until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). Monogamy is the basic marriage system of Yi people. Marrying a daughter-in-law requires a higher bride price, and the more table marriage becomes more popular, the husband dies and transfers ownership. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, some Yi areas in Yunnan still maintained the public housing system, and Liangshan Yi people maintained a strict hierarchical internal marriage. In history, most Yi people practiced cremation. Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the residents of Liangshan and Yunnan along the Jinsha River still had this burial custom. Other areas have gradually changed to burial since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

What are the customs of Yi people? Torch Festival is the most common and grand traditional festival in Yi area, usually on June 24th or 25th in the summer calendar. Different regions have different legends about the origin of this ancient festival. A more common legend is that there was a Hercules Sjelabi in the ancient sky. He heard that there was a strongman, Attila Ba, so he went to earth to wrestle with Attila Ba. As a result, Slaby lost. After calling back to the gods, the gods were furious and sent locusts to trample crops on earth. On June 24, Attila called on people to light pine branches and torches to drive away insects, thus driving away pests and defeating the gods. In order to commemorate the victory over the gods, from now on, every year to today, we must raise a fire to celebrate. Every Torch Festival, Yi people, men and women, old and young, should put on festive costumes, play with livestock, offer spiritual cards, dance, sing, race horses and wrestle. In the evening, we walked around the house and fields with torches, and then got together to light a bonfire and dance.

In the eyes of Yi people, fire symbolizes light, justice and prosperity, and a powerful force that can destroy all evil. Torch Festival is a festival of joy, love and happiness for Yi people. A few days before the Torch Festival, people have prepared all kinds of torches. The first day is to decorate torches at home, just as beautiful; The next day, I went to relatives and friends' houses to celebrate the festival and talk about my torches. On the third day, we lit torches, held them high and walked into the fields, bringing happiness to the people and wishing the farmland a bumper harvest. On the third day, when night falls, it will be Torch Festival. At this time, people cheered and were very lively. The streets are decorated with colorful lights and filled with festive atmosphere. People are wearing colorful clothes and their faces are full of smiles. They held high torches, crowded into the crowd, and sang and danced, which was very lively! They are integrated, and the torch held high is particularly dazzling, instantly turning the originally dark night into day.

. . . . Too many, right?

What are the traditional customs of Yi people? Yi nationality is a minority with the largest population, many branches and a wide distribution area in Yunnan Province. Most of them live in mountainous areas, some live in alpine mountainous areas, and a few live in flat dams and river valleys. Mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces, the existing population is more than 6.57 million, of which Yunnan has the largest population with more than 4.05 million people. Yi people are distributed in most counties and cities in the province, especially in Ailao Mountain in Chuxiong and Honghe, Wumeng Mountain and Xiaoliangshan Mountain in northwest Yunnan (Ninglang, Yongsheng, Huaping and other counties).

Lijiang has a population of 6.5438+0.9 million, of which Ninglang Yi Autonomous County has a population of 6.5438+0.3 million. Because the Yi people in Ninglang mainly migrated from Daliangshan, Sichuan, people used to call these Yi inhabited areas "Liangshan", but in order to distinguish them from Daliangshan in Sichuan, they were also called "Xiaoliangshan in Yunnan".

Yi nationality has a long history and rich folk culture and art, and its solar calendar and zodiac calendar have their own characteristics. He claimed that there were more than 100 kinds, including Suno dial, Nashu dial, Nieshu dial, Gaishu dial, Sani dial, Ashi dial and so on. After liberation, according to the wishes of the Yi people, they were collectively called Yi people. Yi is Ding Yi's "Yi", which is not only a transliteration claimed by Yi people, but also a solemn and ancient beauty with ample food and clothing.

The Yi people have their own spoken and written languages, belonging to the Yi branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are six dialects, and the Xiaoliangshan Yi language belongs to the northern dialect Shizha dialect. Historically, Yi people have written down history, literature, astronomy, medical books and religious classics. Use Yi language, such as the creation epic "Le Aoteyi" of Liangshan Yi people.

Yi people have many festivals, such as Mizhi Festival, Liyi Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and winter solstice, Flower Arrangement Festival, Dressing Festival, etc., especially Torch Festival. Wool felt rolled by Yi people, satchel embroidered with exquisite patterns, refined wood lacquer, etc. are handicrafts with ethnic characteristics in daily necessities.