Common knowledge about literature in Southern and Northern Dynasties

1. Common knowledge about the literature of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The achievements of poetry in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were relatively high;

People praised the "Double Jewels of Yuefu",

Jian'an literature recommends "Three Cao";

The originator of pastoralism is Tao Qian, whose legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" shows integrity.

"Historical Records" is the first biography, known as "Li Sao without rhyme";

Ban Gu inherited Sima's ideas, and "Han Shu" made innovations in the chronology;

Jia Yi The majestic essay "On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty" soared into the sky with great momentum;

The two names of "Chu Shi" will be famous in later generations, and "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" is full of joy.

The popular poetry and poetry are often empty, and Zhang Heng's "Two Capitals" is like a stormy wave.

Literary criticism is also on the rise, and "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" is really superb.

Parallel prose pursues the beauty of form, while novels are still rough at first.

2. Common knowledge about the literature of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Literature of the Two Han Dynasties

Prose of the Two Han Dynasties

① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. Author of ten volumes of "New Book". "On Guo Qin" and "On Accumulation and Storage" are his masterpieces.

②Sima Qian, also known as Zichang, was a great historian and writer. He wrote "Historical Records" and pioneered the "biography style", which is divided into Benji, family, biographies, lists and books.

Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "the swan song of historians, the rhymeless Li Sao".

③ Ban Gu's "Book of Han" and Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" are both famous in the annals of history.

Yuefu Folk Songs and Fu

Yue, folk music; Fu, official. Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music agency of the Han Dynasty. "The Peacock Flying Southeast" is the peak of the narrative development of Yuefu in the Han Dynasty. It was first seen in "New Odes of Yutai" compiled by Xu Ling of the Southern Dynasty. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose. Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu". Jia Yi's "Ode to Qu Yuan" is very famous.

Literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Poetry and prose of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

① "Three Cao". "Three Cao" refers to the Cao family's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's "Guan Cang Hai", Cao Pi's "Hao Li Xing", Cao Zhi's "Famous Capital Pian", "White Horse Pian" and "Luo Shen Fu" are all famous.

② "Seven Sons of Jian'an". Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Yu, Liu Zhen

③"Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji, Jikang, Shantao, Liu Ling, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian

④ Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanliang, is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. "The Peach Blossom Spring", "Returning to the Field", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", and "Drinking" are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.

⑤ In addition, Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao", Fan Ye (yè) "Book of the Later Han", Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Lanting Collection", Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long", Li Daoyuan's " "Shui Jing Zhu" are all famous in history.

Novels from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

①The novels about strange things are represented by Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji". "Go-getter Moye".

②Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Xin Yu". "Zhou Chu".

3. What are the important knowledge points in Chinese pre-Qin literary knowledge? Pre-Qin, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties literature

Confucian classics. "Five Classics" refers to "The Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn". "Six Classics" is also called Six Arts, added after "Five Classics" ("Yue"). "Four Books" refers to "The Analects", "Mencius", "Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean". B. Historical prose. "Zuo Zhuan", "Warring States Policy", "Guoyu". "Spring and Autumn Period". "Zuo Zhuan", "Gu Liang Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan". C. Hundreds of Scholars Prose. The famous ones include: ① Laozi, Li Er, whose courtesy name is Dan (dān), the founder of the Taoist school and the author of the Tao Te Ching. ② Confucius, whose name is Qiu and whose courtesy name is Zhongni. He is the founder of the Confucian school. The Analects is A book written by Confucius' disciples recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ③ Mozi's name is Zhai (dí), the founder of the Mohist school. Chapter 53 of "Mozi". ④ Mencius's name is Ke, whose courtesy name is Ziyu. The successor of the Confucian school. "Mencius" It is a book written by Mencius students to record Mencius' words and deeds. "If you gain the right, you will get many help, but if you lose the right, you will get few", "Born in sorrow, die in happiness", "Zhuang met Mencius violently", "I want to fish". ⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou, Warring States Period Taoist. Author of "Zhuangzi". "The Cook Ding Jie Niu" ⑥ Xunzi, a Confucianist in the Warring States Period, author of 32 chapters of "Xunzi". "Encouragement to Learning" ⑦ Han Feizi, Legalist. Author of "Han Feizi". "Bian Que Meets with Duke Huan of Cai", "Five ⑧"Lü Shi Chun Qiu", also known as "Lü Lan", is the collective creation of Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei and his disciples. ". Pre-Qin Poetry A. "The Book of Songs". "The Book of Songs" is China's first collection of poetry, with 305 chapters, divided into three categories: Feng, Ya, and Song. Feng is a folk song, Ya is a music song, and Song is a sacrificial song. The expression techniques of the Book of Songs are Bi, Xing, and Fu. Bi means metaphor. Xing, preface other things to evoke the words to be chanted, and Fu, directly state the matter. B. "Songs of Chu". Liu Xiang, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, compared Qu Yuan and Song Yu The works of others were compiled into a book and named "Chu Ci". Qu Yuan (340 BC - 277 BC) was a great patriotic poet in China. He once served as a Zuo Tu Sanlu official in the Chu State. His representative work is "Li Sao" ", "Nine Songs", "Nine Chapters". Literature of the Two Han Dynasties and Prose of the Han Dynasty ① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. Author of ten volumes of "New Book". "On Passing the Qin Dynasty", "On Accumulation and Storage" "Shu" is his representative work. ② Sima Qian, also known as Zichang, is a great historian and writer. He wrote "Historical Records" and pioneered the "Jiu Zhuan style", which is divided into Benji, family, biographies, lists and books. Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "The historian's swan song, the rhymeless Li Sao". ③ Ban Gu's "Book of Han" and Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" are famous in the historical annals. Yuefu folk songs and fu music, folk music; government, official. Yuefu was originally the music institution of the Han Dynasty The collected poems. "The Peacock Flying Southeast" is the peak of the development of Yuefu narrative in the Han Dynasty. It was first seen in "New Odes of Yutai" compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose. Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" , "Shanglin Fu". Jia Yi's "Diao Qu Yuan Fu" are all very famous. Literature of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties Poetry and prose of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Cao". "Three Cao" refers to Cao Cao and his son Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi. Cao Cao "Guan Cang Hai", Cao Pi's "Hao Li Xing", Cao Zhi's "Famous Capital Pian", "White Horse Pian", and "Luo Shen Fu" are all famous. ② "Seven Sons of Jian'an". Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Zhen, Liu Zhen ③ "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji, Jikang, Shantao, Liu Ling, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian ④ Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanliang, known as Mr. Jingjie in the world "The Peach Blossom Spring", "Returning to the Field", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", and "Drinking" are works handed down from generation to generation. ⑤ In addition, Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao", Fan Ye (yè) "The Book of the Later Han", Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" , Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection", Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long", and Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" are all famous in history. Novels of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① Strange novels are represented by Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji". "Mo Xie". ②Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" and "Zhou Chu".

4. What are the literary common sense of poetry?

Ancient Chinese poetry culture originated from sacrificial speeches, originated from folk songs, and flourished from chanting aspirations. Unfortunately, the only existing collection of poems compiled in writing is the Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into the Sao style, which was quaint and profound, and was a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture. Qin fell and Han came, Yuefu flourished, and everything in the poetry garden was renewed. After entering the Wei Dynasty, Wu Yan Teng Yun, especially the "three Cao father and son" and "Jian'an seven sons" created brilliant achievements. At the turn of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove"; in the Western Jin Dynasty, there were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, and one Zuo; and in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was Tao Weng. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and chanting became more popular.

Over the years, the years have passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Four-character, five-character, six-character, and seven-character poems are no longer enough. "Big and Small Xie", "Ancestor of Seven Characters" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out, pastoral poems, landscape poems , elegant and majestic, the Qi Liang style can be said to be unique in the spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty was also the prosperous age of poetry; the craftsmanship of the verses, the beauty of the rhymes, the meticulousness of the sentences, and the vastness of the artistic conception were truly at their peak! Although Li Du is crowned the "Sage of Poetry", there are still stars shining brightly throughout the ages! There are lyrics in the poem, which have been seen in scattered grass colors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It flourished in Jiaofang in the late Tang Dynasty. As for the Song Dynasty, it gradually jumped out of the strings and became ups and downs of chants. It can be said to be the leader in the history of poetry! Compared with poetry, words are more extended and inheritable, and they are even more expressive and expressive. During the Song and Song Dynasties, there were thousands of poets, but Yan Liu and Su Xin were the most prominent poets. In addition, there are more than a thousand lyrics and rhythms, but it is actually because the predecessors were not old-fashioned, and the later generations often trapped themselves in cocoons, so this became the trend of writing lyrics. Poetry was performed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and increasingly catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "market xiaoling" and "village melody" flourished, and finally a generation of wonderful songs and poems blossomed. It is said that there were no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no lyrics after the Song Dynasty. It is generally believed that this is a broad view of the realm of poetry; in a narrow sense, this may not be the case. Gao Qi's poems of the Ming Dynasty are as high-pitched as those of the Han and Wei dynasties, and as handsome as those of the Tang and Song dynasties. Sighing at Qingqiu, his writing aroused taboos, dangerous people slandered him, and he suffered from an illness in his prime. Rather than saying that "there was no poetry after the Tang Dynasty", it would be better to say that the "literary prison" flourished and then there was no poetry. As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and numerous volumes of poems, but most of them were swayed by a superficial attitude and lacked character, so those who passed down fine works were just a handful. There are more than ten thousand poems written by Qianlong, but not one or two have been recited, so why should I comment? However, those whose charm and integrity can be admired are Gong Zizhen and Banqiao.

Ancient poems and lyrics originated from the Book of Songs. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many people imitated Qu Yuan. It was written purely for singing, which is what the lyrics are now. Tang poetry is mostly full of images, personalized in style, and has the influence of Yuefu. Later it developed into Song lyrics, and Sanqu appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties, all of which were prepared for singing. Modern lyrics are richer. Poems have rhymes and quatrains, words have lyrics, and music has tunes. These rules are only for beginners to guide the way. In fact, it is true to express one's feelings. Meng Haoran is a good poet who remembers nothing. Things are developing, and poetry must also develop. If you understand some rhythm, rhyme, artistic conception, and image, prose poetry and modern poetry will be much freer.

5. Comprehensive knowledge of literature

Comprehensive knowledge of literature 1. Common metonymic words: 1. Sangzi: hometown 2. Taoli: student 3. Sheji, Xuanyuan: country 4. Nanguan: Prisoner 5, Classmate: Classmate 6, Beacon: War 7, Heroine: Woman 8, Silk and Bamboo: Music 9, Man: Man 10, Chanjuan, Chang'e: Moon 11, Sibling: Brother 12, History: Anthology 13, Couple: Husband and wife 14, White man, commoner: common people 15, stooped, yellow hair: old man 16, mulberry and hemp: farming 17, support, young lady: child 18, three feet: law 19, below the knee: parents 20, canopy: luck 21, letter, slip, note, Hongyan, Letters: Letters 22, Temple: Imperial Court 2. Author's Works: 1. Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong 2. The one who is also called "Han Liu" Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were the advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.

3. Three poets, father and son: Su Xun (old Su), Su Shi (big Su), and Su Che (little Su). 4. The bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, collectively known as "Su Xin"; the graceful poets: Li Qingzhao (female poet) 5. Li Du: Li Bai, Du Fu.

Xiao Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu. 6. Qu Yuan: my country's earliest great poet. He created the new poetry style "Chu Ci" and created the romantic style of Chinese poetry.

7. Confucius, whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, was from the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the founder of the Confucian school and was called the "Sage of Confucius". Mencius was called the "Ya Sage". They were both It is called "Confucius and Mencius". 8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei that "there are paintings in poems, and poems in paintings."

9. Du Fu was a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflected social reality extensively and profoundly, and he was called " "History of Poetry", Du Fu was also revered as the "Sage of Poetry", including the famous "Three Officials": "Tongguan Officials", "Shihao Officials", "Xin'an Officials"; "Three Farewells": "Wedding Farewell", "Chui Officials" Farewell to the Old Man" and "Farewell to No Home".

10. The first biographical general history of our country is "Shi Ji" (also known as "Tai Shi Gong Shu"). The author is Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called "Shi Ji" "the swan song of historians, the unrhymed "Li Sao"", including: 12 chronicles, 30 families, 70 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, and 130 articles.

11. "Four Histories": "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Houhanshu", and "Three Kingdoms". 12. The four great masters of Yuan opera: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.

13. "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is my country's first collection of outstanding classical Chinese short stories. The author is Pu Songling, a famous novelist in the Qing Dynasty. "Liao Zhai" is the name of his bookstore, "Zhi" refers to narrative, and "Yi" refers to strange things.

14. The four masters of calligraphy: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ouyang Xun, Zhao Mengfu (fǔ) 15. The main schools and representatives of the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States Period: Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius, Legalism: Han Feizi, Taoism: Zhuangzi, Liezi, Mohism: Mohism 16. The Four Great Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, and You Miao 17. Frontier Poets: Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling 18. Tang Zong: Tang Taizong Li Shimin Song Ancestor: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Qin Emperor: Qin Shihuang Yingzheng Han Wu: Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty 19. my country’s first pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He “would not bend his waist for five buckets of rice.” 20. The four great misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Poultry, and Abagon.

21. The typical Chinese miser: Yan Jiansheng. 3. The best of Chinese literature: The earliest poetry collection is the Book of Songs; the earliest patriotic poet is Qu Yuan; the earliest pastoral poet is Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; the earliest and most outstanding frontier poets are Gao Shi and Cen Shen of the prosperous Tang Dynasty; The most outstanding bold poet in ancient times is Su Shi of the Northern Song Dynasty; the most outstanding female poet in ancient times is Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty; the most famous patriotic poet in ancient times is Xin Qiji of the Southern Song Dynasty; the greatest romantic poet in ancient times is Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty; The greatest realist poet in ancient times is Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty; the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times is Lu You of the Southern Song Dynasty; the most famous long-form mythological novel in ancient times is "Journey to the West" by Wu Chengen in the Ming Dynasty; the most famous long-form historical novel in ancient times is the Ming Dynasty's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong in the early days; the earliest novel about peasant uprisings in ancient times was "Water Margin" by Shi Naian in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties; the greatest realistic novel in ancient times was "A Dream of Red Mansions" by Cao Xueqin in the Qing Dynasty; the most outstanding ancient novel The best long satirical novel is Wu Jingzi's "The Scholars" in the Qing Dynasty; the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" by Pu Songling in the Qing Dynasty; the earliest quotation-style prose in ancient times is "The Analects"; the earliest ancient narratives The most detailed chronological history book is "Zuo Zhuan"; the earliest historical general history in ancient times is "Shiji"; the most outstanding inscription in ancient times is "The Inscription on the Humble Room" by Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty; the greatest modern litterateur is Lu Xun; the most outstanding modern novel It is "Midnight" by Mao Dun; the most influential short story collection in modern times is "The Scream" by Lu Xun.

1. The first female poet is: Cai Yan (Wen Ji) 2. The first general history of biographies: Shiji 3. The first dictionary is: Erya 4. The first big encyclopedia is : Yongle Dadian 5. The first collection of poems is: The Book of Songs 6. The first anthology: Zhaoming Anthology 7. The first dictionary: Shuowen Jiezi 8. The first collection of myths: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 9. The first classical Chinese A collection of novels about people: Shishuoxinyu 10. The first collection of novels about people in classical Chinese: Sou Shen Ji 11. The first book of quotations: The Analects of Confucius 12. The first chronological history book is: Spring and Autumn 13. The first chronological history: Hanshu 14. The first military book: Sun Tzu's Art of War 15. The article Two Sima of the Western Han Dynasty: Sima Qian.

Sima Xiangru 16. The Double Bibi of Yuefu: Mulan's poem Peacock Flying Southeast, plus "Qin Women's Song" are the three unique Yuefu 17. The Double Bibi of History: Historical Records Zizhi Tongjian 18. The second beat: the first carving is surprising, the second carving is surprising (Ling Mengchu) ) 19. Big Li Du: Li Bai, Du Fu, Little Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu 20. The Gemini Constellations of modern Chinese literary circles: Lu Xun and Guo Moruo 21. Three Immortals: Morality, Merit and Speech 22. Three Dynasties: Xia, Shang and Zhou 23. Three Biography of "Spring and Autumn": Zuo Zhuan Gongyang Zhuan Gu Liang Zhuan 24. Three Kings: Xia Yu, Shang Tang, Duke Zhou 25. Three Mountains: Penglai Abbot Yingzhou 26. Three Religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 27. Three Dukes: Zhou Dynasty, Sima Situ Sikong Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Taiwei Yu Doctor Shi Qingming, Grand Master Taifu Taibao 28. Three Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi 29. Three Public Security Yuan: Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao, Yuan Zhongdao 30. Three ancient towers in Jiangnan: Hunan Yueyang Tower, Wuchang Yellow Crane Tower, Nanchang Tengwang Pavilion 31. Three friends of Suihan: Pine, Bamboo and Plum 32. Three Assistants: Left Feng Yi, Right Fufeng Jing Zhao Yin 33.

6. What are the Chinese pre-Qin literary knowledge in pre-Qin, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties literature?

1. Prose from various schools of thought. Famous ones include: ① Laozi, Li Er, Zi Dan (dān), the founder of the Taoist school, authored the "Tao Te Ching". ② Confucius's name was Qiu, and his courtesy name was Zhongni. He was the founder of the Confucian school. "The Analects" is a book written by Confucius' disciples recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ③Mo His name is Zhai (dí), the founder of the Mohist school. "Mozi" has 53 chapters. ④ Mencius's name is Ke, whose courtesy name is Ziyu. He is the successor of the Confucian school. "Mencius" is a book written by Mencius students to record Mencius' words and deeds. "With few help", "Born in sorrow, died in happiness", "Zhuang met Mencius violently", "Fish is what I want". ⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was a Taoist in the Warring States Period. Author of "Zhuangzi". "The Cooking Ding Jie Niu" ⑥Xunzi , a Confucianist of the Warring States Period, wrote 32 chapters of "Xunzi". "Encouragement to Learning" ⑦ Han Feizi, Legalist. Author of "Han Feizi". "Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai", "Five Beetles", "Zhi Zi Suspicious of Neighbors". ⑧ "Lu's Spring and Autumn Period" "Also known as "Lü Lan", it is the collective creation of Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei and his disciples. "Cha Jin". ⑨ Li Si's representative work is the prose "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests". Pre-Qin Poetry A. "Book of Songs". "Book of Songs" is China's first collection of poetry, with 305 articles, divided into three categories: Feng, Ya, and Song. Feng is a folk song, Ya is a music song, and Song is a sacrificial song. The expression techniques of the Book of Songs are Bi, Xing, and Fu. Bi means metaphor. . Xing, preface other things to evoke the words to be chanted, Fu, directly state the matter. B. "Songs of Chu". Liu Xiang, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, compiled the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, and named it "Songs of Chu". Qu Yuan (340 B.C. - 277 B.C.) was a great patriotic poet in China. He once served as a Zuo Tu Sanlu official in Chu State. His representative works are "Li Sao", "Nine Songs" and "Nine Chapters". Literature of the Han Dynasty Prose of the Han Dynasty ① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. He wrote ten volumes of "New Book". "On Guo Qin" and "On Accumulation and Storage" are his representative works. ② Sima Qian, courtesy name Zichang, A great historian and litterateur. He wrote "Historical Records" and pioneered the "biography style", which is divided into current era, family, biographies, lists and books. Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "the swan song of historians, the unrhymed Li Sao". ③ Ban Gu's "Book of Han" and "Warring States Policy" compiled by Liu Xiang are all famous in the historical annals. Yuefu folk songs and fuyue, folk music; government, official. Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music agency of the Han Dynasty. "The Peacock Flies Southeast" is a Han Yuefu narrative The peak of development. It was first seen in "New Odes of Yutai" compiled by Xu Ling of the Southern Dynasty. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose. Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu". Jia Yi's "Diao Qu Yuan Fu" They are all famous. Literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Poetry and prose of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Caos". The "Three Caos" are Cao Cao and his son Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's "Guan Cang Hai", Cao Pi's "Hao Li Xing", Cao Zhi His "Famous Capital Pian", "White Horse Pian" and "Luo Shen Fu" are all very famous. ② "Seven Sons of Jian'an". Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Yu, Liu Zhen ③ "Seven Sons of Bamboo Forest" "Xian". Ruan Ji, Jikang, Shantao, Liu Ling, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian ④ Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanliang, known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. "The Peach Blossom Spring", "Returning Letters", " Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" and "Drinking Drinking" are works handed down from generation to generation. ⑤ In addition, Zhuge Liang's "Shi Shi Biao", Fan Ye (yè) "Book of the Later Han", Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Lanting Collection", Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" ", Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" are all famous in the annals of history. Novels of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① Strange novels are represented by Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji". "Qian Jiang Mo Xie". ② Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's "Shi Shuo" "Xinyu" is the representative. "Zhou Chu". 2. Historical prose. "Zuo Zhuan", "Warring States Policy", "Guoyu". "Spring and Autumn Period". "Zuo Zhuan", "Gu Liang Zhuan", "Gong Yang Zhuan" 》 3. Confucian classics. "Five Classics" refers to "The Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn". "Six Classics" is also called the Six Arts, added after the "Five Classics" ("Le" ). "Four Books" refers to "The Analects", "Mencius", and "The Great Learning".

7. Literary common sense

1. Pre-Qin literature Pre-Qin literature has two sources, realism and romance.

"The Book of Songs" is divided into 300 chapters of elegant odes and reflections of reality. ① The technique is based on Fu Bixing, and the famous chapters are "Shuo Shu" and "Fa Tan". Romanticism is "Chu Ci", and the author of "Li Sao" is Qu Yuan.

There are two schools of pre-Qin prose, the "philosophers" and the historical books must be recorded in full. Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism belong to various scholars, and each has his own works handed down to the world; Confucianism's "The Analects" and "Mencius", Mohism's "Mozi" can be seen; Taoism's "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi", and Legalism's Han Fei's famous works.

There are two types of historical prose, divided into "national" and "chronological". The former is "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy", and the latter is "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Zhuan". 2. Literature of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties In the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry achievements were relatively high; "Yuefu Shuangbi" was praised by people, and Jian'an literature recommended "Three Cao";

"Historical Records" is the first biographical text, known as "Li Sao without Rhyme"; Ban Gu continued Sima Yi④, and made innovations in "Hanshu"; Jia Yixiong's "On the Passage of Qin" was full of momentum and soared into the sky; " The second name of "Shishi" is later generations, "Peach Blossom Spring" Le Xiaoyao. The popular poems and poems are often empty, and Zhang Heng's "Two Capitals" is like a stormy wave.

Literary criticism is also on the rise, and "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" is really superb. Parallel prose pursues the beauty of form, while novels are still rough at first.

3. Literature of the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was at its peak, and the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" were extraordinary. The romantic poet recommended Li Bai and sang "The Road to Shu is Difficult" all the way.

Realism has Du Fu, and the "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are extraordinary. Lotte advocated new Yuefu, and "Pipa" and "Everlasting Sorrow" left famous works.

Among the Pastoral Poetry School there are Wang Meng, Gao and Cen who sang about frontier fortresses. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He was so beautiful that Jia Dao "examined" it and passed it down to the world.

In the late Tang Dynasty, "Xiao Li Du" emerged; after that, it declined like dust. Hanliu's ancient prose is innovative, and "Afang Palace Fu" has been popular for thousands of years.

The legends of the Tang Dynasty have matured, and the representative work is "The Biography of Liu Yi". 4. Song Dynasty Literature Song Dynasty literary words are divided into graceful and bold.

Liu Yongqin's view of Li Qingzhao is very sentimental. Su Shi was the first to open up the bold and unrestrained faction, and he was full of spirit when he "went eastward"; the patriotic poet Xin Qiji was high-spirited when he "golden arm and iron horse".

Sansu, Wang Zeng, and Ouyang Xiu succeeded Han Liu in writing articles; although Fan Gong had few works, "The Story of Yueyang Tower" shined. Lu Fangweng, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, still wanted to restore his family and country in "Shi'er"; Who has never died since ancient times? Wen Tianxiang will be remembered fondly by future generations.

The first part of the chronicle of general history, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" by Sima Guang. "Mengxi Bi Tan" encyclopedia, the author Shen Kuo is famous.

5. Literature of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties There are two types of Sanqu in the Yuan Dynasty, with different numbers of minor orders and sets. Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing being the most successful; Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages and has the most vivid characters; the other three masters, Zheng Mabai, and "The West Chamber" are famous for their reputation.

There are many high-quality dramas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The novels "The Peach Blossom Fan" and "The Peony Pavilion" are both chapter chapters, and the "Four Great Masterpieces" are the peak. "The Scholars" should not forget that "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is mostly popular in the short parody style, and was edited by Feng Menglong in "Three Words".

Fang Bao founded Yao Nai, and the prose genre was called Tongcheng. In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen, a famous scholar, wrote "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" to persuade God.

Note: ① There are 305 chapters in the Book of Songs. The term "three hundred" is an integer. ② Refers to "The Peacock Flies Southeast" and "Mulan Poems" ③ Refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi.

④ refers to Sima Qian ⑤ refers to Li Shangyin and Du Mu. ⑥ Refers to Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu.

Foreign literature knowledge 1. Britain: Shakespeare's four tragedies ("Hamlet", "Macbeth", "Othello", "King Lear"); Charlotte Bront?'s "Jane... "Love"; Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights", Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles"; Dickens's "David Copperfield" and "The Old Curiosity Shop"; Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe"; Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" Byron's "Don Juan" 2. France: Molière's "The Hypocrite", "The Stingy Man" Balzac's "Eugénie Grandet", "Petro Goriot", "Aunt Belle", "Uncle Bangs", etc. (more than 90 novels are collectively called "Human Comedy"); Stendhal's "The Red and the Black"; Flaubert's "Madame Bovary"; Zola's "Little Hotel"; Maupassant's "Ball de Suif" ", "The Necklace", "Beautiful Friends"; Hugo "Notre Dame de Paris", "Les Miserables", "1993"; Alexandre Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo", "The Three Musketeers"; Alexandre Dumas "Camellia" "Girl"; Daudet's "The Last Lesson" and "The Siege of Berlin"; Romain Rolland's "Johan Christophe".

3. Russia and the former Soviet Union: Pushkin's "Ode to Freedom", "To Chadayev", "Eugene Onegin"; Lermontov's "Modern Heroes"; Turgenev's "Hunter's Notes", " Ruoting", "The House of Nobility", "The Night Before"; Dostoevsky "The Bullied and Insulted", "Crime and Punishment", "***", "White Nights"; Herzen "Who "Crime"; Goncharov "Oblomov"; Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"; Chekhov "Death of a Civil Servant", "Chameleon", "The Man in the Condom" , "Ward Six", "The Cherry Orchard" (screenplay); Gogol's "Dead Souls", "The Imperial Envoy" (screenplay); Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" ", "Resurrection"; Gorky's autobiographical trilogy ("Childhood", "In the World", "My University"), "Mother"; A Tolstoy's "The Course of Misery" trilogy ("Two "Sisters", "Nineteen Eighteen", "Dark Morning"); Ostrovsky's "How the Steel Was Tempered" Sholokhov's "The Quiet Don", "The Virgin Land Reclaimed" ; Serafimovich's "Iron Flow"; Furmanov's "Days and Nights"; Fadeev's "Destruction", "Young Guards"; Makarenko's "Educational Poetry"; Maya Kovsky and "Lenin" (poetry).

4. Germany: Goethe's "Faust" (poetic drama), "The Sorrows of Young Werther"; Schiller's "Conspiracy and Love"; Heine "Germany, a Winter's Fairy Tale" (poetry) , "The Song of the Silesian Weaver" (poetry); Green's "Cinderella" (fairy tale). 5. United States: Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" (poetry); O. Henry's "The Police and the Hymn", "The Last Leaf", "McChess's Gift"; Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" "", "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"; Jack London's "Martin Eden"; Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea".

6. Other countries; Norway, Ibsen's "A Doll's House" (play); Spain, Cervantes' "Don Quixote"; Hungary, Petofi's "Freedom and Love."

8. What are the literary works of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

The following are five literary works of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties:

1. "Shisi": Yes A set of representative poems written by Xu Qian, a poet during the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. This group of poems is about the wife's longing for her husband who left home. The whole poem is divided into six chapters. It repeatedly and meticulously expresses the hope, disappointment and expectation of the missing woman from all aspects based on what she sees, feels and thinks in daily life.

2. "Dazhuang Lun": It is one of the later works of Ruan Ji, a metaphysician in the Three Kingdoms period. It abandons rituals and laws, opposes the religion of fame, pursues individual self-care and freedom, and combines "nature" and "name". They believe that "heaven and earth are born from nature, and all things are born from heaven and earth." All things in heaven and earth are naturally generated by themselves.

3. "Poem of Indignation": It is a four-character poem written by Ji Kang of the Three Kingdoms. This is a long poem that expresses the poet's sorrow and indignation after he was imprisoned due to the Lu An incident. The production of this poem has more profound reasons of the times, and is extremely closely related to the poet's unique personality. The poems are sharp, sharp, and the language is magnificent.

4. "Xianju Fu": It is a poem written by Pan Yue, a writer in the Jin Dynasty. In this poem, the author summarizes his thirty years of official experience and expresses the joy of leisurely life. The whole poem is distinguished by the arrangement of gorgeous diction and the listing of famous allusions. The sentence structure is mainly four-character, but also mixed with five-character, six-character, and three-character sentences. change.

5. "Poetry of a Beautiful Girl": It is a poem by Zuo Si, a writer of the Jin Dynasty. The author cuts out several scenes from daily life, carefully depicts the innocent, childish, lively and cute moods of the two little daughters, accurately and vividly outlines their charming and lively characters. The words are filled with the smile of a loving father who can't help but laugh, and the words are full of words. It exudes the unique flavor of family life.