History of alley development

Laoshikumen ln residence

The old Shikumen Lane dwellings were built in the 9th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1870), and most of them were brick and wood vertical columns. Its overall layout adopts European-style townhouses, and its single-plane structure is born out of the traditional three-way courtyard or quadrangle in China. This kind of building is named after the entrance of the residential unit adopts the gate of Shikumen, and it has become a common residential building type in Shanghai Concession since the end of19th century.

The single-plane design of the early old Shikumen Lane dwellings was influenced by traditional folk architecture, and its appearance showed the characteristics of traditional dwellings in the south of the Yangtze River. The stone coupons at the gate have triangular or rectangular, semi-circular or arc concave-convex patterns. The uphill wall is in the shape of a horse's head or a Guanyin pocket. Influenced by foreign architecture, the old Shikumen Lane dwellings in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China imitated western architectural details in local decoration.

The layout feature of the old Shikumen Lane residence is that the gate is placed on the central axis of the house, and there is a horizontal rectangular or square patio in the gate. In the center of the house is the living room, with compartments and compartments on the left and right. The horizontal escalator leads to the second floor behind the living room. There is a horizontal rectangular patio behind the escalator room, and finally it is arranged as a single-story kitchen to build a house. In the early days, the average room (designated room) was about 4 meters, and the depth of the guest room (designated room) was about 6 meters, with a total depth of about 15 meters, and occasionally 18 meters.

In the later period, the layout of the rear wing of the old Shikumen Lane house was increased, so the rectangular rear patio area was reduced accordingly. At the same time, a more economical single bay plane appeared, which mainly changed the early horizontal back patio into a vertical small patio. This arrangement is more common in houses built later.

From the ninth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty to the second year of Xuantong, the overall layout of the early old-fashioned houses in Shikumen Lane, in order to build more houses in combination with the terrain, paid insufficient attention to ventilation, lighting and orientation, which often led to crowded and chaotic arrangement of houses. From the second year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty to the end of the eighth year of the Republic of China, the overall layout of the old Shikumen Lane residence paid more attention to neat arrangement and good orientation, and the number of lanes increased, but the width of the lane was still below 4 meters, and the Shikumen wall was very high, so the appearance was relatively closed.

[Old Shikumen Lane House]

The structure and materials of the houses in the old Shikumen Lane mainly follow the traditional practice, and the load-bearing gables and wooden columns are mainly clear water soil and mortar soil. Piles are often placed on the foundation of wooden piles, and round stone piers are placed on mulberry stones to prevent the feet of wooden columns from being affected with damp. Non-load-bearing partitions are mostly semi-brick walls, which are built on the basis of broken bricks. The bricks used are mostly adobe ecliptic bricks. The vertical column commonly used in the main house is 5-column landing, and there are also 4 columns landing in the later period. Houses with large depth generally use 7 columns to land and wooden floors. The living room floor is often paved with square bricks or solid wood floors. Butterfly mud tiles are used on the roof. The wall in front of the patio is a brick wall, which is generally dominated by stones.

The initial building scale of the old Shikumen Lane residence is not large, generally between 10 ~ 20 units. With the rapid increase of urban population and the increasing prosperity of industry and commerce, a large number of building materials are dumped on the market. Real estate developers use rental income to expand investment, and the construction scale is gradually expanding. For example, in the fifth year of the Republic of China (19 16), there were as many as 5 10 sets of houses in the East and West on Xinzha Road.

The early old-fashioned houses in Shikumen Lane are: Xingren Lane in beijing east road; Auspicious Lane, Zhongshan South Road; Dunren Lane, Dou Shi Street; In the sheep of Zhongshan South Road. These old Shikumen houses were built before the second year of Guangxu reign (1876) and rebuilt after the second year of Xuantong reign (19 10). In addition, there is Renxingli in Xiamen Road, which was built in the 22nd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. It was built in Laochangxingli, Guangdong Road, about 26 years ago. Hongdeli, Zhejiang Middle Road, was built in 33 years; Guangdong Road Gongshunli, which was built by Xuantong in the second year of Qing Dynasty, etc.

In the later period, the old Shikumen Lane houses were: Baokangli, Huaihai Middle Road, which was built in the third year of the Republic of China; Lianzhuli, Beijing West Road, was built in 4 years; Founded in 5 years of the Republic of China, the old club music lane in Yunnan Middle Road; Li Yuyin in beijing east road and Yingchunfang in Hubei Road were built in 8 years.

Xinshikumen Lane Residence

The house in the new Shikumen is also called the house in the improved Shikumen. Appeared in Shanghai after 8 years of the Republic of China. August of the Republic of China to 19 was the most prosperous period of such buildings.

The architectural structure of the new Shikumen Lane has been improved, from the vertical column of the old Shikumen to the brick wall bearing, generally using herringbone roof truss and partially using reinforced concrete structure. From three 2-car rooms to two 1 car, the floor height is reduced and the number of floors is increased from 2 to 3. Stairs are arranged with household walls, and pavilions are set on the terraces. Some have balconies on the front. The external wall is changed from the original paper-reinforced lime wall to a clean-water wall made of machine-made red brick or blue brick and jointed with lime. The frame material of Shikumen is changed from natural stone to materials such as cutting fake stone and removing stone. Due to the influence of Europeanization, the concave-convex patterns and lattice doors on the gate are rarely used, and they are replaced by simple lines. The window sill of the wing, the guest building and the window belly wall under the window sill of the wing are decorated with crushed stone or cement grinded stones instead of brick walls. The fence began to lower, from 5 meters to 4 meters. The lane size is larger than before, and the lane is relaxed, generally more than 4 meters, which improves the air circulation and lighting conditions. Alleys, patios, kitchens and bathrooms mostly use cement floors, rooms generally use pine floors, and the more elegant ones are colored tiles. Housing equipment is improving day by day. In addition to general hydropower equipment, there are high-quality residential underground lines, three large-scale sanitary equipment, several fireplaces and even a garage.

[House in the new Shikumen]

The new houses in Shikumen Lane are concentrated in the west area of the public concession. Because the new Shikumen Lane residential facilities are relatively perfect, the living objects are mostly senior staff and businessmen. 1 1 households are mostly used by single households.

Typical houses in the new Shikumen Lane are: Shangxian Square in Huaihai Middle Road completed by 13, Jianye Lane in Yueyang Road in Jianguo West Road completed by 14, Siming Village in Yan 'an Middle Road completed by 17, New Delhi in Xiamen Road in Zhejiang Middle Road completed by 19, Fuming Village in Yan 'an Middle Road completed by 20 years and Cihuinan in Yan 'an Middle Road completed by 23 years.

Garden-style alley residence

Garden-style alley house evolved from a new type of alley house that appeared in the 1940s. Its general layout is in the form of alleys, and the housing standard is close to high-grade single-family houses.

Garden-style alley houses are generally surrounded by courtyards in front, and the scale is relatively large, often exceeding the construction land, and some are more than three times. Garden-style alley houses can be divided into early and late stages. In the early stage, the layout is generally a half-style layout of the front and rear suites, and in the later stage, horizontal rooms are mostly used, mostly half-style or double rooms. In addition to row houses, there are two kinds of garden-style alley houses in the later period: independent houses and duplex houses. The facade forms are mostly Spanish and modern three-dimensional ones. Xuhui District is the concentrated area of garden-style alley houses in the later period.

Garden-style alley houses are mainly brick-wood structures in the early stage and reinforced concrete mixed structures in the later stage. There are three or four floors, or they are all fake floors. Pay attention to orientation, ventilation and lighting. Walls are often painted with cement or various colors. Such as light yellow, sky blue, dark green and so on. The balcony outside the house is picked by beams or boards.

In early garden-style alley houses, brick arches were often built at doors and windows, platforms and porches, including flat arches, arc arches, round arches and multi-arches. Bricks are mostly organic red bricks. Before the use of reinforced concrete structures, bathroom floors were usually made of sand. Spread a layer of linoleum on the ground, pour cement cinder concrete, and then spread a layer of mosaic or red brick.

The roof of a garden-style house is made of machine red tiles or corrugated tin sheets. The roof truss is a milliscale roof truss, and two or four slopes are roofs; Or use the roof truss of Monsanto, and use the space in the roof truss to make a fake floor. Tiger windows are often opened on the floor, and the roof is often hung flat in the house. After the application of reinforced concrete, there is a reinforced concrete flat roof, which is insulated by steel wire mesh. Indoor equipment is very perfect, generally equipped with fireplace or heating, gas and sanitation equipment. Most bedrooms have closets.

Typical garden-style residential houses in Lane Lane include Lane 4 of Yanqing Road, Changle New Village (Verdun Garden) built in 14, Yiyuan Garden built 30 years ago, Wei Paradise on Tai 'an Road, etc.

Apartment Hutong Residence

Most apartment houses in Lane were built in 20 ~ 34 years of the Republic of China, concentrated in the west area of public concession. Influenced by western architecture in single design and use, it has the characteristics of modern apartments.

Apartment-style alley houses are mostly semi-detached, and there are also detached or townhouses. Cancel the fence between houses and replace it with the gate, and combine the centralized greening in the house with the greening in front of the house, so that the trees are shaded and the environment is elegant. The overall plane scale is generally small, and the appearance is Spanish, modern and Japanese. There are 2, 3 and 4 floors, and the height is between 2.80 and 3.20 meters ... Each unit enters from the public stairs, and there are 2 units, 4 units and 6 units upstairs and downstairs, among which 1 stairs and 2 households have the most basic units. Each unit generally has a living room, bedroom, bathroom and kitchen. There is a balcony in front of the living room, which is generally not picked, and a deeper concave platform is used. Interior decoration advocates simple application. Except for drywall, most exterior walls are decorated with brushed cement. Generally, the roofs are red tiles or simple tiles with two drowning machines, and there are also four drowning roofs. The standard of sanitary equipment is relatively high, and occasionally 1 household uses two sets of large sanitary equipment.

[Apartment-style alley house]

Typical apartment houses in Lane include Xinkang Garden in Spanish style (Huaihai Middle Road), Maohai New Village in Chinese and Western style (Dongzhi Changzhi Road) and Zizhuangyuan in Japanese style.