Did Hong Kong fall during the Anti-Japanese War? Give some information and literature at that time! Thank you very much

Hong Kong has fallen. The story is as follows: Hong Kong Defence War, also known as the Hong Kong Offensive and Defensive War and the 18th World War, refers to that during the Second World War, Japanese militarists launched an attack on British Hong Kong from 194 10 to 12.8 in the same year when they invaded their Asian neighbors, and started the Japanese military campaign in Hong Kong.

193 1 Japan launched an attack on the Republic of China after the September 18th incident. 1On July 7th, 937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China started in an all-round way, and the Japanese army quickly occupied most parts of North China and East China. With the eastern coastal areas of China falling under Japanese control, the coastal areas of South China in Guangdong Province have become an important supply point for China to import various materials from other places. In order to cut off this supply line, the Japanese army landed in Daya Bay, Guangdong on June 1 938+1October1,and quickly captured the neighboring areas. Guangzhou fell by 65438+10.21in June. Some Japanese troops are still stationed on the north bank of Shenzhen River in Baoan County (now Shenzhen), bordering on the British army. Knowing that it would eventually go to war with Japan, Britain gradually strengthened Hong Kong's defense after 1937.

During the period from 1937 to 194 1, the British government, as a neutral country in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China, still deliberately maintained Hong Kong's neutral status. According to international practice, all the Chinese National Revolutionary Army that entered Hong Kong during this period were disarmed and sent to concentration camps. Although the Chinese in Hong Kong have contributed to the motherland's war against Japan, everything needs to be done without affecting the relationship between Britain and Japan. However, the Japanese authorities are still dissatisfied with this and have repeatedly protested to the Hong Kong government against the anti-Japanese behavior of Chinese in Hong Kong.

Pre-war deployment

According to the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, Britain cannot deploy military facilities in the Pacific Ocean, which limits the fortification work in Hong Kong. After the September 18th Incident, Britain began to worry that Hong Kong would be implicated for a long time. Britain abandoned the Washington Naval Treaty at the London Naval Conference on 1933. So starting from 1935, Hong Kong started its defense plan with a budget of 5 million pounds. At the end of 1937, Geoffry Northcote, the newly appointed governor at that time, thought that Hong Kong was difficult to defend. He suggested that Hong Kong should be listed as a neutral undefended city and stop all defense plans, but he was opposed. Churchill, then Minister of the British Navy, once said that "Hong Kong cannot be held, but it must be held". Therefore, Hong Kong's defense plan is still going on. 1938 In July, the British Hong Kong government passed the Emergency Regulations, which remained neutral on the surface, but actually actively prepared for war. In September of the same year, a large-scale sea, land and air exercise was held. A large number of refugees poured into Hong Kong from China, and the population of Hong Kong increased from about 1936 to 194 1 to 1.6 million. The British Hong Kong government even began to stipulate that British adults must join the Volunteers, and passed the stipulation that the Governor can expropriate citizens' property at any time, mainly including buildings and cars. 194 1 year165438+1At the end of October, the Canadian government came with a ship of reinforcements, which did little to defend Hong Kong due to insufficient military training.

Hong Kong's defense plan includes Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, as well as the east entrance and west entrance of Victoria Harbour. Many 16 inch heavy guns and steel guns have been built, and more than 70 machine gun castles have been built along the coast of Hong Kong Island. The north shore of Victoria Harbour is covered with barbed wire, Sheung Wan and Tsing Yi are also covered with chains, leaving only the Huang Liu Strait in Green Island for ships to enter and leave. Many bunkers and bunkers have also been built on the top of Hong Kong Island, and there are two machine gun bunkers on Jagdian Mountain, which will play a great role in stopping the Japanese advance in the future. Air defense is mainly concentrated in Hong Kong Island, and several air defense zones have been divided. Each area is equipped with listening devices, which can identify the direction of enemy planes and shoot them down with anti-aircraft guns. The locations include Xiwan (now called Chai Wan), Huangniyong Gorge, Nanlang Mountain, Longhu Mountain and Waterfall Bay. At the end of 1940, more active training was carried out in the use of new anti-aircraft guns. In eight months, the British side also dug 60 bomb shelters in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, some of which are still preserved today.

At the beginning of the war

1939, Japan formed an alliance with Nazi Germany. The Second World War was also kicked off by Germany's attack on Poland. But Britain, one of the allies at that time, still did not declare war on Japan, one of the Axis countries. However, by19411kloc-0/8, tojo hideki became the Japanese prime minister. At that time, he was actively preparing for the Pacific War, and even ordered a plan to attack Hong Kong at 1 16.

Just a few hours after the Japanese navy attacked Pearl Harbor in the Pacific Ocean, that is, at 8: 00 a.m. Hong Kong time in February of the 30th year of the Republic of China (194 1 year) 65438+8, Tadashi Sano (38th Division), the army commander of Japan's South China Dispatching Army (23rd Army), under the command of Lieutenant General Takashi Sakai, appointed three infantry commanders, Takeo Ito. Including two British battalions, two Canadian battalions, two Indian battalions and six Hong Kong volunteers, plus the Royal Artillery Corps and the Hong Kong Star Artillery Corps, to cooperate with the Royal Navy to defend about 1.5 million people. However, the British army was in a very disadvantageous position from the beginning. On the Japanese side, the army has a large number of advantages, high morale and adequate training. The Japanese aircraft flying group from Guangzhou bombed and supported Hong Kong. At the same time, in Britain, the army is composed of miscellaneous troops with uneven training, extremely thin air power and lack of radar to use. The most important thing is the coordination problem caused by different arms.

At the beginning of the war, the Japanese army dispatched the air force to bomb the former Sham Shui Po military camp and Kai Tak airport, destroying all five British air force planes and eight civil aviation planes and gaining air superiority in Hong Kong. The British navy has 10 destroyers in Hong Kong, including the Taiweiren, Taylor and Siena, and more than a dozen gunboats are used for assault. Of course, some of them left in a hurry and evacuated to Singapore.

Kowloon falls

Responsible for defending Kowloon and the New Territories is a British and Indian army named Continental Army, headquartered in Kowloon Tong, which includes the 2nd Battalion of Royal Scots, 2nd Battalion of Punjab 14 Regiment, 5th Battalion of Rajip 7th Regiment, 1st 1 Company of Hong Kong Volunteers, artillery and a small number of troops to reinforce Canadian grenadiers. According to the scheduled plan, the British and Indian troops abandoned the Shenzhen River, which was difficult to defend, and put their main force on the mountain in the north of Kowloon, which is called the drunken bay defense line. Three regiments under the Japanese Army's 3 18 Division: 228 Regiments, 229 Regiments and 230 Regiments, crossed the Shenzhen River from the front on the morning of June+February 8, 5438 and headed south. The 228th regiment passed through Lincun lead mine depression, the 229th regiment passed through Shaluo Cave and Hongniping, and then left Niu Shan, Maanshan. The 230 th group first went to Jintian, Yuen Long and Castle Peak Bay, and then left Tsuen Wan along Castle Peak Road. British engineers and a Punjab company destroyed the Tai Po Highway and the Kowloon-Canton Railway, but failed to slow down the advance of the 228th Japanese Wing headed by Ding Qi Doi. By the afternoon of February 9, 65438+, the 228th Japanese United had arrived at Shangchengmen Fortress at 40 1 of Zuiwan Defence Line.

That night, the Japanese 228th regiment attacked 40 1. The first to find the Japanese army was the sentry corporal stationed at 40 1, and immediately resisted with the Vickers machine gun. The company commander immediately sent a sergeant and seven ordinary soldiers to reinforce along the pipeline, which was bombed and defeated by the Japanese army in the middle of the pipeline. The Japanese army climbed to the headquarters of the company to the west of the city gate fortress and launched a fierce attack. As a result, the company commander and the lieutenant of the eighth platoon leader were captured. During the resistance, the lieutenant was blinded by the Japanese when he bombed the bunker. However, when the sergeant fled, he did not return to the headquarters, but went directly to the Rajip camp to avoid being arrested. The Scottish battalion company defending the redoubt was forced to retreat to Jinshan to join the company. 65438+Feb 1 1 Brigadier General Varis, the commander of the continental army, once asked the commander of the Scottish battalion to fight back but was rejected, causing other Scottish battalions to retreat to Jinshan. The Japanese army attacked Jinshan again, and at the same time, the artillery of Stonecutters Island Volunteers fired at the redoubt in an attempt to provide support, but they all hit the defenders on Jinshan by mistake, resulting in the death of the company and its company commander and the fall of Jinshan. The headquarters sent Indian companies around Chengmen Reservoir to rescue, and the drunken bay defense line was broken. Japanese troops occupied Tsing Yi and arrived at Lai Chi Kok the next day. The headquarters felt that the mainland corps was in danger of being surrounded at any time. In addition, the Chief Superintendent of Kowloon told the brigade commander that the police had given up Kowloon, and traitors (that is, triad members who claimed to be "friends of victory") looted everywhere in the street, forcing the British army to give up the Kowloon Peninsula. By the evening of 65438+February 65438+February, Kowloon and the New Territories were completely surrounded by Japanese troops except Devil Mountain on the north bank of Lei Yue Men. 12 13, the last camp in Kowloon was evacuated to Hong Kong Island by destroyers, and Kowloon fell. Later, the Japanese army sent representatives to ask the British army to surrender, but it was rejected by Governor Yang.

Hong kong island fierce battle

In the following days, the Japanese bombed the north shore of Hong Kong Island indiscriminately, including setting up a cannon in Ho Man Tin, sending Japanese planes from Guangzhou to bomb several British fortresses, as well as communication and power generation facilities. Defending Hong Kong Island are troops withdrawn from Kowloon, two Canadian battalions, the First Midas Battalion (1) and the 1st to 7th companies of the Volunteers. Commander-in-Chief Major General Maud Pik (...) divided Hong Kong Island into two brigades, with Brigadier General Varis returning from Kowloon as the commander-in-chief, mainly defending the coastline east of Causeway Bay and Deep Water Bay, including North Point to Chai Wan, Tai Tam to Stanley and Repulse Bay, and headquartered in the highlands at the junction of Tai Tam Road and Shek O Road. Brigadier General Lawson is the Commander-in-Chief of the Western District, guarding the West Coast of the Western District and the Navy Pier in the Central District, Pokfulam and even Shouchen Mountain in Aberdeen. The headquarters is located near Huangniyong Gorge. Fortresses such as Victoria City are defended by companies 4 and 7 of the Scottish Battalion and Volunteers, and the headquarters and joint headquarters of the fortress are located in the naval fortress.

65438+February 65438+April 4, the Japanese army repeatedly attacked oil refineries, rubber factories and many houses and facilities on Hong Kong Island, which caused many fires, damaged the main water pipes, failed to supply drinking water in some areas, and food began to be in short supply. The siege war began. In the middle of the night of 65438+February 15, the Japanese army tried to land on the north shore of Hong Kong Island by force and was repelled by the defenders. 12 16 the Japanese army bombarded the northern shore of Hong Kong Island with artillery from Ho Man Tin Shan, which affected residential buildings (especially Wan Chai District), while the defenders of Mount Moxingling destroyed the facilities and oil depots in Kowloon. 65438+February 65438+July, two Japanese death squads stormed the coast near the North Point Power Plant and were wiped out by the defenders. On the night of 65438+February and 65438+August, the Japanese army hit the oil depot in North Point. In the dark area of To Kwa Wan, the runway and the tea green, the Japanese Third Team first pushed the raft quietly across Victoria Harbour with special manpower, and then landed on Hong Kong Island on a large scale and quickly with a special landing craft pulled by a fireboat. The Royal Navy dispatched several gunboats to intercept, but all failed. In the beloved Order Bay in North Point, the Indian troops stationed in the eastern area landed, and the Rajip camp fought back heroically and failed. Lieutenant Colonel Lu Chen Lian, the battalion commander, and Indian troops retreated along Baijiashan Road. The 229 United Front wiped out the Lajipu camp and company, and occupied the Leiyuemen fortress. They invaded the Xiwan Fort, where the Fifth Air Defense Corps of the Volunteers was stationed, and carried out a massacre. Later, they went to Nandatan and Repulse Bay. The East Brigade once sent a Canadian rifle team out of the West Bay to clear the gap, but finally retreated and once got lost in Baijiashan. At dawn the next day, the Japanese army occupied Mount Baijia, Mount Bina and Mount Jardine, where the Canadian Rifle Company and the First Volunteer Army were originally stationed, and poured them into the yellow mud of the Westward Brigade Command. The commander of the East Brigade wanted to fight a protracted war, so he ordered the East Brigade located in the east of Hong Kong Island to retreat to Stanley, but there was a defensive gap in Yangming Villa in the east of the West Brigade.

The grenade company of the Canadian army and the Third Infantry Company of the Volunteers are guarding the main roads of Jardine Hill and Huangniyong Canyon. Although the 230 United Front encountered the defenders of the Western Brigade when advancing Zhadian Mountain, there were a lot of casualties that had never happened since it entered Hong Kong. A team of the 228 United Front suddenly broke into Huangniyong Canyon from Yangmingshan Mountain Villa, and the headquarters of the Western Brigade was raided by the Japanese in February 19. General Rosen, commander of the Canadian Army and Brigadier General of the Western Brigade, and his family were killed trying to break through. Major General Modi led the Punjab Battalion and the Scottish Battalion to counterattack the Huangniyong Gorge, but was blocked by the Japanese army. As a result, the 3rd Volunteer Company was completely annihilated, and the remaining Canadian grenadiers retreated to the Middle Canyon and mount cameron area together with the Scottish battalion. Later, the Western Brigade led by Brigadier General Luce, the former battalion commander of the Volunteers, launched a second attack, but failed. Major General Maud pius resolutely prevented the defenders from being divided, ordered the Volunteer Material Distribution Army and the Royal Navy to transfer infantry to the middle section of Assa-Shuiwan Road, and ordered the East Brigade to send Canadian rifle teams and Midsas battalions to Assa-Shuiwan and Violet Mountain Road. Brigadier General Varis of the East Brigade ordered the Punjab battalion company in Aberdeen to advance along Chen Shoushan, and the Royal Navy sent the Jahrner to Nanlangshan to assist in sailing, but the result was disastrous. Lieutenant Colonel of Punjab Battalion was killed, as was the material distribution army of the volunteers. On the same day, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called Hong Kong to encourage the defenders to resist to the end. His message said, "As long as you can resist the enemy, you can still contribute to global allies.

At this time, the gas and electricity in Victoria City were cut off, the sanitary environment became worse and worse, infectious diseases raged, and the Japanese Air Force bombed from time to time, killing many citizens. The Japanese army of the 228th United Front in the urban area encountered strong obstacles when advancing to the Leighton Mountain stronghold after defeating Hughes Corps and Rajip Camp of the North Point Power Plant in Fort Hill. On February 2 1 65438, Japanese troops besieged Repulse Bay and Stanley, and Midas Battalion Company and Canadian Rifle Company fought bravely in Repulse Bay Hotel. 12 From February 22 to February 24, 12, the Japanese army successively broke through the defense lines such as Cameron Gorge and Majixian Gorge, which were jointly defended by the Scottish battalion of the Western Brigade and the Canadian grenadiers. The Leighton Mountain stronghold in the urban area fell, and the remaining two battalions of the Indian army, Midsas Battalion Company and Artillery Navy took Lua Road and Chuanjie in Wan Chai as the last line of defense. The eastern brigade rifle team and Canadian army once refused to obey orders, while the defense line retreated.

On February 25th, 65438, Governor Yang issued a Christmas proclamation encouraging soldiers to fight. At 3 pm that day, Major General Modupi (...) reported to the Governor that the defenders could not organize effective resistance. Governor Yang surrendered to the Japanese army headquarters at 5 pm after withdrawing the military and political personnel of the headquarters, and signed the surrender letter at 7 pm. The East Brigade once did not believe in the surrender order in Stanley, and continued to effectively resist the 229 United Front, blocking the Japanese advance with the 9.2-inch cannon of Stanley Fort. As a result, the surrender order was determined on February 26, 65438.

Mao Debi, the Japanese general, governor and commander-in-chief of the garrison, signed the surrender letter by candlelight at the Kowloon Peninsula Hotel, and the defense ended at 18, but the Dongjiang column in the New Territories became active and put pressure on the Japanese government.

The war is over.

194 1 10 On February 25th, under the leadership of Governor Yang, a group of British colonial officials crossed the ocean and surrendered to the Japanese General Command in Room 336 on the third floor of the Peninsula Hotel occupied by the Japanese army [1]. Ryunosuke Sakai immediately became the Governor of Hong Kong, until Aesop Koyosuke took over. Since this day is also Christmas, Hong Kong people call it "Black Christmas", and from then on, the period of "three years and eight months" of Hong Kong population under Japanese rule began.

1On February 20th, 942, Japanese Lieutenant General Yasuke Ikuya became the first governor during the Japanese occupation, and Hong Kong officially became the Japanese occupied area.

At the same time, about 15 senior British officers and more than 30 other officers and soldiers and British intelligence officials chose to follow China's highest representative in Hong Kong at that time-China vice admiral Chen Ce to break through from Hong Kong by speedboat. Finally, it successfully arrived in India via Huizhou, Chongqing and Myanmar. Therefore, Chen Ce was awarded the Knight Commander Medal by the British Emperor.

Reasons for the fall of Hong Kong

In World War II, the focus of British defense in the Far East was India, and the focus of the front line was Singapore. As a city isolated from South China and surrounded by Japanese troops, Hong Kong not only lacks the depth needed for long-term defense, but also has no strategic substantive role. Because Britain wants to take charge of the European battlefield, it is beyond Britain's power to defend Hong Kong. The fall of Hong Kong was long anticipated by Britain. In fact, before the war, some people proposed to declare Hong Kong as undefended city to reduce unnecessary losses. 194 1 1 When the commander-in-chief of the British Far East requested to reinforce two Canadian battalions to Hong Kong, Churchill once thought it was a meaningless sacrifice and opposed it.

Canadian reinforcements

194 1 year1kloc-0/month, the Canadian military sent two battalions of reinforcements from Vancouver to Hong Kong, with a number of *** 1 1,975. Most of them have not completed their training and are not equipped with heavy weapons. Finally, 557 people died, and the rest became Japanese prisoners of war.

There have also been many people who are not afraid of humiliation and death: for example, when Japanese soldiers invaded the hospital and tried to treat nurse QB, the nurse cut off the aggressor's penis with surgery in anger, and the nurses were later executed that year.

This is a history that has been ignored by people. Most people remember Chinese mainland's Anti-Japanese War, but forget the humiliation suffered by Hongkong. Even some stars have long forgotten these things. It's really sad.