Zhu Guangqian's background information?

Zhu Guangqian, a native of Tongcheng County. Father Zhu is a teacher in a rural private school, and he is quite knowledgeable. Zhu Guang attended a private school at the urging of his potential father. 15 years old went to Empty City High School and was promoted to tongcheng middle school after half a year. In Tongzhong, he abandoned modern Chinese and followed ancient Chinese. Influenced by Chinese teacher Pan, he became interested in China's old poems. After graduating from high school, I entered the Chinese Department of Wuchang Normal School for free. One year after entering school, he was admitted to Beiyang government and sent by the Ministry of Education to study in the British-run University of Hong Kong.

From the years of the Republic of China (19 18) to the years of the Republic of China (1 1), I studied English language and literature, pedagogy, biology, psychology and other courses, laying the direction for lifelong education and academic activities. Shortly after entering HKU, the May 4th Movement broke out in China. Zhu Guangqian was deeply shocked to read Hu Shi's article advocating vernacular Chinese in New Youth magazine. He resolutely gave up classical Chinese and rewritten vernacular Chinese, and later published his aesthetic debut "The Beauty of Wordlessness" in vernacular Chinese. After graduating from the University of Hong Kong, Gao Juefu introduced him to Zhang, the president of Wusong China Public School, and was invited to teach English in the middle school department of the school in the summer of 1 1, and at the same time served as the editor-in-chief of the school magazine "Newsletter". The editorial assistant was Yao Mengsheng (Yao Pengzi) who appeared as a progressive student at that time.

During the Wusong period, Zhu Guangqian was interested in progressive youth, but he was not keen on party struggle and did not ask about politics. He had contacts with leftist Zheng Zhenduo and Yang Xianjiang, rightist Chen Qitian and Li Huang. The Chinese Academy in Wusong was closed during the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War. His friend Xia Mianzun introduced him to teach English in chunhui middle school, Baima Lake, Shangyu, Zhejiang, and made friends with Kuang Hu, Zhu Ziqing and Feng Zikai. Soon, Kuang was dissatisfied with the autocratic style of President chunhui middle school, and his reform proposal was not adopted, so he resigned as the academic director. Zhu Guangqian sympathized with him and left chunhui middle school for Shanghai to make a living. Later, Zhang, Feng Zikai, Zhou, and others also left chunhui middle school for Shanghai. Together with Ye Shengtao, Hu Yuzhi, Zhou Yutong, Chen Zhifo, Liu Dabai and Xia Yan. , the Lida Society was established, and Lida College was established in Jiangwan. According to Kuang's opinion, Zhu Guangqian drafted the Founding Purpose and put forward the slogan of education independence and freedom. They also founded Ming Kai Bookstore (predecessor of China Youth Publishing House) and General Magazine (later renamed Middle School Students).

After the establishment of Lida Academy, Zhu Guangqian went to study in Britain at Anhui Province's expense. /kloc-In the summer of 0/4, he entered the University of Fort Maidin in England, taking English literature, philosophy, psychology, ancient European history and art history as elective courses. 18 After graduation, he transferred to the University of London and registered as a lecturer at the University of Paris, France. He is very interested in the "psychology of art" taught by the head of literature department of Paris University. After that, he left England and transferred to Goethe's alma mater, Strasbourg University, on the Rhine, where he completed the Psychology of Tragedy.

During his eight years of studying in Britain and France, Zhu Guangqian obtained a master's degree in English literature and a national doctorate in France. However, due to frequent non-payment of official fees and financial constraints, he had to attend classes while reading and writing, and make a living by paying for manuscripts. He wrote articles for General and later Middle School Students in Ming Kai Bookstore, and published them in Twelve Letters to Youth. This book reflects the psychological state of ordinary young intellectuals at that time. It sells well all over the country and has great influence. Since then, he has become attached to the vast number of young people. Then Psychology of Literature and Art and its abbreviated version, Talking about Beauty, translated Croce's Aesthetic Principles, abnormal psychology school (Enlightened Bookstore) and abnormal psychology school (Commercial Press), came out one after another, wrote the first draft of poetics, and also wrote a book describing the symbolic logic school under Russell's influence (the draft was handed over to the Commercial Press, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression). These books are exquisite and refined, informative and reliable, with clear and thorough reasoning and unique and incisive views, and enjoy a high reputation in academic circles at home and abroad.

Before returning home, Xu Zhongshu, a classmate of Normal University, introduced him to Hu Shi, dean of Peking University College of Literature, and appointed him as a professor of western languages in Peking University. In addition to teaching the selected readings of western classics and the history of literary criticism, he also teaches the psychology of literature and poetry in the Chinese Department of Peking University and the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. Xu Beihong, an old friend who should stay in France later, made an appointment to go to the Central Academy of Fine Arts to talk about literary psychology for one year.

At that time, the "Beijing School" (mostly old intellectuals in the literary and art circles) was in opposition to the "Shanghai School" (mainly referring to the "Left Alliance"). From Hu Shi to Peking University, Zhu Guangqian naturally became a Beijing figure. Beijing School reached its peak in the "New Moon" period, and the poet Xu Zhimo died in an air crash and gradually declined. Hu Shi, Yang Zhensheng and others wanted to revive the Beijing School. The editorial board was composed of Zhu Guangqian, Yang Zhensheng, Shen Congwen, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Pingbo, Zhu Ziqing and Lin, and organized Literature magazine (published by the Commercial Press). Zhu Guangqian is the editor-in-chief Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Feng Zhi, Li Guangtian, He Qifang and Bian often write for magazines. The magazine was founded in May and published four times in August, 2006, and it was the best-selling literary publication at that time. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression stopped publishing after the outbreak. It was republished in 36 years, and terminated after it was published in 6 issues in 37 years. Three volumes and 22 issues were published.

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhu Guangqian was appointed as the Dean of Literature of Sichuan University at the request of Zhang Yi, acting president of Sichuan University. In the autumn of 27 years of the Republic of China, Cheng was sent by the Second Chen Department of the Kuomintang to replace Zhang Yi as the official principal in an attempt to promote party education. In order to safeguard the dignity, educational freedom and academic independence of colleges and universities, Zhu Guangqian resolutely opposed Yi Chang. He presided over the whole school teachers' meeting and called for a strike. Teachers responded in succession, and everyone recommended him to draft protest telegrams and strike declarations. The "Yichang agitation" was a sensation for a while, but under pressure, it finally ended in compromise: on the one hand, Cheng Tian was not refused the post of principal, on the other hand, Cheng Tian was not allowed to mobilize the whole school staff. The struggle was supported by China's * * * production party. Sha Ting and Zhou Wen spread the news to Yan 'an. Zhou Yang immediately invited Zhu Guangqian to visit Yan 'an through their letters, and Zhu Guangqian wrote back. At this moment, Chen Lifu invited him to Chongqing for an interview, but he was dissuaded by some friends who stayed in Europe. Then Wang Xinggong and some old friends from Chen Xiying took him to teach at Wuhan University, and his trip to Yan 'an fell through. In his later years, Zhu Guangqian recalled this incident and thought that his trip to Yan 'an was unsuccessful because he "had no revolutionary will at that time" and was a "painful lesson".

In 3 1 year of the Republic of China, there were two schools of thought in Neijiang Wuda University, Hunan and Anhui, so Zhu Guangqian was appointed as the provost to mediate, because he was from Anhui and was friendly with Hunan School. According to the rules of the Kuomintang, all "long font" characters in the school must join the Kuomintang, and Zhu Guangqian was nominally dragged into the Kuomintang (later renamed the Central Committee of the Third Youth League and the Standing Supervision Committee of the Kuomintang). And let him often write articles in the Kuomintang's Central Weekly. Nevertheless, he did not yield to any political prejudice, and talked about poetry, papers and cultivation. Later, he integrated two books, talking about literature and cultivation. From 30 years of the Republic of China to 3 1 year of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Education of the National Government and the Central Party Department secretly ordered Wuhan University to monitor the actions of a group of named "bandits" and "bandits" and forced a group of students to leave school. As the provost, Zhu Guangqian, President Wang Xinggong and Dean Zhao Shimei, while responding to the Ministry of Education, tipped off the students to remind them to be cautious and ensure that they leave school safely after graduation in the summer of March1year.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Zhu Guangqian didn't want to be president of Anhui University, but returned to Peking University College of Literature as acting dean. Influenced by Yuan Hanqing, a chemist connected with the underground party, his political views gradually became clear and he began to sympathize with and support the democratic movement. On June 29th, 37, he and 104 professors from universities in Beiping jointly issued the Declaration of Protesting against the Bombing of Kaifeng. In 37 years of the Republic of China 10, he and professors Zheng Huachi, Song et al. 17 jointly wrote to Chiang Kai-shek and Premier Weng, calling for "lifting man-made economic pain and injustice" and announcing "stopping teaching"; In the 37th year of the Republic of China,1October 4th, 165438, he and 47 professors from various universities in Beiping jointly published "Our Views on the Government's Oppression of NLD" to protest against the National Government's forced dissolution of NLD by the so-called "temporary measures to deal with the rear production party".

On the eve of the liberation of Beiping, the National Government sent a special plane to take "celebrities" to Taiwan Province Province, with Hu Shi at the top and Zhu Guangqian at the third place. At this time, Professor Yuan Hanqing was trusted by the underground party and would not let his familiar "intellectuals" leave Beiping. Zhu Guangqian resolutely decided to stay. In the stage of ideological transformation in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was a key object and received a lot of education, especially after he joined the Literary Federation and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (the second, third, fourth and fifth sessions of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the third, fourth and fifth sessions of the Central Committee of the Democratic League, and the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles), and he often had the opportunity to visit all parts of the country. After comparing the old and new China, he was convinced that socialism could save China.

From 65438 to 0957, China began a six-year aesthetic discussion. Zhu Guangqian took an active part in this debate, which began with the criticism of his previous aesthetic thoughts. He neither hides nor evades his past aesthetic views, nor easily accepts criticism that he thinks is incorrect. Objectively, he has driven everyone forward and promoted the unprecedented general development of aesthetic research. The articles published in this discussion were compiled into six volumes of Discussion on Aesthetic Issues, and the controversial articles published by Zhu Guangqian were compiled into Essays on Aesthetic Criticism, all of which were published by Writers Publishing House.

This discussion urged Zhu Guangqian to seriously study dialectical materialism and historical materialism. When he was nearly 60 years old, he also took time to learn Russian and reached the level of reading and translation. He carefully selected several classic Marxist works for research. When he can't understand the translation, he ponders the exact meaning of the original text against the four versions of English, French, German and Russian, takes notes on the mistakes or shortcomings in the Chinese translation, and then writes down "Suggestions for proofreading the translation". At the same time, he was surprised to find that many people who participated in the aesthetic debate did not understand Marxism. Due to the lack of information, they sometimes even lack scientific common sense closely related to aesthetics, such as the history of philosophy, psychology, anthropology and sociology. Therefore, he is determined to translate some important materials. In the following 20 years, he has translated Plato's Literary Dialogue, Lessing's laocoon, Yuan's Conversation with Goethe, Hegel's Aesthetics and Vico's New Science.

1962, Zhu Guangqian was invited to teach the history of aesthetics at the Central Party School. In the same year, the meeting of liberal arts textbooks decided that liberal arts in colleges and universities should gradually offer aesthetic courses and appoint him to write textbooks. From 65438 to 0963, the History of Western Aesthetics published by People's Literature Publishing House devoted his years of research results and comprehensively and systematically expounded the development of western aesthetic thought. It represents the level of China's research on western aesthetics so far and promotes China's aesthetic education and research. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhu Guangqian was put in the bullpen. Although he was treated unfairly, his faith in the party and socialism and his determination to serve the motherland and the people never wavered. He keeps exercising and is ready to pick up his pen again. After the downfall of the Gang of Four, he was full of vigor and vitality in his later years. He actively translated famous works, wrote manuscripts, published letters on beauty and aesthetic extracts successively, and directed graduate students to make unremitting efforts in academic research and education, with remarkable achievements.

1980 In May, he was unanimously elected as the president of China Aesthetic Society at the first national aesthetic conference held in Kunming.

1983 In March, Zhu Guangqian was invited to give a lecture on academic culture of Mr. Qian Binsi (Qian Mu) at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. From the beginning, he declared his identity: I was not born and raised in party member, but a Marxist. This is really the conclusion of his later years. In the same year, Peking University held a commemorative meeting for the 60th anniversary of Zhu Guangqian's coaching. The following year, Hong Kong University awarded him an honorary doctorate.

1in the summer of 984, Zhu Guangqian suffered from fatigue syndrome and cerebral thrombosis due to years of work fatigue. 1On March 6, 986, Zhu Guangqian died in Beijing at the age of 89. Three days before his death, he was still a little conscious. While his family was unprepared, he struggled to climb to the top of the study alone. The family felt that it was urgent to dissuade them, so they mumbled that they would finish the annotation part of New Science before their death.

Zhu Guangqian has a broad vision and high attainments in both Chinese and Western cultures. In his 7 million-word treatises and translations (the complete works have been published by Anhui Education Publishing House, with a total of 20 volumes), he deeply studied China culture, introduced and commented on western aesthetic thoughts, integrated Chinese and Western ideas, founded his own aesthetic theory, made pioneering contributions in the field of aesthetic teaching and research in China, and enjoyed an important position in the history of China literature and aesthetic development. He was a generation of aesthetic masters after Wang Guowei in modern China. He devoted himself to his life and died, leaving a valuable cultural wealth for the people of China.