A short story about modern ways of transmitting information

Ancient, modern, modern and contemporary ways of transmitting information

1. Postal posts and beacon communications in ancient my country

The earliest records of communications in my country, It comes from the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. Yin's former capital was in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, turtle shells and animal bones were excavated here and inscribed with characters, later called oracle bone inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions record that in the Pan Geng period of the Yin Shang Dynasty (around 1400 BC), Bianxu reported military information to the emperor, including "Laigu". After research, "Laigu" is similar to today's reconnaissance and communication corps. In the ancient book "Wai Jing", there are also records of "Jian Shu". "Jian Shu" is an urgent government document inscribed with characters on animal bones and delivered by the messengers. "Jian Shu" originated from the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (12 BC century to the 11th century), this is the predecessor of the Post Station.

Both the Post Station and the Beacon Tower communication originated from the political and military needs of communication in slave countries. According to historical records, in both countries. Thousands and seven hundred years ago, during the time of King You of Zhou, there was a method of using beacon towers to communicate. The general idea of ??the story is that King You of Zhou had a beloved concubine named Bao Si. She was very beautiful, but she refused to smile easily. For this reason, King You of Zhou offered a reward: "Whoever can make the empress smile will be rewarded with a thousand catties of gold" (so someone came up with the idea of ??calling copper gold at that time). He came up with a way to light a beacon fire to entertain the princes, hoping to get a smile from his empress. One evening, King Zhou You took his beloved concubine Bao Si to the tower and ordered beacon fires to be lit everywhere. When the nearby princes saw the beacon fire, they thought it was Xirong. When a tribe invaded, they rushed to the city to rescue them, but when they saw the bright lights and loud drums and music, they found out that it was a ridiculous thing done by King You of Zhou to please his empress. Nuohou dared not say anything. She had no choice but to retreat back to the camp angrily. When Sister Xi saw this, she actually smiled calmly. However, not long after the incident, Xirong did attack. Although the beacon was lit, no reinforcements arrived. It turned out that the princes thought that King Zhou You was repeating his old tricks. The Xirong captured the castle, killed King You of Zhou, and destroyed the surrounding areas. This historical story not only vividly depicts the situation of using beacon towers for communication at that time, but also warns future generations that no matter who they are or when. Communication is a piece of cake.

Although it is faster to use beacons to transmit information, it can only serve as an alarm, and it is difficult to meet the needs of grasping the enemy's situation and commanding operations. Therefore, with the development of society and politics. Due to military needs, from the "Lai Gu" in the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, a more rigorous postal system for transmitting government documents has gradually formed, and it complements and works in conjunction with the beacon tower.

After Qin Shihuang unified China (in 221 BC), he built mail roads across the country, with "cars on the same track and books on the same text". He established a network of mail stations centered on Xianyang, the capital of the country, and formulated laws and regulations for postal stations, such as how to bind and seal bamboo slips. Stamping with seals to keep secrets; how to supply food and grass for the postmen and horses; how the posthouses received passing officials, servants, etc., formed my country's earliest postal post laws.

The postal posts of the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin Dynasty system and adopted it. The unified name is "post". It is stipulated that there is one pavilion for five miles, and one post for thirty miles. With the formation of the "Silk Road", the post post also reached India, Myanmar, Persia and other countries. It has developed greatly. There are more than 1,600 land, water and both water and land post offices nationwide. The itinerary is also specified, and a performance appraisal and inspection system is in place. When the post envoys carry out their tasks, they should carry with them a "post scroll" or "post post"

Due to frequent wars in the Song Dynasty, there were many urgent military documents, which required speed and safety. Therefore, the postmen who were civilians were replaced by soldiers, and an "urgent delivery shop" was added. There are three types: gold medal, silver medal, and bronze medal. The gold medal travels five hundred miles in a day and night, the silver medal travels four hundred miles, and the bronze medal travels three hundred miles. Implement a relay relay where people and horses are changed at each stop. By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of military scope and territory, there were 1,496 post stations in China alone, and the post offices were renamed post stations.

In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of following the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime transportation, the Ming Dynasty also opened up maritime postal stations as the Ministry of War made seven voyages to the West. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,600 government-run post stations with more than 70,000 post soldiers and more than 40,000 post horses, all under the supervision of the Ministry of War. After the mid-19th century, most of the funding for post stations was filled by official corruption, and the post government was abandoned. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, modern postal service gradually emerged, and the role of post stations gradually disappeared. Therefore, in January 1913, the Beiyang government announced that all post stations would be abolished.

The postal system originated in countries with a slave system, prevailed in feudal society, and ended with the decline of the feudal system. Although postal stations and beacon towers were used as royal tools by feudal dynasties throughout the ages, they were also the beginning of organized communication in our country. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of my country's postal communications, but also makes important contributions to promoting social progress and human civilization.

2. The communication organization among the people in ancient my country

The post station is the communication organization of the government and only delivers official documents. Ordinary people have to rely on others to convey information. However, it is difficult to deliver information slowly, and it is easy to be delayed and lost. There are many stories about "swan geese carrying letters" recorded in ancient Chinese books, which shows how difficult it was for people in ancient times to communicate. Today, people still regard the swan goose as a symbol of postal communications, which shows that the people have high hopes for postal communications.

The formation of civil communication organizations probably began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the needs of business and trade. First, between Chang'an and Luoyang, there was a "post donkey" serving private merchants. At that time, there was also a method called "flying money", which was that merchants from various places deposited the money earned from selling goods in Chang'an into the offices of local governments in Chang'an, and then went to various local government offices with receipts to get it back. This was also This was the germ of today’s exchange business. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the Civil Information Bureau appeared specifically to deliver information to the people. In the southwestern provinces, there have also been "Maxiang appointments" where people visit relatives and bring letters. It is said that the farmers in Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province who were moved to Sichuan for reclamation missed their hometown, so they agreed to send representatives back to visit their hometowns every year, bringing some local products and letters with them, and then gradually formed the Civil Trust Bureau.

Ministry of Information Bureau began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and developed trade, and later gradually developed to the inland. The Civil Trust Bureau is run by private individuals for profit. On the one hand, they do business wherever it is advantageous, leaving remote areas unattended; on the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete to provide convenience to customers, such as sending people to collect letters, remittances, and accounting fees, etc. , which promoted the rapid development of the Civil Information Bureau. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1821 to 1874 AD), it was the peak period of the people's trust bureaus. There were thousands of large and small people's trust bureaus across the country. Some have set up a head office in Shanghai, the commercial center, and branches and agency stores in various places. The civil information bureaus are affiliated with each other, forming a private communication network.

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some poor people in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang have been abducted to work abroad in order to make a living. These overseas Chinese living abroad have to correspond with relatives and friends in the motherland, or they may To send items and remittances back to the motherland, the "Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau" was established. "Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau" is actually the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau. Because "letter" is called "piao" in Fujian dialect, the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau that serves overseas Chinese communications is called the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau. Because the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau provides considerate services to overseas Chinese and has an outstanding reputation, it almost monopolizes the business of sending letters and remittances to overseas Chinese.

Since foreign capitalists invaded China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to usurp our country’s postal rights, and collaborated with foreigners to take advantage of the special rights of officials and foreigners, forcing the Civil Information Bureau to register and accept the leadership of the customs and postal services. , restricted the bureaus from sending mail to ships, and adopted capitalist competition methods, putting most bureaus in a position where they could no longer operate. By 1935, the Civil Information Bureau had been forced to cease operations by the Kuomintang, while there were still more than 100 Overseas Chinese Approval Bureaus until the eve of liberation.

3. Semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service

From the Opium War in 1840 to the eve of the national liberation in 1949, during the more than 100 years of semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service, my country’s postal service was The rights were all lost, resulting in a chaotic situation in which the Post Office, Civil Information Bureau, Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau, Guest Post, Customs Post, Qing Post, etc. coexisted one after another.

(1) "Guest Mail"

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Since the closed door of China’s feudal dynasty was opened by capitalist invaders in 1840, China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First, the British opened British post offices on Chinese territory at will, followed by France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also opened their own post offices on Chinese territory. The Qing government removed these foreign countries that had plundered China's postal rights. The post office is euphemistically called "guest mail". These so-called "passenger mails" can be found almost all over the country, from the coast to the inland to remote areas such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.

The purpose of the imperialist powers establishing "guest mail" in China is not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve the purpose of political, military, economic, cultural and other aggression against our country. Some countries also use "passenger mail" to traffic in large quantities of opium, morphine and other drugs to evade taxes. "Rongyou" is actually a place to plunder our country's wealth and poison our people. It was not until the Nine-Nation Pacific Conference and the Arms Limitation Conference held in the United States in 1921 that the "Passenger Mail Case in China" was revoked. However, Japan's "Passenger Mail" in Northeast China and the British's "Passenger Mail" in Tibet were not withdrawn. India became independent. Later, it inherited the British "Rong Post" in Tibet and it was not transferred to our country until April 1, 1954.

Beacon tower. It is one of the most important components of the Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon towers, a tool for transmitting information, have been around for a long time. When the Great Wall was first built, it was well utilized and gradually improved, becoming the best way to convey military information in ancient times. The method of transmission is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night. Because the sun is strong during the day, the fire is difficult to see, but the fire can be seen from a long distance at night. This is a very scientific and rapid method of transmitting information. In order to report the number of incoming enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire was used to distinguish them. In the Ming Dynasty, the sound of cannons was also added to the smoke and fires to enhance the alarm effect and spread military information thousands of miles in an instant. In the absence of telephones and radio communications in ancient times, this method of transmitting military information could be said to be very fast. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. The most important thing is to arrange it in a dangerous place on the mountain or in a winding place, and the three towers must be visible to each other for easy sighting and communication. In the Han Dynasty, the beacon tower was called a pavilion, a pavilion, a tunnel, and a beacon. In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Yandun. In addition to conveying military information, it also protected the safety of envoys coming and going, provided food and accommodation, and supplied horses with food and other services. There are also some sections of the Great Wall where only beacon towers and pavilions are built without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the defense system of the Great Wall.

Information technology, the past two or three decades has been the fastest developing stage of science and technology in history. Various high and new technologies have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. The most prominent one is information technology, which has become a contemporary new technology. The most active area of ??the revolution. Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech consisting of computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology. It is the foundation and core of all high-tech. Its development is based on the advancement of electronic technology, especially microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high and new technologies, and the development of other high and new technologies in turn promotes the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies act on energy and matter, while information technology changes people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The widespread application of information technology will fully tap human intellectual resources, and will play a catalytic and multiplier role in the effectiveness of various production factors, including energy and material resources.

Since there is no unified and recognized definition of information so far, it is impossible to have a unified and recognized definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum of all means for human beings to develop and utilize information resources.

Information technology includes not only technologies related to the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, but also the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. technology. It can be seen that as information technology in a general sense, its history is almost as old as information, because as long as information is available, it must be made to work. Information that cannot play a role is meaningless. Various technologies that make information work are not only available in modern times, but also in ancient times, and even in ancient times. As far as the transmission of information is concerned, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was carried out with gestures; in ancient times, it was carried out with beacon towers and inns; and in modern times, it was carried out with telephones, telegraphs, televisions, faxes, microwaves and communication satellites. Although the functions and efficiencies of the three eras are not the same, their purpose is the same, which is to transmit information as accurately and quickly as possible. This is true for information transmission technology, and it is also true for other components of information technology.

Although the prototype of information technology has existed for a long time, it has only been in the past few decades that people have taken it seriously as a technology and systematically researched, developed and utilized it. The development status of information technology is almost the same as that of information. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used in the military. Since the early 1960s, computer technology has been gradually used for information processing. After the 1970s, especially in the 1990s, the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology made information processing technology seem to have powerful wings and enter a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a certain sense, a history of human civilization is a history of the development of information technology.

Ancient information management thought

The main purpose of the construction of the Great Wall was to defend against enemy attacks. Therefore, it is very important to transmit information in a timely manner and grasp the enemy's situation. Its information dissemination technology and methods are all Impressive. The beacon tower on the Great Wall plays the role of "information source", using smoke during the day and fire as a medium to transmit information at night. It was stipulated in the Ming Dynasty that when the enemy comes, if there are about a hundred people, use one smoke and one cannon; if there are 500 people, use two smokes and two cannons; if there are more than 1,000 people, use three smokes and three cannons; if there are more than 5,000 people, use five smokes and five cannons. This kind of information transmission is both qualitative (the enemy is invading) and quantitative (the number of enemies are coming). With the cooperation of smoke and artillery, light and sound, and mutual verification, military information can be accurately transmitted to the command organization thousands of miles away within a few hours. . Sun Wu, a famous military strategist in ancient my country, attached great importance to the role of information and intelligence. "Sun Tzu's Art of War" contains: "Know yourself and the enemy, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger; if you don't know the enemy but know yourself, you will win and lose every time; if you don't know the enemy and yourself, you will lose every battle." Not only in the military. Information management methods are used in economic management, and information management methods are also used in economic management. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yan established a national information network to quickly grasp economic information and price conditions across the country. He used the method of using fast horses to deliver official documents from the court, and set up magistrates to collect information on the quality of various crops, changes in market prices, and the surplus and shortage of materials in the four directions, etc., and handed them over to the recruited "drivers" who would stop by Passed from stop to stop. Information from all over the country can be quickly transmitted to Liu Yan within a few days, and then Liu Yan and others will synthesize the information from all over the country and make decisions. Due to flexible information and multiple channels, the market remains stable for many years and the country has sufficient funds. Despite decades of war, it still ensured the prosperity of the country and the peace of the people in the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that information management plays an important role in the development of national politics and economy. 1. Postal posts and beacon communications in ancient my country

The earliest records of communications in my country come from the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. Yin's former capital was in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, turtle shells and animal bones were excavated here and inscribed with characters, later called oracle bone inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions record that in the Pan Geng period of the Yin Shang Dynasty (around 1400 BC), Bianxu reported military information to the emperor, including "Laigu". After research, "Laigu" is similar to today's reconnaissance and communication corps. In the ancient book "Wai Jing", there are also records of "Jian Shu". "Jian Shu" is an urgent government document inscribed with characters on animal bones and delivered by the messengers. "Jian Shu" originated from the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (12 BC century to the 11th century), this is the predecessor of the postal post.

Both the postal post and the beacon tower communication originated from the political and military needs of communication in slave countries. According to historical records, in both countries. Thousands and seven hundred years ago, during the time of King You of Zhou, there was a method of using beacon towers to communicate. The general idea of ??the story is that King You of Zhou had a beloved concubine named Bao Si. She was very beautiful, but she refused to smile easily. For this reason, King You of Zhou offered a reward: "Whoever can make the empress smile will be rewarded with a thousand catties of gold" (so someone came up with the idea of ??calling copper gold at that time). He came up with a way to light a beacon fire to entertain the princes, hoping to get a smile from his empress. One evening, King Zhou You took his beloved concubine Bao Si to the tower and ordered beacon fires to be lit everywhere. When the nearby princes saw the beacon fire, they thought it was Xirong. When a tribe invaded, they rushed to the city to rescue them, but when they saw the bright lights and loud drums and music, they found out that it was a ridiculous thing done by King You of Zhou to please his empress. Nuohou dared not say anything. She had no choice but to retreat back to the camp angrily. When Sister Xi saw this, she actually smiled calmly. But not long after, Xirong did attack. Although the beacon was lit, no reinforcements arrived. It turned out that the princes thought that King Zhou You was repeating his old tricks. The Xirong captured the castle, killed King You of Zhou, and destroyed the surrounding areas. This historical story not only vividly depicts the situation of using beacon towers for communication at that time, but also warns future generations that no matter who they are or when. Communication is child's play.

Although it is faster to use beacon towers to transmit information, it can only serve as an alarm, and it is difficult to meet the needs of grasping the enemy's situation and commanding operations. Therefore, with the development of society and political and military needs, from the "Lai Gu" in the Yin and Shang Dynasties to the Zhou Dynasty, a more rigorous postal system for transmitting official documents has gradually formed, and it complemented and cooperated with the beacon tower. use.

After Qin Shihuang unified China (221 BC), he built roads all over the country, with "cars on the same track and books on the same text". He established a network of postal stations centered on Xianyang, the capital of the country, and formulated postal laws and regulations. , such as how to tie bamboo slips and seal them with clay to keep them secret; how to supply food and grass for the postal post men and horses; how the postal post received passing officials and laborers, etc., which formed the earliest postal post law in our country.

The postal stations of the Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty and were uniformly named "posts". It is stipulated that there should be one pavilion within five miles, one pavilion within ten miles, and a post within thirty miles. With the formation of the "Silk Road", the postal station also reached India, Myanmar, Persia and other countries. In the Tang Dynasty, postal stations developed greatly. There were more than 1,600 land stations, water stations, and both land and water stations across the country. The itinerary was also specified, and a performance appraisal and inspection system was established. Post envoys should carry them with them when performing their tasks. Identity documents such as "Yijuan" or "Xinpai".

Due to frequent wars in the Song Dynasty, there were many urgent military documents, which required speed and safety. Therefore, the postmen who were civilians were replaced by soldiers, and an "urgent delivery shop" was added, with three types: gold medals, silver medals, and bronze medals. , a gold medal travels five hundred miles in a day and night, a silver medal travels four hundred miles, and a bronze medal travels three hundred miles. Implement a relay relay where people and horses are changed at each stop. By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of military scope and territory, there were 1,496 post stations in China alone, and the post offices were renamed post stations.

In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of following the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime transportation, the Ming Dynasty also opened up maritime postal stations as the Ministry of War made seven voyages to the West. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,600 government-run post stations with more than 70,000 post soldiers and more than 40,000 post horses, all under the supervision of the Ministry of War. After the mid-19th century, most of the funding for post stations was filled by official corruption, and the post government was abandoned. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, modern postal service gradually emerged, and the role of post stations gradually disappeared. Therefore, in January 1913, the Beiyang government announced that all post stations would be abolished.

The postal system originated in a country with a slave system, prevailed in feudal society, and ended with the decline of the feudal system. Although postal stations and beacon towers were used as royal tools by feudal dynasties throughout the ages, they were also the beginning of organized communications in our country. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of my country's postal communications, but also makes important contributions to promoting social progress and human civilization.

2. The communication organization among the people in ancient my country

The post station is the communication organization of the government and only delivers official documents. Ordinary people have to rely on others to convey information. However, it is difficult to deliver information slowly, and it is easy to be delayed and lost. There are many stories about "swan geese carrying letters" recorded in ancient Chinese books, which shows how difficult it was for people in ancient times to communicate. Today, people still regard the swan goose as a symbol of postal communications, which shows that the people have high hopes for postal communications.

The formation of civil communication organizations probably began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the needs of business and trade. First, between Chang'an and Luoyang, there was a "post donkey" serving private merchants. At that time, there was also a method called "flying money", which was that merchants from various places deposited the money earned from selling goods in Chang'an into the offices of local governments in Chang'an, and then went to various local government offices with receipts to get it back. This was also This was the germ of today’s exchange business. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the Civil Information Bureau appeared specifically to deliver information to the people. In the southwestern provinces, there have also been "Maxiang appointments" where people visit relatives and bring letters. It is said that farmers from Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province who were moved to Sichuan for reclamation missed their hometown, so they agreed to send representatives back to visit their hometowns every year, bringing some local products and letters with them, and then gradually formed the Civil Trust Bureau.

Ministry of Information Bureau began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and developed trade, and later gradually developed to the inland. The Civil Trust Bureau is run by private individuals for profit. On the one hand, they do business wherever it is advantageous, leaving remote areas unattended; on the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete to provide convenience to customers, such as sending people to collect letters, remittances, and accounting fees, etc. , which promoted the rapid development of the Civil Information Bureau. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1821 to 1874 AD), it was the peak period of the people's trust bureaus. There were thousands of large and small people's trust bureaus across the country.

Some have set up a head office in Shanghai, the commercial center, and branches and agency stores in various places. The civil information bureaus are affiliated with each other, forming a private communication network.

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some poor people in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang have been abducted to work abroad in order to make a living. These overseas Chinese living abroad have to correspond with relatives and friends in the motherland, or they may To send items and remittances back to the motherland, the "Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau" was established. "Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau" is actually the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau. Because "letter" is called "piao" in Fujian dialect, the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau that serves overseas Chinese communications is called the Overseas Chinese Letters Bureau. Because the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau provides considerate services to overseas Chinese and has an outstanding reputation, it almost monopolizes the business of sending letters and remittances to overseas Chinese.

Since foreign capitalists invaded China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to usurp our country’s postal rights, and collaborated with foreigners to take advantage of the special rights of officials and foreigners, forcing the Civil Information Bureau to register and accept the leadership of the customs and postal services. , restricted the bureaus from sending mail to ships, and adopted capitalist competition methods, putting most bureaus in a position where they could no longer operate. By 1935, the Civil Information Bureau had been forced to cease operations by the Kuomintang, while there were still more than 100 Overseas Chinese Approval Bureaus until the eve of liberation.

3. Semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service

From the Opium War in 1840 to the eve of the national liberation in 1949, during the more than 100 years of semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal service, my country’s postal service was The rights were all lost, resulting in a chaotic situation in which the Post Office, Civil Information Bureau, Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau, Guest Post, Customs Post, Qing Post, etc. coexisted one after another.

(1) "Guest Mail"

p>

Since the closed door of China’s feudal dynasty was opened by capitalist invaders in 1840, China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First, the British opened British post offices on Chinese territory at will, followed by France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also opened their own post offices on Chinese territory. The Qing government removed these foreign countries that had plundered China's postal rights. The post office is euphemistically called "guest mail". These so-called "passenger mails" can be found almost all over the country, from the coast to the inland to remote areas such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. The purpose of the imperialist powers establishing "guest mail" in China is not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve the purpose of political, military, economic, cultural and other aggression against our country. Some countries also use "passenger mail" to traffic in large quantities of opium, morphine and other drugs to evade taxes. "Rongyou" is actually a place to plunder our country's wealth and poison our people. It was not until the Nine-Nation Pacific Conference and the Arms Limitation Conference held in the United States in 1921 that the "Passenger Mail Case in China" was revoked. However, Japan's "Passenger Mail" in Northeast China and the British's "Passenger Mail" in Tibet were not withdrawn. India became independent. Later, it inherited the British "Rong Post" in Tibet and it was not handed over to our country until April 1, 1954.

Beacon Tower. It is one of the most important components of the Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon towers, a tool for transmitting information, have been around for a long time. When the Great Wall was first built, it was well utilized and gradually improved, becoming the best way to convey military information in ancient times. The method of transmission is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night. Because the sun is strong during the day, the fire is difficult to see, but the fire can be seen from a long distance at night. This is a very scientific and rapid method of transmitting information. In order to report the number of incoming enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire was used to distinguish them. In the Ming Dynasty, the sound of cannons was added to the smoke and fires to enhance the alarm effect and spread military information thousands of miles in an instant. In ancient times, when there were no telephones or radio communications, this method of transmitting military information could be said to be very fast. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. The most important thing is to arrange it in a dangerous place on the mountain or in a winding place, and the three towers must be visible to each other for easy sighting and communication. In the Han Dynasty, the beacon tower was called a pavilion, a pavilion tunnel, a beacon, etc. In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Yandun. In addition to conveying military information, it also protected the safety of envoys coming and going, provided food and accommodation, and supplied horses with food and other services. There are also some sections of the Great Wall where only beacon towers and pavilions are built without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the defense system of the Great Wall.

Information technology, the past two or three decades has been the fastest developing stage of science and technology in history. Various high and new technologies have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. The most prominent one is information technology, which has become a contemporary new technology. The most active area of ??the revolution.

Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech consisting of computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology. It is the foundation and core of all high-tech. Its development is based on the advancement of electronic technology, especially microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high and new technologies, and the development of other high and new technologies in turn promotes the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies act on energy and matter, while information technology changes people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The widespread application of information technology will fully tap human intellectual resources, and will play a catalytic and multiplier role in the effectiveness of various production factors, including energy and material resources.

Since there is no unified and recognized definition of information so far, it is impossible to have a unified and recognized definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum of all means for human beings to develop and utilize information resources.

Information technology includes not only technologies related to the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, but also the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. technology. It can be seen that as information technology in a general sense, its history is almost as old as information, because as long as information is available, it must be made to work. Information that cannot play a role is meaningless. And various technologies that make information work are not only available in modern times, but also in ancient times, and even in ancient times. As far as the transmission of information is concerned, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was carried out with gestures; in ancient times, it was carried out with beacon towers and inns; and in modern times, it was carried out with telephones, telegraphs, televisions, faxes, microwaves and communication satellites. Although the functions and efficiencies of the three eras are not the same, their purpose is the same, which is to transmit information as accurately and quickly as possible. This is true for information transmission technology, and it is also true for other components of information technology. Although the prototype of information technology has existed for a long time, it has only been in the past few decades that people have taken it seriously as a technology and systematically researched, developed and utilized it. The development status of information technology is almost the same as that of information. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used in the military. Since the early 1960s, computer technology has been gradually used for information processing. After the 1970s, especially in the 1990s, the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology made information processing technology seem to have powerful wings and enter a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a certain sense, a history of human civilization is a history of the development of information technology.