What is the management mode of the unit?

Question 1: What is the operation mode of the enterprise? What are there? Mode of operation refers to the ways and methods adopted by enterprises in their business activities, such as mining, manufacturing, wholesale, retail, consulting, leasing and agency. The management mode is the expression of the relationship between the owner and the operator.

For example, enterprises owned by the whole people in China were directly operated by the state before the system reform, and the ownership and management rights were integrated, so they were called state-owned enterprises; After the system reform, enterprises operate independently, and ownership and management rights are separated, so they are called state-owned enterprises.

Management mode is the concrete form of economic unit management. Such as perennial operation or seasonal operation, fixed operation or mobile operation.

Types of business methods

1. Produced and sold. Refers to the sale of products produced by private enterprises. This mode of operation of enterprises is generally small, mostly for some craftsmen, such as shoe stores, clothing stores and so on. Most of them are front shops and back factories, producing and selling.

2. Trading on a commission basis. It refers to a commercial activity in the form of contract, which is entrusted by people to buy and sell on their behalf. This mode of operation is more flexible and its business scope is wider. Most of them are agricultural and sideline products, which need a certain business site, and operators charge a certain handling fee from them. Operators who purchase and sell on a commission basis should have credibility. Processing with supplied materials, processing with samples and assembling with supplied parts. Processing with supplied materials is to change the shapes, properties, surface conditions and uses of raw materials and semi-finished products and process them into products as required; Sample processing refers to processing according to the requirements of the order and the design requirements of the drawings and orders, and supplying products to the ordering party after molding; Assembly with supplied materials is to assemble the parts provided by the other party into products according to the requirements of the contract. No matter what kind of business model, enterprises must sign contracts to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties.

3. wholesale. In commercial activities, goods are sold in batches, and their prices are not lower than those of retail goods. Sales targets are commodity operators and retailers, and they are not directly sold to final consumers. Wholesale goods need certain storage equipment, storage and transportation conditions and more funds.

4. Retail. Refers to the bulk purchase of goods, sporadic sales, sales target for the final consumer maintenance industry. Repair damaged ships, facilities and articles to their original state or achieve their original functional purposes.

5. Transportation industry. It is divided into passenger transport and freight transport, and it is also divided into non-motor vehicle transport or motor vehicle transport, ship transport, railway, road transport and water transport due to different modes of transport. Private enterprises do not operate railway transportation.

6. Advisory services. Consulting service is a rising industry in recent years. Private enterprises use their own scientific and technological knowledge in a certain field to provide services, experience, materials, data and design for customers, so that customers can gain knowledge and benefits in consultation.

Classification of management modes

Strictly speaking, there is no so-called company, only individuals operate independently, in partnership, limited liability companies, and LLC (a relatively new form, called "joint stock limited liability company"). )

Question 2: What is the operation mode? Mode of operation refers to the ways and methods adopted by enterprises in their business activities, such as mining, manufacturing, wholesale, retail, consulting, leasing and agency. The management mode is the expression of the relationship between the owner and the operator. For example, enterprises owned by the whole people in China were directly operated by the state before the system reform, and the ownership and management rights were integrated, so they were called state-owned enterprises; After the system reform, enterprises operate independently, and ownership and management rights are separated, so they are called state-owned enterprises. Management mode is the concrete form of economic unit management. Such as perennial operation or seasonal operation, fixed operation or mobile operation. Operation type: 1. Self-produced and sold. Refers to the sale of products produced by private enterprises. This mode of operation of enterprises is generally small, mostly for some craftsmen, such as shoe stores, clothing stores and so on. Most of them are front shops and back factories, producing and selling. 2. Trading on a commission basis. It refers to a commercial activity in the form of contract, which is entrusted by people to buy and sell on their behalf. This mode of operation is more flexible and its business scope is wider. Most of them are agricultural and sideline products, which need a certain business site, and operators charge a certain handling fee from them. Operators who purchase and sell on a commission basis should have credibility. Processing with supplied materials, processing with samples and assembling with supplied parts. Processing with supplied materials is to change the shapes, properties, surface conditions and uses of raw materials and semi-finished products and process them into products as required; Sample processing refers to processing according to the requirements of the order and the design requirements of the drawings and orders, and supplying products to the ordering party after molding; Assembly with supplied materials is to assemble the parts provided by the other party into products according to the requirements of the contract. No matter what kind of business model, enterprises must sign contracts to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties. 3. wholesale. In commercial activities, goods are sold in batches, and their prices are not lower than those of retail goods. Sales targets are commodity operators and retailers, and they are not directly sold to final consumers. Wholesale goods need certain storage equipment, storage and transportation conditions and more funds. 4. Retail. Refers to the bulk purchase of goods, sporadic sales, sales target for the final consumer maintenance industry. Repair damaged ships, facilities and articles to their original state or achieve their original functional purposes. 5. Transportation industry. It is divided into passenger transport and freight transport, and it is also divided into non-motor vehicle transport or motor vehicle transport, ship transport, railway, road transport and water transport due to different modes of transport. Private enterprises do not operate railway transportation. 6. Advisory services. Consulting service is a rising industry in recent years. Private enterprises use their own scientific and technological knowledge in a certain field to provide services, experience, materials, data and design for customers, so that customers can gain knowledge and benefits in consultation. Strictly speaking, there is no so-called company, only individuals operate independently, in partnership, limited liability companies, and LLC (a relatively new form, called joint-stock limited liability company). ) Individuals operate independently Some people feel that their names are not suitable for doing business. Although they can't say why, they print business cards and brochures with their company names. There is nothing wrong with this method, which is adopted by many companies. But you must go to the local * * * department to register this name, because after that, you will no longer do business as an individual. You want to do company business. This form is quite common, especially in some very small enterprises. Under the mode of individual independent operation, employees can be hired, but they must obey the management regulations of * * * *; You can borrow money, but as an individual, you have to pay taxes. Thirdly, under the mode of individual independent operation, everyone has to pay personal income tax. Individual independent management mode is suitable for those who are willing to make others feel more like a company. Very ideal. But with some employees, the situation becomes complicated. If a company is owned by two or more groups, then the company can adopt the form of partnership. There are two kinds of partnership: one is a common generalized partnership, and partners should actively participate in their joint ownership and operation of the company. The other is partnership in a narrow sense. There is a kind of partner in a broad sense, who is responsible for the daily management of the company and also for the financial work of the company. There are also one or more narrow partners who do not participate in the daily operation of the company and their obligations are limited to investing a certain amount of money. Editor: Chen Jinkang

Question 3: What is "economic nature and operation mode"? Economic nature refers to the relations of production within this economic component. For example, enterprises are divided into: unincorporated enterprises as legal persons, limited liability companies, joint-stock limited liability companies, individual industrial and commercial households, private enterprises and private partnerships, which are of an economic nature;

The mode of operation refers to the ways and methods of self-production, self-sale, purchase and sale, wholesale, retail, transportation and consulting services adopted by enterprises in their business activities.

Question 4: What is the operation mode of public institutions? All kinds of intangible assets of public institutions should be amortized reasonably. Institutions that do not implement internal cost accounting, when amortizing intangible assets purchased and developed by themselves, should credit the business expenditure account at one time, debit the business expenditure account and credit the intangible assets account. For institutions that implement internal cost accounting, their intangible assets should be amortized by stages during the benefit period, and the "operating expenses" account should be debited and credited to the "intangible assets" account when amortized. Institutions refer to the implementation of the previous annual budget, and calculate and prepare the income budget according to the factors and measures for the increase and decrease of the annual income in the budget; According to the needs of career development and financial possibility, calculate and prepare the expenditure budget; The budget should be self-balanced, and no deficit budget should be prepared; According to the annual business plan, the number of budget proposals is put forward, which is reviewed and summarized by the competent department and reported to the financial department for approval; According to the number of pre-control issued by the financial department, the competent department shall prepare the budget and report it to the financial department for approval before implementation; In the process of implementation, the state generally does not adjust the financial subsidy income and the extra-budgetary funds allocated from the financial special account, but when the business plan issued by the superior has been greatly adjusted, or the increase or decrease of the expenditure budget according to the relevant national policies has a great impact, the institution can report to the competent department or the financial department to adjust the budget; If the non-financial subsidy income needs to increase or decrease at a high speed, it shall be adjusted by the institution itself and reported to the competent department and the financial department for the record. Adjust the income budget and increase or decrease the expenditure budget accordingly.

Question 5: How to fill in the management mode of construction enterprises? The management modes of construction enterprises include: self-management, contracting, commercialization and joint command mode.

1, self-operated mode.

This method refers to the management mode that the construction project is organized and completed by the owners themselves. Including the planning, design entrustment, site selection, land acquisition and construction organization of construction projects, are all completed by the owners themselves. The advantages of this method are: it is conducive to the centralized and unified management of the whole process of the project by the owner, and can mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of the owner to complete the project tasks. The disadvantages are unstable organization, weak technical force, low management level and poor economic benefits.

2, the way of contracting.

This mode refers to the management mode that the owner (the construction unit is called Party A) contracts the construction project to the construction contracting enterprise (called Party B), and the contracting enterprise completes the task of the construction builder on time with good quality and quantity. It is a widely used management mode in China at present. In economic relations, contracting enterprises are directly responsible to the owners, and the owners are responsible to the state or the board of directors. In order to clarify the economic relationship between the two parties, the owner and the contracting enterprise sign contracts or agreements, distinguish responsibilities, work together, restrict and promote each other, and jointly ensure the smooth completion of the task. Once the project contract is signed, it has legal effect, and both parties must strictly implement the terms of the contract.

Due to the differences between enterprises' own and external conditions, this contracted management mode can be divided into the following specific management modes:

(1) General contracting and subcontracting methods. This way means that a construction contracting enterprise, as the general contractor, directly signs a project contract with the owner, and then subcontracts part of the project to a second contracting enterprise according to the conditions of enterprise gestation and external environment, so as to clarify the economic responsibilities of both parties through subcontracting. The subcontractor shall be responsible to the general contractor, who shall be fully responsible to the owner.

(2) Joint contracting. This way means that two or more construction contracting enterprises sign contracts with the owners to jointly complete the construction tasks, and share profits and risks according to their respective capital investment, manpower share or nature.

(3) Design and construction combination and contract mode. This way is that the design institute and the construction enterprise jointly contract, and * * * is responsible for completing the design and construction tasks of the project. Because the integration of design and construction can reduce the signing and change of intermediate contracts, advance the commencement date, speed up the progress of the project, and has good economic benefits, it is more and more used in China, and the construction enterprises in the United States and Japan are also adopting this operation mode.

3. Commercialization.

This mode, also known as turnkey mode, belongs to development mode and integrated operation mode. Although the names are different, they all mean that the regional construction committee or the competent department will contract the construction project to a construction enterprise (such as a development company), and the construction enterprise will be responsible for all the construction work, including planning, design, construction and turnkey for users to use, and implement integrated management. This method is widely used in civil construction. Its advantages are enhancing the sense of self-reliance and responsibility of construction enterprises, reducing the burden of owners, reducing the contradictions between units, saving manpower and material resources, helping to speed up construction and improve economic benefits.

4. Joint command mode.

This method is generally used in some large and complex industrial construction projects. Project department, construction unit, design unit, construction and installation enterprise, etc. * * * Send someone to form a joint (on-site) headquarters to be fully responsible for the construction tasks of this project.

Question 6: What are the different hotel management methods and their characteristics?

Hotel management mode refers to the way that hotels organize and integrate various resources involved in daily operations, thus creating value for hotel owners. Among them, resource is a broad concept, which not only refers to the hotel's internal resources, such as operating resources, internal logistics resources, marketing resources, etc., but also refers to the hotel's external resources, such as social resources and public resources. Hotel management mode is an abstraction of hotel management system, management mode and management characteristics. Generally speaking, there are five basic hotel management methods:

1. Hotel owners manage their own hotels.

Hotel owners operate hotels alone, with the largest scale from * * *. Because there is no need to pay management fees to hotel management companies, if hotel owners can effectively carry out marketing and management, they can get the greatest economic benefits. In order to benefit from this business model, hotel owners must have management skills and strong business background, because under this business model, they can't get the help of joint management system, chain sales system, reservation system and management system under other business models. At the same time, without the support of chain sales system, franchise system or well-known hotel management companies, hotels are usually difficult to obtain financing from banks or other financial institutions. However, if the owner has rich hotel management experience, the hotel has its own characteristics and a large number of regular customers, the owner can consider this business model.

2. Hotel owners operate independently and join the chain sales system.

By joining the chain sales system like "Best Western", hotel owners can use the reservation system of the joint venture company and use the joint venture and sales network composed of all member hotels to buy equipment, supplies and insurance at lower prices. At the same time, if hotel owners do not rely on hotel management companies to operate, they can maintain the hotel's characteristics and personality, as well as a big management. However, hotel owners need to pay membership fees and chain sales system fees to chain sales associates. Membership fees generally account for 2%-3% of the total operating income of hotel rooms. The expenses of the chain sales system include marketing and advertising fees, booking fees, accounting, procurement and training. The chain sales system fees paid by member hotels usually account for 0.5%-2.3% of the total operating income of rooms.

Therefore, the hotel owner should analyze whether the increase in operating income after the hotel joins the chain sales system can offset these expenses. For chain sales associates, accepting member hotels can expand the chain sales network and increase the chain sales management fee income without increasing too much investment. However, it is difficult for chain sales associates to unify the quality standards and control the service quality of member hotels. Therefore, whether the joint venture company can strictly select member hotels, consistently adhere to quality standards and provide quality services for member hotels is the key to the success of the joint venture company and the key factor that hotel owners need to consider when choosing chain sales system.

3. Hotel owners manage themselves and join the franchise agreement.

When signing a franchise agreement with franchisees, hotel owners can not only get various services provided by chain sales associates, but also get the following benefits: first, in the hotel development stage, hotel owners wait for franchisees' help in hotel site selection, feasibility study, architectural design, restaurant design, fund raising and so on; Secondly, in the preparatory stage of hotel opening, hotel owners can get the guidance of franchisees, provide management manuals and operation manuals to their bosses, and send personnel to the hotel for on-the-spot investigation to help the hotel open; Third, in the hotel operation stage, hotel owners can get long-term training, extensive consultation and technical services (extra charge) from franchisees.

Franchisees have high standardization requirements for the physical equipment of each hotel and strict management control for each hotel. Hotel owners who lack hotel management skills and experience are often willing to accept the relevant regulations of franchisees. Hotel owners with strong hotel management ability often think that the standardization requirements of franchisees will have a negative impact on hotel management. Hotel owners must weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the franchise model, analyze the strength of the franchise company, judge whether the increase in hotel operating income is enough to pay the franchise fee, and learn in detail what conditions the lenders of the franchise system will set for the hotel to raise debt funds. The annual joining fee paid by hotel owners, including royalties and advertising, marketing and booking fees, usually accounts for 3%-7% of the total operating income of hotel rooms.

To grant the franchise to the hotel owner, the franchisee can pass ... >>

Question 7: What do you mean by the operation mode of construction companies? The contract mode refers to the economic relationship between the project contractor (usually the tenderer) and the contractor (usually the winning bidder). There are many ways of contracting, which are restricted by the contract content and specific environmental conditions. The main classification is shown in the figure.

(1) According to the scope (content) of the contract.

According to the scope of project contracting, that is, the content of contracting, there are four contracting methods: whole process contracting, stage contracting, special contracting and "build-operate-transfer" contracting.

1. The whole process of construction contracting

The whole construction process contract is also called "general contract" or "general contract", which is usually called "turnkey". By adopting this contracting method, as long as the construction unit generally puts forward the use requirements and completion time limit, the contractor can carry out the whole process and all-round general contracting for project proposal, feasibility study, survey and design, equipment inquiry and purchase, material ordering, engineering construction, production personnel training until completion and production, and be responsible for the overall management, coordination and supervision of all subcontracted tasks. In order to facilitate the connection between construction and production, if necessary, we can also absorb part of the strength of the construction unit and participate in the related work of engineering construction under the unified organization of the contractor. This contracting method requires close cooperation between the contracting parties; Major issues involving decision-making nature should still be decided by the construction unit or its superior competent department. This contracting method is mainly suitable for all kinds of large and medium-sized construction projects. Its advantages are that it can accumulate construction experience, make full use of existing experience, save investment, shorten construction period, ensure construction quality and improve economic benefits. Of course, the contractor is also required to have strong technical and economic strength and rich experience in organization and management. In order to meet this requirement, some large foreign contractors often form an integrated contracting company with survey and design units, or further expand to a number of professional contractors and equipment manufacturers to form a horizontal economic consortium. This is a new trend in the development of construction industry in recent decades. Since the reform and opening up, the general contracting companies of construction projects established by various departments and localities in China belong to this kind of contracting units.

2. Stage contracting

The content of the stage contract is the work of a certain stage or stages in the construction process. Such as feasibility study, survey and design, building installation and construction. In the construction stage, according to the different contents of the contract, it can be divided into three ways:

(1) contractors and materials. That is, all the labor and materials used in the construction of contracted projects. This is a widely used construction contracting method in the world.

(2) Part of the contractor's package. That is, the contractor is only responsible for providing all the labor and some materials needed for construction, and the rest is supplied by the construction unit or the general contractor. Before China's reform and opening-up, the construction unit that has been in practice for many years contracted all artificial and local materials, and the construction unit was responsible for supplying unified distribution and management materials and some special materials, which belonged to this contracting method. After the reform, it gradually transitioned to the mode of contracting labor and materials.

(3) The contractor does not package materials. That is, the contractor only provides labor services and does not undertake any obligation to supply materials. This contracting method exists in construction projects at home and abroad.

3. Special contracting

The content of special contract is a special project in a certain construction stage. Because of its strong professionalism, it is mostly contracted by relevant professional contractors, so it is called professional contracting. For example, the feasibility study, engineering geological survey, water supply source survey, foundation or structural engineering design, process design, power supply system, air conditioning system, and auxiliary research projects in disaster prevention system design, equipment purchase and production technical personnel training in the construction preparation process, foundation construction, metal structure fabrication and installation, ventilation equipment, elevator installation, etc. in the construction stage.

4. Build-operate-transfer contract

BOT mode is commonly known internationally, that is, the abbreviation of build-operate-transfer. This is a new way of contracting with capital in the 1980s. Its procedure is generally led by a large contractor or developer, and the financial department forms a consortium to make suggestions and applications for a project and obtain permission to build and operate the project. These projects are generally large-scale public works and infrastructure, such as tunnels, ports, highways, power plants and so on. * * * If the proposal and application are approved, the concession of the construction and operation project will be awarded to the consortium. The consortium is responsible for all the work of fund raising, engineering design and construction; After the project is completed, it will operate during the franchise period, and recover the investment, repay the loan and make a profit by charging users; After the franchise expires, the project will be handed over to the management of * * * for free. For the country where the project is located, this way can solve the construction problem of * * * ... >>

Question 8: What do you mean by industry category, unit type, economic type and mode of operation? How should I divide it? Please refer to the National Economic Industry Classification and Code (GB&; Wear 47; T4754-2002)

Please refer to the company category code table for company category (non-company type).

For the economic type, please refer to the enterprise registration type and code.

Type of operation: self-production, self-sale, purchasing and selling, wholesale, retail, transportation and consulting services.

There is too much content in the first item, so I suggest you download it online yourself.

Question 9: What are the business operation modes? First of all, according to the position of enterprises in the industrial chain, the enterprise operation modes are classified:

1, production OEM (spindle) business model

The characteristic of this kind of business model enterprises is that enterprises, as suppliers of enterprises in the middle and lower reaches of the industrial chain, generally process products according to customers' orders. In the market, they are sold under the signs of other companies. Enterprises are only responsible for the production of one or more products or parts in a certain industry, but most of them involve product sales and product design.

2, design+sales (dumbbell) business model

This business model is just the opposite of the production OEM business model. Enterprises do not participate in any business in the production field, but are only responsible for design and sales. Enterprises design products and services that customers need in the market, and then look for corresponding production OEM. It requires enterprises to have strong design and sales capabilities and well-known brands. This kind of enterprise is closely related to the market, sensitive to market trends and customer needs, and is the fastest enterprise to respond to the market.

3. Business model of production+sales

Production enterprises that adopt this business model are the most common, and enterprises involve the latter two parts of business process: production and sales. For product design, for some reason, the enterprise did not involve it. In this node of enterprises, the competition between enterprises is fierce. The business structure diagram is shown in Figure 4.

4. Business model of design+production+sales

This is a business model involving many nodes in the industrial chain. Enterprises adopting this business model are characterized by their ability to develop new products. According to the market demand, the enterprise develops the products needed by its own market and transforms the previous products at the same time; In manufacturing, enterprises have certain manufacturing capabilities, and the flexibility of manufacturing equipment is relatively good. The developed new products can be produced by existing equipment, or there are enough funds to build new production lines. Establish your own customer base for your products through your own marketing system.

5. Types of information services

A typical information service enterprise is a consulting company. This kind of enterprise or company does not involve all activities of manufacturing industry, but it is closely related to manufacturing industry to a great extent.

Second, the enterprise operation mode is divided according to the business scope of the enterprise:

1, single business model

Single operation, also known as specialized operation, means that an enterprise only designs, produces or sells in one product field, and its business scope is relatively single. The advantage of this business model is that the market scope faced by enterprises is relatively limited, and they can concentrate resources on competition; The risk is that many competitors may realize the effectiveness of the single-minded business strategy and imitate this model.

2. Diversified business model

Diversified business models can be divided into three basic types: centralized diversification, horizontal diversification and mixed diversification.

Question 10: What are the classifications of business models? Self-produced and sold. Refers to the sale of products produced by private enterprises. This mode of operation of enterprises is generally small, mostly for some craftsmen, such as shoe stores, clothing stores and so on. Most of them are front shops and back factories, producing and selling.

Business on a commission basis. It refers to a commercial activity in the form of contract, which is entrusted by people to buy and sell on their behalf. This mode of operation is more flexible and its business scope is wider. Most of them are agricultural and sideline products, which need a certain business site, and operators charge a certain handling fee from them. Operators who purchase and sell on a commission basis should have credibility.

Processing with supplied materials, processing with samples and assembling with supplied parts. Processing with supplied materials is to change the shapes, properties, surface conditions and uses of raw materials and semi-finished products and process them into products as required; Sample processing refers to processing according to the requirements of the order and the design requirements of the drawings and orders, and supplying products to the ordering party after molding; Assembly with supplied materials is to assemble the parts provided by the other party into products according to the requirements of the contract. No matter what kind of business model, enterprises must sign contracts to clarify the rights and obligations of both parties.

Wholesale. In commercial activities, goods are sold in batches, and their prices are not lower than those of retail goods. Sales targets are commodity operators and retailers, and they are not directly sold to final consumers. Wholesale goods need certain storage equipment, storage and transportation conditions and more funds.

Retail. Refers to the bulk purchase of goods, sporadic sales, sales target for the final consumer maintenance industry. Repair damaged ships, facilities and articles to their original state or achieve their original functional purposes.

Transportation industry. It is divided into passenger transport and freight transport, and it is also divided into non-motor vehicle transport or motor vehicle transport, ship transport, railway, public transport and water transport because of different means of transport. Private enterprises do not operate railway transportation.

Consulting services. Consulting service is a rising industry in recent years. Private enterprises use their own scientific and technological knowledge in a certain field to provide services, experience, materials, data and design for customers, so that customers can gain knowledge and benefits in consultation.