Common sense of literature in Song Dynasty

1. Cultural knowledge 1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.

2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu. 3. Four classic works: A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West.

4. Four folklores: The Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and White Snake. 5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O'Henry.

6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang. 7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is regarded as the originator of Qiu Si.

After ten years' study, Cao Xueqin created Dream of Red Mansions, the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels. After its publication, it was widely circulated, loved by people, and some people studied A Dream of Red Mansions, which has now become an important topic in the study of world literature. 9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is known as a marshal poet. Cang Kejia is regarded as a clay poet, because most of his poems are about rural areas. In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the drummer of the times.

10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum. 1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.

12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings. 13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji. 15, The Book of Songs has six meanings: style, elegance, ode (classification), fu, comparison and xing (expression).

16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels. 17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.

18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. 19, The Four Books and Five Classics are the main classics of Confucianism: The Four Books are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.

20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun. 2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.

22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty. 23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.

24. The eight methods of permanent characters mean that permanent characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift. 25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.

26. Three religions and nine streams: three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Nine streams: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Famous Masters, Mohism, Military Strategist, Miscellaneous Family and Peasant Family. 27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties): ① childbirth examination, also known as childbirth examination, is called childbirth examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called childbirth. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong) in order to take the imperial examination.

(2) After the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examinations were held in the provincial capitals every three years, and the scholars took part. The person who passed the exam is called Jie, and the first person who passed the exam is called Jie. (3) Examination: The Ming and Qing Dynasties held an examination every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Guo Jian students could take the examination, and 300 students were admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one was named as a member.

(4) the palace examination, is the highest level of the imperial examination system, the emperor in the palace, to try to admit Gong Shi, ask yourself, in order to make a first-class merit. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively awarded the titles of Jinshi and Ji, the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place and the third place, collectively called the third-class tripod; A number of dimethyl, given the title of Jinshi origin; A number of the top three, given the title of Jinshi origin.

Second, the most 1 and the earliest collection of poems in China literature is The Book of Songs; 2. The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan; 3. The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; 4. The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; 5. The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty; 6. The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty; 7. The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty; 8. The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty; 9. The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty; 10, the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty; 1 1. The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty. 12, the most famous historical novel in ancient times is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the early Ming Dynasty; 13. The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. 14. The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty. 15. The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty. 16, the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty; 17, the earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius; 18, the earliest recorded history book in ancient times is Zuo Zhuan; 19, the earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records; 20. The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in the Tang Dynasty; 2 1, the greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun; 22. The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun; 23. The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream. 3. Commonly used metonymic words 1, Mulberry: hometown 2, Taoli: student 3, country, Xuanyuan: country 4, Nanguan: prisoner 5, classmate 6, bonfire: war 7, woman 8, bamboo: music 9, man 10. History: Chronicle 13, husband and wife 14, Ding Bai, Buyi people 15, yellow hair: old man 16, mulberry mother: farming 17, support, overlooking: children/kloc.

2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as Liu Han, were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. 3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).

4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as Su Xin; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess). 5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu.

Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu. 6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and created our country.

2. Some literary knowledge about Song Ci, such as writer's style.

Song ci is another literary school after Tang poetry, which is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and wild school.

Representatives of graceful and restrained school: poets in Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, etc. Representatives of the uninhibited school: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc.

Nian Nujiao missed the ancient Red Cliff, and Su Shi was a romantic figure who never returned to the river. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang.

The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.

Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan nylon scarf, talking and laughing, lost in the smoke.

I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, and a bottle returns to the moon.

On March 7th, Su Shi was caught in the rain on Hu Sha Road, with rain gear first. My colleagues are in a mess. I don't know yet, so I pretend nothing. Don't pay attention to the beating rain in the forest. Mei sings a long whistle and walks leisurely.

Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time.

Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny. The butterfly love flower Su Shi's flower withered, and the red apricot was small.

Swallows fly, green water people go around. There are fewer branches blowing willows, but more grass on earth.

The layman in the wall, the beauty in the wall laughs. Laughter dies in silence, but passion is mercilessly annoyed.

Ginger went hunting in Mizhou, and the old lady Su Shi talked about juvenile madness, holding yellow on the left and green on the right. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts.

In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan. I drank wine, my mind was broadened, my courage was more heroic, and my sideburns were slightly white. Why not? When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun.

On the 20th day of the first month of the first year of Mao Yi in Jiangchengzi, Su Shi was born and died for ten years. Never think, never forget.

A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.

When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed.

Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines are expected to break the heart, and the moon and night are short and loose.

Su Shi's ci poetry, the second rhyme of water, looks like a flower and looks like a non-flower, and no one regrets falling behind. Throwing it on the side of the road seems heartless, but it is full of affection.

It was she who was injured, euphemistically confused, trying to open her mouth but closing it tightly. To go with the wind, to find a loved one, but also by the relentless call of the oriole.

I don't hate this kind of flowers falling completely, but I hate the West Garden, which is full of withered flowers. Where are the traces when it rains? A pool of ping is broken.

If the spring scenery is divided into three parts, two of them become dust, and the other part disappears when it falls into the water. In detail, it seems that it is not a small flower, but a drop of tears.

When will Su Shi, the head of Shuidiao Song, have a bright moon? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know the palace in the sky, and I don't know the month and time.

I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance and enjoy the shadow of the moon, which is in the world. The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self.

The moon should not have any resentment against people. Why is it round when people are gone? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away.

Lu You, who is keen, sought for a seal in Wan Li, and guarded Liangzhou with his horse. Now the military life of defending the frontier fortress can only appear in dreams, but I don't know where I am in dreams. Dust covered the old mink fur.

The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. In this life, who knows, my heart is in Tianshan, and I am always in Cangzhou! Hairpin phoenix swims in red crisp hands, yellow wine, and spring willows in the city.

The east wind is evil, and the feelings are thin. A sad mood, a cable that I haven't seen for years.

No! No! No! Spring is the same, people are empty, and tears are red and sad. Peach blossoms fall.

Leisure swimming pool hall. Although Meng Shan is here, it is hard to trust Jin Shu.

Mo! Mo! Mo! On the way to Tasha, Qin Guan lost his tower in the fog, the moon was in the maze, and Taoyuan was nowhere to be found. The lonely pavilion closes the moon in Joan Hinton, and the cuckoo sounds in the setting sun.

Plum blossoms are sent by mail, and fish live long. This hatred has no weight. Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan. Who did he get off in Xiaoxiang for?

Qin Guan, the fairy son of Queqiao, is clever, and the flying stars spread grievances, and both silver and Chinese are dark. On the seventh day of autumn dew and autumn, it is time to meet, mostly those who are together in the world, but the appearance of husband and wife.

Common complaint against acacia, tender feelings like water, meet each other as if it were a dream, when it is hard to see the bridge. As long as two people love us to the end, why covet my Heron?

The rain outside the Liyu curtain in Langtaosha is gurgling, and the spring is fading. Allred-rochow is too cold to stand.

I don't know if I am a dream guest, but I am insatiable in one day. Don't lean against the fence alone, it is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away.

Running water is gone, and spring is gone. When is the autumn moon in Chris Lee, Yu Meiren, and how many people know its past?

The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them.

Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward. When I met Huan, I thanked Chunhong and left in a hurry, but the cold rain came early and the wind rose late.

If you are heavy, you will grow up and hate water. I met Yu without saying a word and went to the west wing alone. The moon was like a hook, and the lonely phoenix tree locked the deep courtyard in the clear autumn.

Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, in order to leave sorrow, the in the mind has a special taste. Yulin Ridge is chilly, Changting is late, and the shower begins to rest.

Farewell outside Kyoto, but not in the mood to drink, reluctant to leave, the people on board have been urging to start. Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it.

Thinking about thinking, thousands of miles of smoke, dusk, chutiankuo. Affectionate since ancient times, parting hurts the body, more comparable to the cold autumn festival! Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon.

This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Even if there are thousands of customs offices in Qian Qian, who should I talk to? It not only absorbed nutrients from the Book of Songs, Songs of the South and the poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, but also provided nutrients for the later dramas and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

To this day, she is still edifying people's sentiments and bringing people high artistic enjoyment. In the early days, Ci was very popular in shops and restaurants, and it was a popular art form. Flower picking in the Five Dynasties clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci, but the theme of Ci in this period was limited to describing women's feelings, singing and drinking, etc., which can be said to be very stingy.

Although artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. Ci in the early Song Dynasty also followed this style from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous rhetoric and delicate emotional description.

For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "Enduring a superficial singing", was unhappy and spent his whole life wandering between karaoke bars and brothels, writing lyrics for geisha. The so-called "where there is well water to drink, you can sing Liu Ci."

Ci was regarded as a vulgar folk art at that time, so that Yan Shu in Song Dynasty refused to admit that he wrote it himself after he became prime minister. There were many prostitutes in Song Dynasty, whose level was rare in other dynasties. Together with the gifted scholars in the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, a new art form, among the people.

However, with the development of Ci in Song Dynasty.

3. What are the common sense of contemporary literary history?

1, pre-Qin literature Pre-Qin literature has two sources, realism and romanticism.

The Book of Songs is divided into 300 poems about elegance, which reflects the reality. (1) Remember Fu Bixing's techniques, the famous poems "Storytelling" and "Cutting Tan"? Romanticism is Chu Ci, and Li Sao was written by Qu Yuan.

There are two schools of prose in the pre-Qin period, so we should remember all the "philosophers" and history books. Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism belong to hundred schools of thought, and each has its own works handed down from generation to generation; The Confucian Analects of Mencius, Mohist Mozi can be seen; Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism are masterpieces of legalist Han Fei.

There are two types of historical prose, namely "country" and "chronology". The former is Mandarin and Warring States Policy, and the latter is Chunqiu and Zuozhuan. 2. Literature in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and poetry in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties achieved relatively high achievements; "Yuefu Shuangbi" is praised by people, and Jian 'an literature promotes "Three Caos". The ancestor of pastoral is Tao Qian, and the legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" can be seen in moral integrity.

Historical Records is the first biographical style, which is called "Li Sao has no rhyme"; Ban Gu inherited Sima Yi (4) and the chronological innovation of Hanshu; Jia's essay "On Qin" is full of momentum; "Be a Teacher" is famous for later generations, and "Peach Blossom Garden" is enjoyable. Ci and Fu are prevalent, and Zhang Heng's The Second Beijing seems to be near misses.

Literary criticism is also on the rise, and Wen Xin Diao Long is really superb. Parallel prose pursues formal beauty, and the novel is still rough at first.

3. The literature of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" were extraordinary; Wang Yang and Luo Lu wrote metrical poems and memorized all the metrical poems and quatrains. The romantic poet pushed Li Bai and sang "Difficult Road to Shu" all the way.

Realism is Du Fu, while Three Officials and Three Partings are unusual. Lotte advocates new Yuefu, and Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are all famous.

Pastoral school has Wang Meng, Gao and Cen sing frontier poems. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He "negotiated" with Duo and Jia Dao and passed them down from generation to generation.

The rise of "Little Du Li" in the late Tang Dynasty ⑤; Since then, it has settled like dust. Liu Han's ancient prose is innovative, and Epang Palace Fu has been sung for thousands of years.

The legend of the Tang Dynasty has matured, and the representative work is Liu Yichuan. 4. Song Dynasty Literature Song Dynasty literature words are vast, divided into graceful and unconstrained.

Liu Guan and Li Qingzhao are romantic and affectionate. Su Shi first opened the bold school, and the River of No Return was full of high spirits. Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet, is in high spirits.

Su San, Wang Zeng and Ouyang Xiu inherited Liu Han's writing. Although Gong Fan's works are few, the story of Yueyang Tower shines brilliantly. Lu Fangweng, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, still misses the idea of returning home in Shizi. Who hasn't died since ancient times? Future generations cherish the memory of Wen Tianxiang.

General History Chronicle I, Zi Tongzhi Jane, Sima Guang. Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian's pen talk, is very famous.

5. There are three kinds of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty: Yuan, Ming and Qing, with different poems and collections. Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing as the first; Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages, and the characters are the most vivid. The other three are Zheng Mabai, and The West Chamber has a good reputation.

There were many excellent plays in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Peach Blossom Fan and Peony Pavilion are all chapters, and Four Great Classical Novels is the peak. "The Scholars" can't forget the popularity of "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio", which has a short story style. Sanyan was edited by Feng Menglong.

Fang Bao started Yao Nai, and his prose genre is called Tongcheng School. Gong Zizhen, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, advised God.

Note: ① There are 305 articles in The Book of Songs, and "300" is an integer. (2) Peacocks flying southeast and Mulan poems (3) refer to Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.

④ Sima Qian ⑤ refers to Li Shangyin and Du Mu. ⑥ refers to Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu.

Common sense of foreign literature 1. England: Shakespeare's four tragedies (Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear); Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontexq; Wuthering Heights by emily bronte and Tess of the D 'Urbervilles by Hardy; Dickens' david copperfield and Old Antique Shop; Defoe's Robinson Crusoe; Shelley's ode to the west wind Byron's Don Juan II. France: Moliere's hypocrite, miser Balzac's Eugenie Grandet, Lao Gaoman, Aunt Bay, Uncle Bunce, etc. (More than 90 novels are collectively called "Human Comedy"); Red and black in Stendhal; Madame Bovary by Flaubert; Zola's small hotel; Boule de suif of Mo Bosang, Necklace and bel ami Hugo Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, 93; Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo and three musketeers; Dumas La Traviata; Dude's "The Last Lesson" and "Around Berlin"; John cleese Dover of romain rolland. 3. Russia and the former Soviet Union: Pushkin's Ode to Freedom and To Cha Daieff and yevgeny onegin; Lermontov's contemporary hero; Turgenev's Hunter's Notes, Luo Ting, Noble House and Eve; Dostoevsky's Bullied and Insulted, Crime and Punishment, * *, White Night; Herzen's whose sin; Aubrey Love of Goncharov; Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm; Chekhov's Death of a Little Civil Servant, The Chameleon, The Man in the Condom, The Sixth Ward and cherry orchard (scripts); Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's dead soul and an imperial envoy (script); Lev tolstoy's War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection; Gorky's autobiographical trilogy (Childhood, On Earth, My University) and Mother; A Tolstoy trilogy "The Course of Suffering" (two sisters, 19 18, dark morning); Ostrovsky's How Steel was Tempered, sholokhov's Quiet Don River, a virgin land for reclamation; Serafimovic's Liu Tie; Furmanov's Day and Night; Fadeev's "Destruction" and "Young Guards"; Makarenko's educational poems; Mayakovski and Lenin (Poetry).

4. Germany: Goethe's Faust (poetic drama) and Young Werther; Schiller's plot and love; Heine's "Germany, a winter fairy tale" (poem), the song of Silesia Weaver Girl (poem); Grimm's fairy tale Cinderella. 5. America: Whitman's Leaves of Grass (poetry anthology); O Henry's Police and Hymns, The Last Leaf, The Gift of McHess; Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; Martin Eden of Jack London; Hemingway's old man and the sea.

6. Other countries; Ibsen's A Doll's House in Norway (script.

4. Common sense of culture and literature in Tang and Song Dynasties

1, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo

2. Wang Changling, Cen Can and Cui Hao

3. Chen Hong's Song of Eternal Sorrow, Zhen Wu's Biography of Yingying, Li's Biography of Liu Yi and Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa.

4. "Drunk"

5, Wu Dai when the wind, slimming.

6. Liu Zhiji

7. Poetry and lyrics

8. Tones have a fixed frame, sentences have fixed numbers, and words have fixed sounds; Alto, long tone; Elegant words, bold words

9. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan

1, the language is not amazing.

2. Natural sculpture

3. A pair of tearful eyes

You can get it by accident.

5. The sea clouds sparkle like palaces.

6. According to the ancients this month.

7. They crossed the Mirror Lake on the moon all night. The moon illuminates my shadow.

8. Lu You (word Wu Guan, number Shi Weng to show his children), Wen Tianxiang (word Wenshan, crossing Lingdingyang), Xin Qiji (word You 'an, alias Jia Xuan, Shui Long Yin Deng Jiankang Banquet Pavilion), Yue Fei (word,).

9. I often think of the sunset in Xiting and don't know how to get home. Always had a good time, but lost to the swimming pool deep in Zhu Feng. How to row a boat out, accidentally, but scared a group of Oulu.