What kind of people are slaves in slave society?

I. Slavery Empire in Qin, Han and Jin Dynasties

Wu Rong once said about slavery in Qin and Han Dynasties: "In the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, because the village community system had not yet disintegrated, the main undertakers of agricultural labor were village community members, and slaves probably only played a secondary role. In the Warring States period, with the great social changes, the village community disintegrated, the polarization between the rich and the poor intensified, the patriarchal aristocrats who had been dominant for a long time declined, and emerging wealthy businessmen, craftsmen and a large number of independent small farmers appeared. Great changes have taken place in the social structure. The rich use slaves for material production, while the poor become slaves because of bankruptcy. Since then, slavery has also been further developed. " The cuneiform contract of the early slave city-states in the Shulupak era (2600-2400 BC) showed that land and real estate could be bought and sold, but no documents of slave trading were found. It can be seen that during the establishment of the civilized city-state in West Asia, public and private households rarely used slaves for agricultural production. Prisoners of war are often executed instead of being used as slaves. Subsequently, from the city-state period of laroche (2300-2200) to the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian empires (330 BC), slave production system and small-scale peasant economy coexisted.

"In recent decades, due to the excavation of Qin bamboo slips, everyone has a lot of new understanding of slavery in Qin. For example, there were a lot of slaves at that time, not just remnants, as some people say. According to Qin bamboo slips, there are different numbers of male and female servants in the homes of ordinary people, literati, soldiers and even officials and rich people. Moreover, male and female servants are not only engaged in housework. It is clearly stated in the brochure that some male and female servants who want to engage in "farming" and are arrogant and disobedient will be punished by state laws. There are also many slaves in the government, and some slaves, like private servants and concubines, want to engage in agricultural labor. Under the above circumstances, Qin not only had many slaves, but also a considerable number of slaves served in the fields. Since the Western Han Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty, there has been great economic continuity with the Qin Dynasty, so slave labor is also widely used in agriculture, and there are more relevant historical materials than the Qin Dynasty. " Biography of Historical Records of Ji Bu said that "Shi Tian asked his slaves", which is an important evidence of the use of slaves in agriculture in the early Western Han Dynasty. In fact, this phenomenon was very common at that time, especially the bamboo slips of the Han tomb in Fenghuangshan, Jiangling, Hubei Province around 1975, which provided some convincing materials in this regard. For example, the bamboo slips unearthed from tombs No.8, No.9 and 168 contain a list of handmaiden, and some of them are marked:' Four men and four women are plowing' or' Four men and four women are plowing',' Four men and four women are big slaves',' One slave leads a donkey' and so on. Some bamboo slips also indicate the specific duties of handmaiden, such as serving, raising, worshiping, royal, cattle servant, horse servant, farmland and so on. Of course, Tian refers to farming, that is,' Tian Shi' mentioned in Biography of Ji Bu. Handmaiden engaged in Yutian has a finer division of labor. ..... These farm slaves in bamboo slips show that they are a group of full-time farm slaves, different from waiters and royal servants. Although there was a tradition of men plowing and women weaving in ancient times, there were also female slaves who were driven out of the fields in the Western Han Dynasty, which was only a previously unknown fact, because it was never mentioned in the literature. Although female slaves are also used for farming like male slaves, it seems that there is still a division of labor between men and women. For example, male slaves are generally' licking' and have hoes, which are relatively rare. And female slaves are hoes. The number of handmaids produced by various families recorded in bamboo slips of Fenghuang Mountain is not much. This has a lot to do with some characteristics of social economy at that time. Because the number of slaves owned by each family is mainly determined by the amount of land occupied. Since the Warring States period, although land has gradually become a commodity that can be bought and sold, it is not common. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty should attach importance to land annexation. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, land annexation was more serious than during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the late Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Yu had more than 400 hectares of farmland. At the same time, the subaltern Yin Zifang has more than 700 hectares of land. Fan Zhong is also a civilian. He cultivated more than 300 hectares of farmland. From Wang Mang's "Wang Tian" to Liu Xiu's "Du Tian", it is of no help to curb land merger, which also shows that the continuous development of land concentration is the embodiment of objective economic laws. There are not many records about agricultural slaves in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the situation should be the same as that in the Western Han Dynasty. Here, we can give the following examples. "The history of five ethics said five ethics," don't return to the field, cultivate one's morality. "History of the East View of Han Dynasty" said: "Lun dismissed from office and returned to the field, bowing his head as a slave, making thorns and planting wheat. Taste salt with slaves and sell it in Taiyuan in the north. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, people used a lot of slave labor and farming, which can also be seen in the physical materials unearthed underground. For example, pottery figurines with corpses and hoes are often unearthed in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Sichuan. Agricultural production in the Eastern Han Dynasty is characterized by large-scale diversified management. As the land becomes more concentrated, the number of slaves on the land will increase simultaneously. For example, in Fan Chong, there were more than 300 hectares of land at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and the people who cultivated these fields were naturally slaves:' Class service is compatible with the transfer of officials, and the financial benefits are several times higher'. Especially since the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the further development of private rights, the phenomenon of living in houses with fields is increasing day by day, so handmaiden is also an integral part of family property like Tian. In Zhang Ying's Hannan Story, it is believed that "(Ming Di's consort) rose to the first place, and the garden, handmaiden, and money were equally divided with (brother) and (female) Dan. "In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the historical materials about the juxtaposition of land and handmaiden also included 1974 a quick tablet in Pixian County, Sichuan Province:' (Handmaiden) five people, straight (value) 200,000 (money); A cow is as straight as fifteen thousand. "Wang Centian [several hectares], straight [number] fifteen thousand, slave field, slave sheng, slave priests, slave white, slave rats, five people [straight two hundred thousand money]. Zhang is 30 mu, and the quality is 30,000 mu. Slave gift, servant intention, servant most, slave obedience, servant camp, slave tune, slave profit, and [seven people, straight 208 thousand (money)]' ""The more specific material describing the slave trade in Qin Dynasty is the Japanese document published in Yunmeng Qin Tomb:' Jiri can buy people, horses and millet. When the sun is off, you can separate the pool and add ministers, horses, cows and other animals. "When you leave Japan, you can't marry a woman or wife, nor can you enter (buy) people or animals. Don't go in and out (buy and sell) male servants and horses in the afternoon, that's called death'; Don't use Shen (time) to enter and leave male and female servants, horses and cattle, and goods. People mentioned in Japanese books refer to slaves. "Male and female servants" is the most commonly used title for slaves in the pre-Qin period. According to the Han bamboo slips in Juyan, in the Western Han Dynasty, a small slave was worth 15,000 yuan and a big maid was worth 20,000 yuan. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Bao's Tongyue said that a slave was worth fifteen thousand yuan. A custom boy and a male slave in the early Eastern Han Dynasty were worth 20,000 yuan. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the price of handmaiden recorded on the ruins of Pixian County was 40,000 yuan per person, which was higher than that from the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Although slave labor accounted for a large proportion in agriculture in Qin and Han dynasties, there were also other laborers with different identities. If there are many small farmers, there are also some poor people who have no land and make a living by selling labor or renting land. From the perspective of world history, the employment system has existed for a long time in the pre-capitalist society of many countries. In the stage of slavery, it was a supplement to slave labor and coexisted with slave labor for a long time. "In the slave society in the two river basins, the employment system also coexists with slavery.

Fan Wenlan narrated: "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought abroad, but his wealth was insufficient, so he needed more slaves to attack and exploit. He encouraged landlords without city registration to give their handmaiden, and gave them lifelong treatment according to the number of slaves they gave, such as exempting corvee or becoming an official. 1 1 1 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty confiscated the merchants' houses, money and handmaiden on a large scale, and obtained tens of millions of money and thousands of handmaiden, covering hundreds of hectares of Tianda County. Some of the confiscated handmaiden were left to farm in the local official fields, and some were given to the emperor's garden to raise dogs, horses and animals, and were given to officials of Shuiheng, Shaofu, Taifu (raising horses, mules and camels) and Dasinong for use. There must have been a large number of handmaiden at that time, and most of them took part in the production. Gong Yu, Emperor of the Han and Yuan Dynasties, said that there were more than 100,000 government officials, and good people rented them out to support them, with 500,000 to 600,000 a year. The feudal emperor was also a big slave owner, with hundreds of handmaiden. The emperor occupied a lot of vacant land in public areas and rivers, and it was far from being able to develop these areas by using slaves. Sometimes, the poor are allowed to cultivate seeds in the form of' false (borrowed)' as tenants of the emperor. The emperor is the chief leader of landlords, big businessmen, usurers and slave owners. Nobles who own fiefs also have two kinds of income: public and private. Public expenses are the expenses of collecting land rent and household tax (per household per year 1200 yuan) for the emperors of the last dynasty and offering sacrifices to their ancestors. Private support is the possession of land, handmaiden and the collection of garden pool business tax for the private use of nobles. Unrestricted possession of land and handmaiden showed its seriousness in the late Western Han Dynasty, forcing some senior officials who felt dangerous to ask the court to restrict land and handmaiden. In the first seven years, Prime Minister Kong Guang invited kings, princes, princesses, officials and people to cover an area of no more than 30 hectares. Possession of handmaiden: 200 kings, 100 princes and princesses, 30 customs officials and civilians. Kong Guang's idea of a little restriction can't be implemented.

During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, the system of handmaiden was still the same as that in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which was called private ownership, black households or private attachment, and serfs were called black households. "There was chaos in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the population loss was extremely serious. The main reason is death, followed by fleeting time and hiding, and powerful men occupying household registration, threatening the poor and weak households to be private. Emperor Wu of Jin customized official handmaiden and wasteland handmaiden as a pair, one for every 100 people. At the same time as the land restriction system, the system of shady tenants and shady customers (slaves-like servants) was promulgated. The shadow tenant system stipulates that one product and two products shall not exceed fifty households. Ten households have three products, seven households have four products, five households have five products, three households have six products, two households have seven products and one household has eight products and nine products. Due to the provisions of the food and clothing system, there are three people with six or more products, two people with seven or eight products, and one official with nine products without products. During the reign of Emperor Jinhui, Shi Chong was the secretariat of Jingzhou, with more than 30 areas of water and land and more than 800 slaves. Gentry women are equally decadent. They use maids and servants and do nothing by themselves. Some fiercely kill handmaids and concubines, and no one thinks it shouldn't be. Wang Zhao Xerox was released as a servant after being a slave in Shi Huan's house, but he was captured by the rebels. " "One of the privileges of the gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is' private account, thinking that it is private', and the mountain is the peach making order. On the 80 th day of the county, I found that there were thousands of people attached privately. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Liangchen, there was a so-called tax assessment, in which handmaiden, horse, farm house and paper were bought and sold, and 400 yuan was taxed every 10,000 yuan. ..... People are forced to cut off their hands and feet, escape from heavy labor, or rely on cremation to attach themselves, which is called genus name. In the Southern Dynasties, there were many servants and maids. For example, the Taokan family has thousands of servants, and the Diaoxie family has thousands of handmaiden. There were hundreds of slaves in Xie Hun in Song Dynasty, and thousands in Shen Qingzhi. Ordinary aristocratic families also regard handmaiden as an important property, and brothers take handmaiden with them when they separate. Handmaiden is mainly used for farming and textile. The so-called' ask slaves when farming, ask handmaiden when weaving'. Sometimes slaves are sent far away to do business and will not run away. In 525, Liang Jiangyuan's monk forced Peng Chengbing to send more than 3,000 people to Jiankang, all of whom were slaves. It serves to show that slaves have words printed on their foreheads and cannot escape. During the Qi Dynasty, Liu Yin sent slaves to Guangzhou and returned 78 years later. A maid is worth six bushels or five thousand to seven thousand dollars. The source of handmaiden is mainly bankrupt farmers. When Hou Jing was in chaos, the minions became supporters of Hou Jing. " When nomadic people from the north entered China, slavery became more developed. "Capturing the population is an important means for military attaché s in the Northern Wei Dynasty to get rich. The biggest population predator is Wei Di. The Duke of the Eastern Jin Dynasty described the situation of Wei in the above table, saying that all the concubines of Wei lived in tile houses, and there were more than a thousand maids, who taped brocade, raised pigs and sheep, herded cattle and horses, and grew vegetables for money. The ruling group headed by the emperor and some Xianbei soldiers each have different numbers of slaves. " Shu Wei and his prisoners, some called men and women or Xinmin, some called raw mouth, the former refers to civilian households or slave households, the latter refers to handmaiden. People who are captured privately by soldiers should belong to an unfamiliar category. Wu Tai, the Emperor of Wei, captured a larger number of prisoners, not only to the soldiers who went to war, but also to the civil and military prisoners who stayed in Taiwan without a license, and there were different silks and horses. There are a large number of slaves in the state of Wei, who are engaged in production to support civil servants and Xianbei soldiers. "

Second, the serfdom of slave owners and tenant farmers in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties and a large number of handmaiden and serfs.

The land equalization system, rent adjustment system and corvee system in the Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui and Tang Dynasties all stipulated whether slaves should be taxed or not. This shows that slaves are an important human and wealth resource in this period. Since the handmaiden in the Tang Dynasty was not in the class, we can estimate the number of handmaiden in that year from the number of people who were not in the class in the census of the Tang Dynasty. "In the Northern Qi Dynasty, people were exposed to 80 mu of fields and 40 mu of women, slaves, maids and lovers alike. Niu Ding receives 60 mu of farmland per capita, with no more than 4 heads. Each Ding Shouyong field will plant 20 mu of Sang Ma. The difference between the Qi system and the Wei system is that the slaves of the Qi system are not bound by the eternal realm. In 557, when Wen Xuandi was in the state of Qi, he asked the poor to share the land for plowing cattle, saying that the rich family used the system of handmaiden receiving land, forcing the poor to have no place to stand. Emperor Wu of Zhou followed the Qi system, and Emperor Wen of Sui also respected the Qi system. "In 58 1 year, Minister Su Wei asked to be demoted to service and was allowed by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Ding Shan and the servants were transferred to Class Half (Handmaiden). In 604, Yang Di ascended the throne, abolishing the class service of women, handmaiden and trilogy. The new system of Emperor Yang Di was adopted in the Tang Dynasty, and women's classes were no longer offered. Men (23-58 years old) and Tian Zhongzhi (18-22) pay rent and adjust silk from the state and provide services. Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty released slave miscellaneous households several times, but allowed the nobles of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to keep some singers' daughters, but the number would not be too large. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, there were so-called "stolen slaves" in Pingliang. Leaders were born slaves, and many soldiers were born slaves. In the Tang army, slaves were recruited to fight, and they were rewarded after meritorious service. After the war at the end of Sui Dynasty, the number of slaves and trilogy decreased even more. In the Tang Dynasty, the punishments were in charge of slaves. The source of slaves is the families of prisoners and traitors. Those who serve all the year round are called official servants. Exempt (imperial amnesty) from calling Fanhu once, and take it three times a year for one month at a time. Avoid being called a miscellaneous household or an official household twice and take it five times every two years. Avoid being a good person three times. " "Tang households are divided into two categories: class households and non-class households. A classless household is called a classless household: 1, a relative of a noble or consort; 2. Officials above Grade 9; 3. Students and people have dutiful sons, grandchildren and virtuous women; 4. Old (over 60 years old), disabled, heavy, widowed, female, handmaiden,' officials above grade 9 in other places' (when grade 9 in other places), I am exempt from class service, which is called' classless'; 5. People with honor (people who are not heroes); 6. Newly attached households are temporarily exempted from class clothes. According to Tongdian, in 755 (Tianbao 14), there were 3.45 million classless households and 5.34 million class households. The total population is 529 1.9 million, of which 44.7 million are uneducated and 8.208 million are taught. " If the number of female freemen and minors who do not attend classes accounts for three quarters of the total population, it is 33.525 million, while the number of men who do not attend classes plus maids is165.438+065.438+0.75 million. The number of nobles, Jiupin Shangguan, students, family members of yifu's virtuous wife, the old disabled, widows, meritorious persons and newly attached households will not exceed half of the total class number, so we conservatively estimate that there were 5,587,500 handmaiden and folk songs at that time. The average man pays only 8.208 million taxes, and the number of slaves is close to that of civilians. Last year (Tianbao 13), there were 4.5218,000 students who didn't attend classes, and there were 7.662 million boys who attended classes (the total population was 52.88 million, and the ratio of handmaiden to civilian was close). Of course, there may be some escaped and hidden students who are not included in the statistics, but they can only rely on strongmen to live and become new handmaiden, Ministry or tenant. The identity of the Ministry and tenants is not much better than that of handmaiden. "In 760 AD (three years in Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong), the canon said that there were 1 17000 households with no class and 750000 households with class. Total population16.99 million, students without classes14610.9 million, and students with classes 2.37 million. "In five years, the number of civilians has decreased by two-thirds, but the number of handmaiden, servant and tenant has decreased by less than half. Women and minors who do not attend classes account for about three quarters of the population, which is12742500; In this way, there are 1876500 free men (nobles, officials, old people, etc. ) and handmaiden among men who don't attend classes. Excluding half of the male freemen who did not attend classes, the number of handmaiden in that year was estimated to be at least 938,300, nearly half of the 2.37 million civilian men. In the Tang Dynasty, the estates of the royal family, nobles and dignitaries were promulgated throughout the country and cultivated by handmaiden and tenant. The identity of the tenant is the private ownership of the landlord.

Third, the system of tenant farmers and serfs in Song Dynasty

From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the sharecropper system prevailed in China. The status of tenant farmers is higher than that of slaves, but lower than that of good citizens (freemen) who own land, and they belong to semi-freemen. In ancient times, there was a semi-free man attached to the royal family and nobles called "submissive" (Sumerians? Ub- Lougarre's Surrender of the King/Master, Akkadmu? Kenu, whose social and legal status is between freemen and handmaiden, is equivalent to China's trilogy and tenant peasant class. Compared with slavery, the Ministry tenancy system is slightly improved, and it is a serfdom in which landlords and tyrants enslave farmers. Cai Meibiao and others argued: "Since the middle Tang Dynasty, landlords have occupied large fields and formed manors. In Song Dynasty, landlords' manors developed more widely. Tenants of so-called "vagrants" also lodge in the landlord's manor. Tenants have no land at all, so they rent the landlord's land. A big landlord can have hundreds of tenants. There are thousands of big landlords in Liangchuan area. Tenants are exploited by the landlord's land rent and usury, and are tightly bound to the landlord's land. " "usury exploitation-with the development of tenancy system, usury by landlords has become an important means of exploitation. Farmers borrow grain in winter and spring, which means returning summer wheat to grain. Summer wheat pays off debts, and then borrows grain in the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, Donghe pays off. If the harvest is not enough to pay off the debt, it is impossible to pay the rent, and then the rent will be regarded as a debt. In this way, farmers borrow money every year and never pay it back. Usury is like a pair of shackles, which bind farmers tightly to the land and can't get rid of them from generation to generation. In the social economy of Song Dynasty, usury exploitation became an extremely prominent and serious problem. Landlords exploit and bind tenants with land rent and usury. But also can use the method of "changing tenants" to threaten and aggravate exploitation. Tenants cannot leave the landlord's land at will. "

"Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Song Dynasty, the landlord-tenant relationship and exploitation relationship in the southern separatist countries developed to varying degrees. There are also some formal differences in the personal restraint of tenants, that is, the so-called personal attachment relationship. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Song Dynasty, this difference still appeared in different regions. Generally speaking, during the Southern Song Dynasty, with the development of land annexation, the personal bondage of tenant farmers deepened. During Renzong's reign, the Emperor Protection Law was promulgated, which prohibited Kuizhou Dao from giving alms, and tenants in Guizhou Province fled in succession. 1 184 (Xiaozong 1 1). In the Southern Song Dynasty, the application scope of the Royal Protection Law was extended to the three states of Zhong, Wan and Gui, that is, the entire Kuizhou Road, and it was stipulated that (1) wherever it was/kloc. Those who have fled and fled for less than three years, including their families,' will be returned to their old owners together'. After that, it is forbidden to escape. (2) the landlord is not allowed to "force (move) the tenant", that is, it is not allowed to rob the tenant. 1205 (the first year of Ningzong), Sun Fan, a border crossing judge of Kuizhou Road, said,' The rich compete for land tourists, lure them, or lead their disciples to migrate to the world.' It can be seen that the phenomenon of attracting and robbing tenants between landlords is still developing. Sun Fan's revised "New Law" is as follows: (1) Landlords can only serve tenants themselves, and cannot force tenants' families to serve; (2) A person who sells land and houses by the book shall not rent the original land from the buyer as a customer. The buyer shall not force the person who sells farmland houses to act as employees or slaves; (3) Lending money and goods can only be returned by agreement, and creditors may not force debtors to be landlords; (4) If the wife is willing to remarry after the death of the party concerned, it is up to her to decide, and the daughter of the party concerned can also marry herself. Sun Fan's "new law" seems to be an attempt to slightly restrict the power of the landlord, but it also shows from the opposite side that the landlord of Kuizhou Road at that time could force the tenant's family members to take hard labor, and force the debtor who sold the land to be a tenant, thus interfering with the marriage of the tenant's wife and daughter. This kind of personal restraint of tenants is a common reality on Kuizhou Road. "

Four. Slavery, collective migration of slaves and serfdom of tenant farmers in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

The dynasties established by nomadic peoples such as Liao, Jin and Yuan all just entered slave society from primitive society, and slavery was very obvious. The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties established "surrender counties" as places for collective slaves. This is consistent with the practice that Assyrian Empire and Spartan slave city-states in the two river basins forced a large number of prisoners to move to China as collective slaves. "Liao Baoji invaded the Han Dynasty and captured a large number of Han residents as slaves. In the era of Baoji and Liao Taizong, many such slave states and counties were established successively. For example, Baoji wiped out the plundered Han Chinese in the north, Jianlong Huafu, Yan and Ji captured Jianhua County. Build Huanglin County with Yanji prisoners and Changning County with Bohai prisoners. Sometimes, such counties still use the names of the counties to which the prisoners belong, such as building Tanzhou with Tanzhou prisoners and capturing folk Sanhe County by Sanhe County. These so-called county households range from 1000 to 4,000, but they are actually castles that enslave foreigners. The states and counties that were captured at first belonged to Bao Ji, the largest slave owner in Qidan. The queen has her own state and county. The Khitan nobles also occupied such castles, calling them "left behind" or "under the head". During the Liao Dynasty, there were castles occupied by large and small slave owners to enslave the captive slaves. " In the middle of Liao Dynasty, slavery began to become serfdom. "During the reign of Saint Zong, the taxation system was widely practiced in the Liao Dynasty. Slave hunters founded the country, and the taxes were divided into two classes. The middle and ordinary people in industrial and commercial tax were given by the state, and the wine tax was paid to the court. In this way, the captive slave became a' two-tax household', lost to officials and accepted the lessons of the lords. "

"According to the ruler's land grant system, Nuzhen slave owners occupy different amounts of cultivated land according to the number of slaves and livestock. Anyone who owns 25 farm cows will get 4 hectares and 5 acres of land. The population includes slaves and civilians of the Jurchen tribe. You can't occupy more than forty fields. A big slave owner, 120 cattle, with a population of thousands, can cover an area of more than 160 hectares. In the battle to destroy Liao, the slave owners of the Jin Dynasty once plundered a large number of Khitans and Han Chinese as slaves. The people in the surrendered area were forcibly relocated to the mainland. For example, a large number of residents of various counties in Shanxi were moved to Shangjing and Hunhe Road. People from four states, namely Run, Lai and Qian, were all moved to China. Forced to sell themselves to jurchen as slaves. " 1 180, Nuzhen households in Shangjing Road sell handmaiden, resulting in fewer cultivators. Jin Shizong banned it by imperial decree. 1 18 1 year, Meng 'an and Moke households in Shandong and Daming were forbidden to sell handmaiden and lease land. According to the statistics of 1 183, there are only 2. 1 handmaids in Meng 'an and Mok families everywhere. Jin Shizong's royal aristocrats still hold a large number of slaves. According to the statistics of 1 183, there are 170 households with 983 households and 17880 handmaiden households with 3683 hectares of cultivated land. "

"Genghis Khan' Zasa' stipulated that the army should capture the population before the battle, which is a private slave. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the practice of Mongolian troops capturing slaves has not changed. In the battle against Song Dynasty, Ali Haig captured 3,800 people and became a slave in Huguang. Mongolian aristocrats have a large number of slaves, which are distributed in vast areas in the north and become' slaves'. Slaves are mainly from other nationalities, including the northern Han people including Khitan and Nuzhen, and some Semu people who have to move. Since the reign of Wuzong, a large number of poor people on Mongolian grasslands fled south and sold their children as handmaiden. Some Mongolian slaves were sold to the Western Regions or Hainan. After slavery was carried out in Han areas, the bankrupt farmers in the north often paid their debts or sold themselves into slavery. There is also a phenomenon of buying and selling handmaiden in disguised form in Jiangnan area. In the early Yuan Dynasty, slaves were guilty, and their masters could kill them exclusively. In the future, although it is stipulated that guilty slaves should be handed over to the government, if slaves beat and scold their masters, they will not be guilty of killing them. The master killed an innocent handmaiden for no reason, but the staff was 87; Drunk, killed slaves, reduced crime. According to the meta-method, ox and horse staff 100, slaves are not as good as ox and horse. The master can imprison the slave's chains, stab his face and cut his nose. A slave who sues his master is executed by the government. Mostly horse markets, bull markets, and some people's markets, buying and selling slaves. A good citizen killed someone else's slave, only gave 170 staff, and was fined 50 Liang for burning and burying silver. Slaves can't marry good people. Children born to handmaiden are slaves from generation to generation, which is called' cowardly pity' (having children at home). When slaves escape, they will be detained by the government, and they are called blue (Blanche) handmaiden. Slave driving is used to undertake housework, but also to engage in agricultural production or military service. Governments or kings are craftsmen, mostly slaves. In the Yuan Dynasty, slave owners always existed as an oppressed class with a large population. In the rural areas of Song Dynasty, the tenancy relationship between landlords renting land and exploiting tenants generally developed. During the half-century war between Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the tenancy system in the north was seriously damaged. A group of tenant farmers were captured and plundered as slaves, a group of tenant farmers were forced to join the giants to protect themselves, and a large number of farmers fled to the south of the Yangtze River. When the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, the policy of maintaining the original system was implemented in Jiangnan, so the social relations in the rural areas of the Southern Song Dynasty did not change significantly in the Yuan Dynasty. Most tenants are mainly located in Jiangnan. Jiangnan is rich, and a tenant can be thousands, up to tens of thousands. Large temples can have tens of thousands of tenants. Tenants get married and landlords extort property. If you can't pay, you can't get married. The children of tenants should also be served by landlords, who beat and scold tenants at will and even let their feelings kill them. An official document of 1302 said: Before the Song Dynasty, landlords killed tenants and regarded them as dirt. Since joining the Party, we have made fewer mistakes. In fact, the treatment of tenant farmers is only a little humble than that of slaves who rush to work. According to the laws of the Yuan Dynasty, the landlord killed the tenant with a stick of 170 and levied and burned 50 taels of buried silver. The dead tenant of the landlord doesn't need to pay for his life, just like the master killed the slave and drove him away, but he was punished with a rod, but the rod punishment was heavier. In the Yuan Dynasty, when slavery prevailed, the social status and legal status of tenant farmers with good citizenship were actually close to slavery. By the Yuan Dynasty, the number of yeomen was greatly reduced, because a large number of yeomen in the north were plundered as slaves in the war, and a large number of peasants became slaves of Quan Hao. Surviving yeomen and landlords are classified as "civilian households", who have to bear heavy taxes, local taxes and various errands and are often forced into exile. 1283,150,000 farmers moved from the northern mainland to the south of the Yangtze River. However, with the development of land annexation and tenancy relationship, farmers in the south of the Yangtze River are increasingly becoming tenant farmers. Mongolian slave owners captured and plundered a large number of craftsmen in foreign wars. Enemies who fail to resist are often killed in large numbers, leaving only skilled craftsmen to bring back to Mongolia to become labor slaves. 12 17, the craftsman's rations on the river where the craftsman stone belongs were cut off, and ten people died, and seven or eight died. The situation of workers and slaves is very miserable, lacking food and drink and being in rags. After the elimination of gold in Mongolia, craftsmen from all over the country were mobilized to the capital, classified in the bureau, and compiled into official craftsmen, which belonged to craftsmen's books different from private households. Handed down from generation to generation as craftsmen, with officials in charge. 1279, there were 420,000 craftsmen and more than 70 legislatures, making coins, bows and arrows, armor and other things every year. 128 1 year, out of 300,000 craftsmen in the south of the Yangtze River, more than109,000 craftsmen were selected, and the rest were civilian households. Official craftsmen are directly managed by the government, their children are hereditary, and marriage cannot be independent. This system evolved from working slaves. Official craftsmen are rationed by the government every month. For craftsmen scattered in local counties, the situation is different, especially in Jiangnan local craftsman bureau. Most of them are small-scale craftsmen scattered in rural areas, who are forced to enter the market, and the clothes and food they get are mostly satisfied by officials. Family life is often uncertain. The government forced workers in papermaking, wood-making, variegated and other industries to go to the weaving bureau, but they were unable to serve, so they had to invest and hire people to replace them. Many people have lost money. "

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Industrial and commercial slavery and serfdom in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the weakening of serfdom and slavery in Qing Dynasty.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the slavery of the Yuan Dynasty. "Everyone has servants, as many as ten thousand fingers." (Wanli "Jiading County Records", Volume II "Territorial Records and Customs") "There are many slaves, and there are one or two thousand officials in Wuzhong today." ([Qing] Gu Rizhilu Volume 13, Slave). In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the people called "base" took slaves as the center, including untouchable groups such as prostitutes, servants and degenerates, as well as employees, bearers, hairdressers, workers and businessmen. Compared with gentlemen, ordinary citizens are also classified as "base" under the distinction between noble and low. All people (except the emperor) are included in the hierarchical system of "being top-down", and those who specialize in service become "untouchables" and are treated differently; The emperor of the Ming Dynasty always treated his courtiers as his slaves and insulted them at will. "If you accumulate suspicious ministers and keep slaves, those who fear the monarch are regarded as Qin Yue." (The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, translated by Yan). During the reign of Emperor Taizu, there was a minister who "ruled things with shackles" (Ming History 139, Biography of Confucianism); The enslavement of scholars by the Ming emperors was also reflected in "factory guards", "court staff" and "bog prisons". According to the Records of Criminal Law in Ming Dynasty, the punishment of court staff in Ming Dynasty started from Taizu. By the time of orthodoxy, the "temple crutch" had been "used as a story" and the swamp prison began in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "The Royal Guards Prison in the Ming Dynasty is close at hand, and the secret service is cruel, which is worse than this." "Prison with Zhao" is the symbol of literati as royal slaves. When Cheng Zu was patrolling the prison, he ordered those who sent letters to prison to follow, which was called "heavy punishment with driving" (Ming History 162 Biography of Yin Changlong); The Zhengde dynasty "completely defeated" officials or bureaucrats, that is, "governing things with interests" (Volume 95 of Ming History).

Tenant farmers' serfdom in China continued to develop in the Ming Dynasty. "In the Ming Dynasty, there were generally three kinds of land occupied by the royal family: one was the land occupied by the royal family, called' Huangzhuang'. The income of Huangzhuang is used exclusively for the daily expenses of concubines and princes who are not vassals, so Huangzhuang is also called' Gongzhuang'. From the eighth year of Tianshun (1464) to the ninth year of Zheng De (15 14), there were 36 imperial palaces near Gyeonggi, covering an area of more than 37,595 hectares. The other is' vassal Zhuangtian'. Hongwu was established when kings were enfeoffed and princes were princes. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to annexing civilian fields and expanding manors, local princes begged the emperor for nearby official land on the grounds of numerous descendants and difficult life, so as to expand their real estate. The third category is' Xun Zhong Qi Guan Zhuang Tian'. " "Xun" refers to heroes and aristocratic families with titles, mostly so-called military attache. "Qi" refers to a royal family composed of a queen and a princess. The' middle official' is the eunuch around the emperor. Most of the above three kinds of Zhuangtian, Huang Zhuang and Xunqi Guanzhong Zhuangtian are concentrated in the territory of North Zhili, especially in Gyeonggi. Manor and vassal states are everywhere. In addition to these three types of fields, there are also' temple fields' all over the country, which cover a lot of land. The common feature of all kinds of fields is that the land occupied by emperors' manors, princes' manors, officials' manors and even temples' manors belongs to the nature of official fields, and trading is prohibited by law. The nobles took advantage of the opportunity given by the emperor to annex private land many times larger than the given land, or falsely called private land ownerless wasteland, thus occupying it. Since the beginning of Wuzong's accession to the throne, seven royal palaces have been added, and then 24 royal palaces in Sujiakou have been added. In less than six years, * * * added 3 1 imperial palace.