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What are the types of forces in construction?

Question 1: What types of foundations are used to build a building? Do you think it is this wenwen.soso/z/q146530890? According to the structural form, it can be divided into strip foundation, independent foundation, full hall foundation and pile foundation. 1. Full hall foundation: (including valve-shaped foundation and box-shaped foundation), the lower part of the building is made into a monolithic reinforced concrete foundation. The main foundation form of modern buildings is mainly suitable for small high-rise and high-rise buildings with low foundation bearing capacity. Its characteristics are: high cost, large stress area, uniform stress, and suitable for building basements. 2. Independent column foundation: This is still widely used today. It is suitable for multi-story buildings. The load-bearing capacity is no better than that of a full-floor foundation, but the cost is lower. 3. Strip foundation: When the building uses brick walls to bear load, the foundation under the wall They are often set up continuously to form a long strip foundation. It’s not commonly used now, except for walls, haha. 4. Reinforced concrete prefabricated (cast-in-place) piles: These piles are prefabricated at the construction site or component yard, driven into the soil with a pile driver, and then the reinforced concrete cap is poured on top of the pile. It has a large bearing capacity, is not affected by changes in groundwater levels, and has good durability. However, it is heavy and difficult to transport and hoist. The vibrations during pile driving are relatively large, which will have a certain impact on surrounding houses. It seems like that’s all, I can’t think of more. In addition: According to the materials used, it is divided into: lime soil foundation, brick foundation, rubble foundation, concrete foundation and reinforced concrete foundation. According to the embedding depth, it can be divided into: shallow foundation and deep foundation. Those whose burial depth does not exceed 5M are called shallow foundations, and those whose burial depth is greater than 5M are called deep foundations. According to the mechanical performance, it can be divided into: rigid foundation and flexible foundation.

Question 2: What are the top ten construction companies in China? 1 China Railway Construction Corporation (one of the world's top 500, the most powerful and largest large-scale comprehensive construction group)

2 China State Construction Engineering Corporation (in 1982, an important state-owned enterprise and the largest construction enterprise group in China)

3 Guangdong Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd. (in 1953, a national outstanding engineering enterprise , China's top 5 and 0 companies)

4 China State Construction Engineering Corporation (China's largest construction real estate and the most internationally competitive construction enterprise group)

5 China State Construction International Group Ltd. (one of the largest builders in Hong Kong, a leading enterprise in the construction industry in China and the world

6 Beijing Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd. (in 1953, a large enterprise group in China, the backbone of the capital's construction) < /p>

7 Sichuan Huaxi Group Co., Ltd. (in 1950, a state-owned backbone enterprise and a large enterprise group) 8 Guangsha Construction Group Co., Ltd. (one of the first batch of 49 large-scale group pilot projects by the Ministry of Construction) unit, excellent construction enterprise)

9 Shanghai Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd. (one of the top 500 Chinese enterprises, one of the world’s largest contractors)

10 Hunan Construction Engineering Group Corporation (in In 1952, it was ranked among the top 100 enterprises in Hunan Province and among the top 500 enterprises in China).

Question 3: What types of infrastructure are there? What are the characteristics of each? 1. Reinforced concrete raft foundation: The entire foundation is evenly stressed, and can resist to a certain extent the cracking phenomenon caused by uneven settlement of the foundation on the superstructure;

2. Cup-shaped foundation: for geology This foundation is only used in local areas with poor conditions and where the replacement cost is too high, which can save a certain amount of cost;

3. Strip base and independent column base: Strip base is generally used in good geological conditions In places where the weight of the superstructure is relatively low; single foundations should not be used in places where uneven settlement will occur;

4. Box-shaped foundation: the local stress point is very large or there is movement Place of load;

5. Pile foundation: good force bearing and force transmission effect;

Question 4: What are the force analysis and calculation software commonly used in the construction industry? List of commonly used force analysis and calculation software for buildings

One of the architectural design tools: Caitia by Dassault; Representative case: Bird's Nest; Features: Originated from aircraft design, the most powerful three-dimensional CAD software. Unique surface modeling capabilities, applied to the most complex and unusual three-dimensional architectural designs

Look at the pictures to talk about the architectural design tool No. 2: Google’s sketch master Skechup; Representative case: widely used; Features: the simplest It is easy to use and extremely fast in modeling. It is most suitable for the preliminary consideration of architectural plans. Because it is a physical model, it is difficult to use it for later design and construction drawings

Look at the pictures and talk about the third architectural design tool: American Robert McNeel's Rhino; widely used in industrial styling design, it is a simple, fast, and unconstrained free-form 3D and high-order surface modeling tool that can be used in architectural surface modeling. Case: Foster's Reinsurance Building includes Picture:

The fourth architectural design tool that talks about pictures: ArchiCAD from the Hungarian Graphisoft company, a widely used 3D architectural design software in Europe, integrates 3D modeling display, plans and construction drawings, but due to the The support of Chinese standards and specifications is still difficult to apply in terms of structure, professional calculations and construction drawings; Case: The world's tallest residential building - Eureka Tower contains pictures:

Look at the pictures and talk about the fifth architectural design tool : Revit from Autodesk, an American company, is an excellent 3D architectural design software that integrates 3D modeling display, plans and construction drawings. It is simple to use, but has limited complex modeling capabilities, and due to the support for Chinese standard specifications, the structure and professionalism It is still difficult to apply it in depth in terms of calculations and construction drawings; case: Hunan Provincial Architectural Design Institute's sports stadium project in Haiti includes pictures:

Look at pictures and talk about architectural design tools No. 6: Architecture series of three-dimensional buildings from the American company Bentley Design software is powerful and integrates 3D modeling display, plans and construction drawings, but it is complex to use, and due to the support for Chinese standards and specifications, it is difficult to apply it in depth in terms of structure, professional calculations and construction drawings; Case: History It has a long history and is widely used in many large-scale and complex construction projects and basic and industrial projects around the world. Pictures include:

Look at the pictures and talk about the architectural design tools No. 7: 3DMax of the American Autodeskt company, the most familiar renderings and Animation software, with powerful functions, integrates 3D modeling, renderings and animation display, but it is not a real design software and is only used for plan display; case: almost all renderings are inseparable from including pictures:

Look at pictures and talk about architectural design tools No. 8: Mainstream domestic architectural design software - Tianzheng Architecture, Sver, Lizheng Architecture, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with Chinese standard specifications and designer habits, and have almost become the standard for construction drawing design , also has the function of three-dimensional custom entities, and can also be used in three-dimensional modeling of relatively regular buildings. Include pictures:

Look at the pictures and talk about the architectural design tool No. 9: Mainstream software for domestic building water supply and drainage design - Li Zheng Water supply and drainage, Tianzheng water supply and drainage, Haochen water supply and drainage, etc. are based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with Chinese standard specifications and designer habits, integrate construction drawing design and automatically generate calculation books, and are widely used.

Contains pictures:

Look at the pictures and talk about the ten architectural design tools: Domestic mainstream building HVAC design software - Hongye HVAC, Tianzheng HVAC, Haochen HVAC, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with Chinese standard specifications and designers' habits integrate construction drawing design and automatic generation of calculation sheets, and are widely used. Contains pictures:

Look at pictures and talk about architectural design tools No. 11: Mainstream domestic architectural electrical design software - Bochao Electric, Tianzheng Electric, Haochen Electric, etc., based on the AutoCAD platform, fully comply with Chinese standard specifications and design It integrates construction drawing design and automatic generation of calculation books, and is widely used.

Contains pictures:

Look at pictures and talk about architectural design tools 12: Mainstream domestic architectural structural design software - PKPM Structure (national standard setting unit, independent platform), Guangsha Structure (AutoCAD platform), and Explorer Structural ((AutoCAD platform, used for post-processing of structural analysis and producing structural construction drawings), all fully comply with Chinese standard specifications and designer habits, and are widely used including pictures:

One of the architectural design tools that talks about pictures Thirteen: Domestic building energy-saving design leader...>>

Question 5: What are the types of building structural systems? It is best to have pictures and descriptions of masonry

1 . Economical, the bearing capacity is a bit poor, and generally the number of layers is not many

2. Reinforced block structure: Steel bars are added to the masonry, especially in the earthquake-resistant weak areas, so the bearing capacity is improved

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Concrete:

1. Frame: Large span, large internal space, and random space separation. As long as you don’t mind large pillars protruding, this is generally used. It is more commonly used in public buildings such as factories.

2. Shear wall: similar to masonry in appearance, but can be built very high because the bearing capacity and overall performance of reinforced concrete must be much better than masonry, and because shear walls are The wall is load-bearing, so the load-bearing system is denser than the frame system, so it is generally higher than the frame structure

3. Frame-shear wall structure: It is a combination of frame structure and shear wall structure, and can To form a relatively open and free space with greater rigidity, the walls are generally placed in stairwells, elevator rooms, exterior walls, etc., so as not to affect the separation of the intermediate spaces

Steel Structure

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1. Truss: composed of rods, generally used as roof trusses, etc. The rods only have axial force and are not subject to bending

2. Tower: used as a transmission tower or the like , have you seen it, the principle is similar to that of truss

3. Grid frame/grid shell: It is still evolved from truss, but the arrangement of rods is denser and thinner, maybe it is beautiful

4. Racks: used more often in factories, somewhat similar to frames, but generally roof trusses are used

5. Membrane structure: using PVC materials (maybe other high-polyesters, etc.) The characteristics of the material (I’m not very clear about) are used to make the periphery of the structure. It is economical and lightweight, and is good for earthquake resistance. The PVC material also needs to be supported by a rigid structural system such as a grid, but it is replaced by PVC material. Light steel plate

6. Of course, the steel structure can also be made into a frame

Other structures

1. Bottom frame structure: The bottom is a frame seismic wall, and the top is There are many types of masonry, with shops below and people living above, so it has high utilization value. However, where the frame and masonry are switched, a weak layer is often caused by a sudden change in stiffness. Special care must be taken when designing

2. Special shape Column structure: It is a special type of column. Generally, concrete columns have a rectangular cross-section. Special-shaped columns can be made into T-shape, L-shape, or cross-shape. The load-bearing capacity of this kind of column is not as good as that of a rectangular cross-section, but it can satisfy the requirement of not having convex shapes inside the house. Angle requirements

3. In fact, the structure can be combined in any way, but being too random is detrimental to earthquake resistance. Generally, regular design units will not use too strange structural systems. The theory is immature and accidents are prone to occur

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Super high-rise structure

1. Frame tube: The middle is a tube formed by a shear wall, and the outside is a frame structure, which evolved from the frame shear wall structure. The overall force is good

2. Tube-in-tube: If the frame tube is not enough, you can use a tube structure both inside and outside, or even set up multiple tubes to gradually increase the overall stress

3. Super frame : Our World Financial Center seems to use this, which uses a truss structure to make the beams. I forget what to use to replace the large columns. In short, it reduces the weight and meets the stress requirements. Nowadays, many super high-rise buildings in the world use this Structural Forms

Question 6: According to the stress characteristics, what are the common building structural forms? Multi-story generally includes wood structure, masonry structure, frame structure, and steel structure

High-rise buildings generally include frame structure, frame shear wall structure, shear wall structure, cylinder structure, and steel structure

Question 7

: How can engineering mechanics be used in construction? Engineering mechanics is mainly used in structural design and is not used in construction, cost and architectural design.

Question 8: Which loads are included in the load on the building structure? There are different classification methods

Time classification

1 Permanent load (dead load), its value does not vary with time Time variation; or a load whose variation is negligible compared to the average value. For example, structure self-weight, earth pressure, prestressed foundation settlement, concrete shrinkage, welding deformation, etc. Dead load, also known as permanent load, is a load that is constant (or the change is negligible compared with the average value) applied to the engineering structure. Such as the self-weight of the structure, plus the weight of permanent load-bearing, non-load-bearing structural components and building decoration components, earth pressure, etc. Because dead loads are continuously exerted on a structure throughout its service life, its long-term effects must be considered when designing the structure. The self-weight of the structure is generally determined based on the geometric dimensions of the structure and the standard value (also called the nominal value) of the material bulk density.

A house is composed of heavier structural components such as foundations, walls (columns), beams, and slabs. . They first have to bear their own weight, which is the dead load. In addition, the floors, roofs, ceilings, plaster layers on walls and doors and windows are all loads.

2 Variable load (live load), a load whose value changes with time during the design basis period, and the change value cannot be ignored compared with the average value. For example, floor live load, roof live load and dust load, crane load, wind load, snow load, etc.

Live load, also called variable load, is the use or occupancy load and naturally occurring natural load imposed on the structure caused by people, materials and vehicles. Such as industrial building floor live load, civil building floor live load, roof live load, roof dust load, vehicle load, crane load, wind load, snow load, ice load, wave load, etc.

3 Accidental loads (special loads or accidental effects) may or may not occur during the design basis period. Once they occur, their values ??will be large and their duration will be short. For example, explosion force, impact force, earthquake, typhoon avalanche, etc.

Note: Self-weight refers to the load (gravity) generated by the material's own weight.

Structural classification

1. Static effects do not cause the structure or structural components to generate acceleration or the acceleration is negligible. For example, the floor load of a residential or office building, etc.

< p> 2. Dynamic effects cause structures and structural parts to produce non-negligible acceleration. For example, vibration of crane equipment; impact of falling objects from high altitude, etc.

Classification of action surface size

1. Average Cloth surface load refers to the uniform load on the floor of a building, such as the load caused by the weight of laid wooden floors, floor tiles, granite, marble surfaces, etc. To calculate the Q value of uniform surface load, the weight of the unit volume of the material can be multiplied by y Based on the thickness d of the surface material, the increased uniform cloth surface load value is obtained, Q=y.d.

2. Line load Various surface loads on the original floors or levels of the building are transmitted to the beams or strip foundations, which can be simplified to distributed loads per unit length, called line loads.

3. When the distribution area of ??the concentrated load load is much smaller than the load on the structure, in order to simplify the calculation, the load can be approximately regarded as acting on one point. For example, the load transferred from the secondary beam to the main beam can be approximately regarded as a concentrated load. The pressure transferred from the roof truss to the columns and the pressure exerted by the crane wheels on the crane beam are all concentrated loads.

Direction of action

1. Vertical load such as structure's own weight, snow load, etc.

2. Horizontal load such as wind load, horizontal earthquake action, etc.

Question 9: What are the main lateral force-resisting systems of high-rise buildings? What are the components and load-bearing characteristics of each? Commonly used structural systems of high-rise buildings include frames, which rely on beams and columns to bear load, and the internal space is flexible. The reasonable number of building floors is 6-15 floors, with 10 floors being the most economical; frame shear walls, this structure is used in A certain number of shear walls are arranged in the frame structure to form a flexible and free use space. The rigid structure has poor seismic performance. The shear wall structure has strong integrity, high anti-lateral movement stiffness and good seismic performance. It is generally suitable for buildings with a height less than 150 meters. High-rise buildings (7th degree seismic fortification zone) are structural systems with frame-supported shear walls, bottom frames, and shear walls in the upper part. They are generally used in comprehensive high-rise building frames that require large bays in the lower part, residential buildings, hotels in the upper part, and no corner columns in the rooms. Tube, that is, frame tube structure, is a comprehensive evolution and development of frame-shear wall structure and full shear wall structure. The tube structure is a space-enclosed tube formed by concentrating shear walls or dense column frames to the interior and periphery of the house. Its characteristic is that the shear walls are concentrated to obtain a larger free divided space. It is mostly used in high-rise buildings below 130 (180) meters. The cylinder is composed of dense columns and high beam space frames or space shear walls. It acts under the action of horizontal loads. The lateral force-resisting member that acts on the overall space is called a cylinder (a cylinder composed of a dense column frame is called a frame cylinder; a cylinder composed of shear walls is called a thin-walled cylinder). It is generally suitable for 30-50-story high-rise buildings with complex plane or vertical layout and large horizontal loads. Tube-in-tube, multiple tubes, tube bundles, more complex ones developed from tubes, with stronger bearing capacity and side resistance. A structural system with better shifting stiffness can be applied to super high-rise buildings with more than 100 floors. I hope my answer can solve your problem