Celebrity anecdote three-minute speech

Han Xin (? -Former 196), a strategist in the early Han Dynasty. Huaiyin (now Jiangsu) people. When I was young, my parents died and my family was poor, but I studied hard and practiced the art of war, with the ambition of making the country prosperous and the people safe. Suffering from lack of livelihood and being forced to do so, he had a light meal in a familiar family, and sometimes went fishing on the Huaihe River for money, which was repeatedly discriminated against and ignored by people around him. On one occasion, a group of hooligans humiliated Han Xin in public. A butcher said to Han Xin, Although you are tall and big, you like to carry a sword with you. At that time, you were timid. Dare you stab me with your sword? If you don't dare, hide under my crotch. Han Xin knew that he was alone, and recklessly would certainly suffer. So, in front of many onlookers, I got the butcher's crotch. History books call it "the humiliation of stepping down."

In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up. Han Xin joined the army with a sword and joined the army of Chu in Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang followed Xiang Yu after his death, but he was not reused by Xiang Yu. He just took the halberd as a guard. He made many suggestions to Xiang Yu, but none of them were adopted. So he fled from Chu camp angrily and went to Hanwang Liu Bang. Liu bang didn't use him as a general at first, but appointed him as a captain to treat Xiaomi. Seeing that Liu Bang refused to reuse, Han Xin decided to leave Hanying. Prime Minister Xiao He knew Han Xin's talent. When he heard the news, he immediately rode after him on a moonlit night to persuade him to return, thus leaving a beautiful talk of "Xiao He chasing Han Xin under the moonlight". Later, under Xiao He's repeated persuasion, Liu Bang personally discussed military affairs with Han Xin. Convinced that Han Xin was a rare talent, he held a ceremony to worship him as a general.

In May of the first year of Emperor Gaozu (206 BC), Han Xin sent someone to repair the plank road burned by Liu Bang when he entered Hanzhong, which puzzled Zhang Han, the king of Yong, but he quietly left his position along the old road of Nanzheng with a great army, defeated Zhang Hanjun and won the Guanzhong area in one fell swoop, enabling Liu Bang to return to Sanqin.

In February of the second year of Emperor Gaozu (205 BC), Han Xin led the troops out of Hangu Pass and forced them to Luoyang. Xiang Yu's governors, such as Han Wang Zheng Chang and Yin Wang Sima Qiong, defected one after another. Then he joined forces with Qi and Zhao to attack Chu. In April, the army has entered Cheng Peng, the capital of Chu. The ferocity of the offensive is amazing. Unexpectedly, after Liu Bang entered Pengcheng, he put aside his defense and looked for treasures and beautiful women everywhere. Xiang Yu, who was fighting the Qi army, heard that Cheng Peng had fallen, and led an army of 30,000 troops back at night, defeating Liu Bang in World War I. After Han Xin heard the news, he immediately rushed to collect the defeated troops and joined forces with Liu Bang in Luoyang, successfully carrying out the Anti-Japanese War, and defeated the Chu army between Jingxian County and Suoting, which frustrated the soldiers of Xiang Yu's Western Expedition. The front finally stabilized in Xingyang.

Liu Bangbing was defeated, and Qi, Zhao and Wei turned to Chu. In August, Liu Bang named Han Xin as the left prime minister and led the troops to attack Wei. Wei deployed Chen's heavy troops in Puban on the east bank of the Yellow River. Han Xin deployed a large number of ships in Linjin opposite Puban, pretending to cross the river head-on. He secretly tied a crock with a wooden frame and made a temporary crossing device. He crossed the river from upstream xia yang and made a surprise attack on Anyi. Suddenly, he appeared behind Wei Jun, smashed Wei Jun and captured Wei Wangbao alive.

In September of the third year of Emperor Gaozu (204 BC), Han Xin led an army eastward to capture Xia Xiang and recapture the county seat. Then Liu ordered Han Xin to urge him to strengthen the garrison in Xingyang, so Han Xin only took more than 10,000 troops to attack Zhao in Jingxing. Zhao Wangxie and Zhao Jun Commander Cheng concentrated 200,000 troops in Jingxingkou, Taihang Mountain, occupying favorable terrain and preparing for a decisive battle with Han Xin. Han Xinxian led two thousand Qingqi, and went around Zhao Zhai at night. After dawn, the main force went out to the river and lured Zhao to attack. Han army last stand, no way back, we fight to the death. Two thousand Qingqi, which had been laid in advance, took the opportunity to break into Zhao's empty camp and planted the red flag of the Han army. When Zhao Jun saw this, his morale was in chaos. Han Xin took advantage of the situation to fight back, smashing Zhao's 200,000 troops, slaying Chen Yu, commander in chief of Zhao, and taking Zhao Wangxie alive. Then, Han Xin surrendered to Yan by "going to the army to make a plan".

In November of the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu (203 BC), Han Xin heavily attacked Linzi, the capital of Qi. Chu General Long Meng led 200,000 people to Malay aid, met the defeated Qi army in Gaomi, and then confronted the Han army across the Huaihe River. Han Xin secretly sent people to block the upper reaches of Huaihe River with more than 10,000 sandbags in the dark night. After dawn, some troops crossed the Huaihe River, attacked the Chu army in the rear and then pretended to be defeated. Long Qie mistakenly thought that the Han army was timid, and led the main force to pursue the Huai River. Han Xin ordered his men to dig up the upstream dam and cut the Chujun into two sections. The Han army used the method of crossing the river directly to destroy the Chu army that had already crossed the water, and Long Qie was killed. The Qi-Chu allied forces that had never crossed the water were defeated without fighting. Han Xin took advantage of the situation to pursue the fleeing enemy, captured Tian Guang, the king of Qi, and completely pacified the land.

After Han Xin captured Qi, Xiang Yu was in a panic, and quickly sent someone to lobby Han Xin, hoping that Han Xin would oppose Han Lianchu on the condition of three points of the world, which was rejected by Han Xin. Kuai Tong, Han Xin's counselor, advised him: "Haven't you heard the truth that the brave shock the master and the danger, and those who contribute to the world don't reward?" ..... General now has the reputation of a master of earthquakes, but also has great contributions that are hard to repay. He belongs to the State of Chu, which does not believe him. Fear of Korea and Zhen. Where is home if you don't stand on your own two feet? "Han Xin repeatedly motioning with his hand said," please don't say it again. Hanwang is very kind to me. He gave me his car, clothes and food. The ancients said: if you take someone else's car, you must share your worries for others; Wear other people's clothes and share their worries for others; If you eat other people's food, you should work for them. How can I forget the righteousness? " So he declined Kuai Tong's suggestion. But when Qi came to power, in order to reassure the people, it was necessary to establish a king to govern. So Han Xin has sent messengers to ask Liu Bangli to make him a fake king of Qi. At that time, Liu Bangzheng was trapped in Xingyang by Xiang Yu and had no time to take care of himself. After reading the book, he flew into a rage and didn't want to answer Later, after listening to the opinions of Sean and Chen Ping, he said, "The real king is the gentleman who pacifies the vassals. What are you doing as a fake king? " So Han Xin was appointed King of Qi and mobilized troops to attack Chu.

In December of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (202 BC), the two armies of Chu and Han fought a decisive battle in Gaixia (now Lingbi South, Anhui). Liu Bang took Han Xin as the main commander in chief, commanding all armies in a unified way. Xiang Yu commanded ten Wan Chu armies and stormed the positions of the Han army from the front. Han Xin adopted the typical flank attack tactics, which made China's army retreat slightly, avoided the sharp spirit of Chu army, spread its wings, carried out a side attack, and then advanced China's army to complete the camp in one fell swoop. In the evening, Han Xin let the Han army be besieged on all sides, and finally let the Chu army lose its fighting spirit and be annihilated by the Han army. Seeing that the tide had gone, Xiang Yu generously committed suicide on the Wujiang River. The five-year Chu-Han War ended with Hanwang and Liu Bang winning the world.

Han Xin, with the humble status of guarding the halberd under Xiang Yu's account, visited the altar in a few years and built many rare treasures, eventually becoming a party to the Chu-Han War. Kuai Tong praised the all-powerful military figure as "a little inexperienced". His combat tactics were highly praised by later strategists. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, he once wrote three chapters of Han Xin's Art of War, but unfortunately it has been lost. Han Xin's military talents made Liu Bang extremely uneasy. Therefore, after the defeat of Xiang Yu, he seized his military power, moved to the king of Chu, and then became a Huaiyin Hou and placed him under house arrest. One day, Liu Bang asked Han Xin, "How many soldiers do you think I can take?" Han Xin replied, "Your Majesty can only lead a hundred thousand troops." Liu Bang asked again, "What about you?" Han Xin hesitated for a moment and suddenly smiled proudly: "I am the more the better!" Han Xin's unparalleled military exploits and talents eventually led to his death. In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu (196 BC), Lv Hou and Xiao He lured Han Xin to the bell room of Changle Palace and killed him on charges of rebellion. It's sad that a generation of famous soldiers died in the wrong place.

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang

Zhu Yuanzhang was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, an outstanding politician and strategist of the landlord class, and was known as Ming Taizu in history.

Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant family. When he was very young, he lived by herding pigs and cows for a big family and suffered a lot. During the period of 1344, a serious drought and insect disaster occurred in Huaibei, and diseases were prevalent everywhere. In this disaster, Zhu Yuanzhang's parents and eldest brother died of illness and starved to death. /kloc-After Zhu Yuanzhang, 0/6 years old, hastily buried his relatives with the help of his neighbors, he was helpless and had to become a young monk in the nearby Huang Jue Temple. Soon, the disaster became more and more serious, and the monks in the temple had to go out to beg. Less than a few months after Zhu Yuanzhang entered the palace, he was sent out and became a tourist. He traveled everywhere, begged everywhere, and suffered from wind and frost in the mountains and fields; But at the same time, it also made him understand the sufferings of the people and increased his social knowledge.

At the end of Yuan Dynasty, politics became more and more dark and corrupt, and class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were very sharp. The broad masses of the people could not bear exploitation, oppression and discrimination, and took up arms in succession to fight. Finally, in 135 1 year, a peasant uprising led by Han He broke out at the end of Yuan Dynasty. 1352, Zhu Yuanzhang traveled back to his hometown and received an invitation letter from Tanghe, a fellow villager of Haozhou Rebel Army. He defected to Guo Zixing's Haozhou Red Scarf Army. Because of his bravery, he was quickly promoted to the ninth commander of Qin Bing Army. Soon, he became Guo Zixing's confidant and married Ma Shi, Guo Zixing's adopted daughter. Since then, Liu Futong made the son of Han Emperor, saying that he established the "Da Song" regime, with the title of Dragon and Phoenix. Zhu Yuanzhang first served as the town governor with meritorious military service, and later became the general manager, becoming the general of the unified side of the Red Scarf Army in Haozhou.

1355, Guo Zixing died, and Zhu Yuanzhang became the actual leader of this rebel army with the post of left deputy marshal. He led the army south, attacked Qing Ji (now Nanjing), surrendered more than 500,000 soldiers and civilians such as Kang Maocai, and changed Qing Ji to Qingtianfu. The Longfeng regime appointed Zhu Yuanzhang as the provincial chapter in Jiangnan and other places. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang's situation was small, his troops were weak, and he was attacked on all sides. The situation was unfavorable. He took advantage of the opportunity that the main force of the Yuan Dynasty attacked Wang Xiaoming, attacked the main force of the Yuan Army from the south and southeast, and won. When Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to lay the foundation of Huizhou, he adopted the advice of Zhu Sheng, an old Confucian, that is, "build a high wall, accumulate a large amount of grain, and be king slowly", and ordered the army to produce on its own, build water conservancy projects, reduce the burden on farmers, and make the soldiers strong and have enough food. So Zhu Yuanzhang targeted the military attack at Zhejiang, a fertile land and rich in grain silk, and successively occupied Zhuji and Chuzhou. This isolated Yuan Army stronghold was destroyed for the second time. Subsequently, he adapted to the new military situation, adopted the strategy of defending the southeast, northeast and west, and achieved a favorable military situation; Then we fought Poyang, captured Wu Dong, conquered the south and the north, and laid the foundation for the unification of the whole country. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title Daming. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang faced many serious problems. The social economy devastated by the war is in urgent need of recovery, the peasant uprising and struggle are still going on, the sharp class contradictions need to be eased, and the remnants who retreated to Saibei are still trying to make a comeback; In the Ming regime, overcoming the arrogance of ministers and striving for power and profit were all obstacles to strengthening the centralization of monarchy. In order to consolidate the rule of the Ming Dynasty, after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang carried out a series of rectification and reforms in politics, economy and military affairs, and further strengthened centralization.

1376, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty and established the 13 department, which was responsible for propaganda and deployment of political affairs, and was in charge of administrative, military and judicial affairs. These three departments are collectively referred to as the "three divisions" and are under the jurisdiction of the central province.

1380, Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the Hu rebellion case to further reform the central institutions, abolished the posts of Zhongshu Province and Prime Minister, divided six departments into charge of government affairs, obeyed the emperor politically, and strengthened centralization. Militarily, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the governor's office to the governor's office of the five armies, and set up a health clinic system throughout the country, and his general power was also concentrated in the military. In judicature, Dali Temple, Jingshi Court and Ministry of Punishment are established, which are collectively referred to as the three law departments in charge of criminal prisons. Through these reforms, Zhu Yuanzhang was in power, which was conducive to the political unity and the consolidation of political power in the early Ming Dynasty. Economically, Zhu Yuanzhang, in view of the historical lessons of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, formulated a policy of recuperation and actively promoted favorable measures to restore and develop production. He reduced or exempted taxes for many times in various places, vigorously promoted the policy of reclaiming land and guarding the border, and stipulated three years of tax exemption. These have greatly promoted the pace of economic recovery. According to statistics, during the 15 years in the early Ming Dynasty, the newly cultivated land reached * * * more than 800,000 mu1800,000 mu, accounting for half of the cultivated land in China at that time. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also attached great importance to the renovation and construction of water conservancy projects. In the early Ming Dynasty, vicious canals and more than 5,000 dikes were built. Dredge more than 4 100 rivers; More than 40,900 weirs and ponds were dug. During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, the bureaucratic system of the Ming regime was also relatively clear, which was inseparable from Zhu Yuanzhang's vigorous crackdown on corrupt officials and local gentry. Zhu Yuanzhang often peels officials who dare to corrupt and hangs them in the yamen to punish them. For a time, he was honest and harmonious. According to the statistics of Hongwu for twenty-six years, the number of households in China increased by nearly 10 times in the early Ming Dynasty, the cultivated land area increased by four times, and agriculture, industry and handicrafts all developed rapidly.

Zhu Yuanzhang was diligent in politics all his life, and he was a rare and outstanding monarch in China feudal society. He founded the Ming Dynasty and made outstanding contributions to the development of China's national unity family. However, he, a local class politician, like many emperors in history, killed tens of thousands of people in order to consolidate his rule by indiscriminately killing innocent people. Many heroes, generals and literati died tragically under his butcher's knife, which also reflected his cruelty as a feudal emperor.

In particular, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the selection of leading stocks, which made countless intellectuals in the Ming Dynasty shake their heads and attack stereotyped writing to death, and they never realized it. Jin Fan's example is the most vivid portrayal. The stereotyped writing system has greatly bound people's minds and stifled the talents of countless people. This system was inherited by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, and became the shackles that bound people's thoughts.

Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven is a great German composer. He is not only a representative of Vienna classical music school, but also the founder of romantic music school in19th century. He was born in Bonn, Germany. His father is a singer in the candidate court in Bonn and Cologne. In order to make Beethoven a Mozart-style prodigy, he has been strictly training violin and piano since he was 4 years old. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, Beethoven worked as a principal violinist in the Palace Theatre and an assistant organist in the church. In addition to his father, Beethoven's first childhood teacher should be Nie Yefei, who is proficient in composition and rich in musical thoughts. It laid the foundation for Beethoven's artistic achievements. 1787 Beethoven went to Vienna to learn from Mozart with the help of Nie Ye Fei. Since then, Beethoven has produced many famous musicians and made great strides in art. Beethoven was influenced by the Enlightenment and the French bourgeois revolution in his early years. He yearned for "freedom, equality and fraternity" and hated feudal oppression. All these thoughts were poured into his early works, which also established his status as a master in the history of music. During this period, Beethoven completed the famous Sonata of Sorrow, Moonlight, Piano Concerto No.2 and Violin Sonata in A Major. The period from 1803 to 12 was the heyday of Beethoven's creation. There are many works in this stage, with wider ideas, deeper thoughts and more grand forms, such as the most famous Symphony of Heroes (the Third Symphony) and Symphony of the Third. 18 15 years, metternich's reactionary rule became darker, which made Beethoven waver about his future. During this period, Beethoven lost his brother and his hearing, which was a great blow to him. He often wandered alone in the countryside. 18 19, he rekindled his desire for creation and wrote such famous works as Chorus Symphony (Symphony No.9) and Solemn Mass. Beethoven died on1March 26th, 827. Beethoven was a composer in the prosperous period of the bourgeoisie. He inherited the excellent tradition of German classical music, and with his passionate and heroic creation, he represented the rebellious spirit and desire for change of the progressive class at that time. Beethoven played a decisive role in the development of contemporary and later European art. Engels spoke highly of Beethoven. He once wrote, "This most humiliating period of breathing by outsiders is precisely the glorious period of the development of literature and philosophy, and the period of music prosperity represented by Beethoven."

Addison

(Thomas Alva Edison, 1847— 193 1 year)

Edison was an American inventor and entrepreneur. 1847 February 1 1 was born in Milan, Ohio. Edison entered school at the age of eight and only studied for three months. His mother took him home because his teacher called him a "fool". The former teacher's mother personally provoked the responsibility of educating her son. Edison likes physics and chemistry very much. He also built a chemistry laboratory in his basement.

1868, Edison's first invention was the electric election recorder, which was shelved because it had no practical value. 1873, he designed and manufactured a dual transmitter. That kind of machine can send two messages on the same line at the same time. After improvement, a quadruple transmitter is made in 1874, which can send four messages at the same time.

1876, Edison established the world's first "invention factory" in Menlo Park, New Jersey, which is the predecessor of modern research institute. He said that it takes ten days to invent a small invention and six months to invent a big one. There are indeed many new products there. The first important product was the carbon telephone transmitter invented between 1877 and 1878. In the past, the telephone could only transmit 2-3 miles. The carbon telephone transmitter connects new york and Philadelphia with a transmission distance of 107 miles. Other important inventions include the phonograph, incandescent lamp and so on.

1883 In March, Edison discovered the thermionic emission phenomenon, the so-called "Edison effect", when he was doing an electric lamp experiment. Limited to the theoretical level at that time, this effect was not noticed.

1887 Edison set up a bigger laboratory in West Orange. 1888, he invented the movie camera, which greatly changed people's cultural life.

Edison won more than 1000 patents in his life, 1928. In recognition of his contribution to the country, he was awarded a special congressional gold medal.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

(Aert instein， 1879— 1955)

Einstein, a great physicist in the 20th century, 1879 was born in a German Jewish family in March. His father ran a small factory, but it failed and his family moved to Italy. Later, Einstein went to Switzerland and entered the teacher department of Zurich Institute of Technology to study theoretical physics.

Relativity —— A Great Discovery

Einstein has made important contributions in many departments of physics, the most important of which is that he established special relativity and extended it to general relativity. 1905, Einstein published an epoch-making paper on electrodynamics of moving objects and put forward the principle of special relativity. In another paper published in the same year, he put forward the famous mass-energy relationship E=mc2. In 1907, "On the Principle of Relativity and Its Conclusion", Einstein proposed that it is necessary to extend the principle of relativity from uniform motion to accelerated motion, based on the fact that inertial mass is equivalent to gravitational mass. From then on, he began to explore general relativity. 19 16, the basis of general relativity was published. Einstein's theory of relativity reveals the dialectical relationship between space and time and deepens people's understanding of matter and motion. The concept and method of relativity have had a far-reaching impact on the development of theoretical physics in the twentieth century.

Optical quantum (photon) hypothesis

In 1905, an enlightening viewpoint on the generation and transformation of light, Einstein insisted on and popularized the energy quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck in 1900. Using the photon hypothesis, Einstein successfully explained the photoelectric effect, and thus won the Nobel Prize in Physics of 192 1.

Einstein put forward the theory of stimulated radiation in the article Quantum Theory of Radiation published in 19 17, which later became the theoretical basis of laser science and technology.

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