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Division and Naming of Geographical Regions in China?
It was first published in 1954, and two years later, with the first draft of "Natural Division of China" in "Geography of China" seriesNo. 1, it was officially published by Science Press. First of all, it divides the whole country into two parts: east and west. The east monsoon has a significant influence, while the west monsoon has a weak or no influence. Then four relatively extreme areas are put forward: coldest, hottest, driest and thin air, and several transition areas are drawn between them. Finally, the whole country is divided into seven basic regions: Northeast China, North China, Central China, South China, Kangdian, Qinghai-Tibet and Xinjiang, and further divided into 23 sub-regions according to the topography (Figure 1). The plan notes the differences between natural regions, and discusses the characteristics of the interrelation and interaction between various natural geographical phenomena, emphasizing that basic regions are divided according to natural characteristics, and their meanings and scopes are different from those used in administrative or economic habits. For example, the lower reaches of Liaohe River and Liaodong Peninsula are included in North China, but not in Northeast China.
Map 1: Luo Kaifu's Second Map of Physical Geographical Division of China. Huang Plan 1956 The China Academy of Sciences set up a working committee on natural zoning and carried out large-scale natural zoning work. 1958, based on the work of geographical division of various departments, Huang edited the Comprehensive Natural Division of China, which was published by Science Press on 1959. According to the regional differentiation of light, heat, water, soil and vegetation, and the geographical relationship of climate, soil and vegetation, it seeks the corresponding zoning method by using the zonal law. The low-level zoning unit follows the principle of no zonality, which is reflected in the differentiation of topography and surface materials. The plan divides the whole country into three natural regions (eastern monsoon region, Meng Xin Plateau region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region), six hot regions, 18 natural regions and sub-regions, 28 natural regions and sub-regions and 90 natural provinces (Figure 2). This scheme is unprecedented in the history of natural zoning in China, with the most complete hierarchical units and the richest contents. The purpose of agriculture is very clear, and its zoning principles, the setting of hierarchical unit system, the zoning signs and demarcation indicators of units above the provincial level all fully express the purpose of agriculture. Since then, Huang's plan has been revised. Figure 2: Huang's comprehensive natural zoning plan for China. 3. The plans of Ren Meizhen and Yang and Ren Meizhen and Bao Haosheng are published in 196 1. According to the main contradiction of natural differences and the different directions of transforming nature, the Plan divides the whole country into eight natural regions, namely Northeast China, North China, Central China, South China, Southwest China, Inner Mongolia, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet, and 23 natural regions and 65 natural provinces. In this plan, the southern section of Daxinganling is divided into Inner Mongolia, the Liaohe Plain is divided into North China, the northern section of Hengduan Mountains is divided into Qinghai-Tibet, the Qaidam Basin is divided into northwest, and the surrounding mountains are divided into Qinghai-Tibet, which has aroused heated discussions in geography. 1988 has more or less inherited the characteristics of the insurance scheme, with only two levels, including 8 districts and 30 sub-districts (Figure 3). Figure 3: Ren Meihua and Bao Haosheng's plan of China's physical geography division. 4. Zhao's plan was put forward in 1983, and in 1985, it was incorporated into the General Theory of Physical Geography of China by chinese editorials Committee of China Academy of Sciences, which aroused strong repercussions at that time. First of all, the plan divides the whole country into three natural regions: the eastern monsoon region, the northwest arid region and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, which is recognized by most scholars. Under the natural zone, according to the combination of temperature and water conditions and their reflection in soil and vegetation, it is divided into 7 natural zones and 33 natural sub-zones (Figure 4). The naming of natural regions varies from region to region: in the eastern monsoon region, it is named according to hydrothermal conditions, such as the humid and semi-humid temperate region in Northeast China and the humid and semi-humid warm temperate region in North China, which essentially reflects the symbolic role of hydrothermal combination in the division of regions; Northwest arid areas are named according to heat and vegetation types, such as Inner Mongolia temperate grassland area, northwest temperate zone and warm temperate desert area. Fig. 4: Physical Geography Zone 5 of China, Zhao Guihua. The planning in the textbook "Physical Geography of China" is based on the principle of natural zoning, the characteristics of China's physical geography and the law of regional differentiation, referring to the work done by predecessors, and considering the needs of teaching, this planning adopts three-level zoning. First-class area: the whole country is divided into eastern monsoon area, northwest arid area and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area; The secondary area is a natural area: the whole country is divided into seven natural areas: Northeast China, North China, Central China, South China, Inner Mongolia, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet. The third level area is a physical geography sub-area: the whole country is divided into 35 physical geography sub-areas (Figure 5). Figure 5: The natural zoning map of China in the textbook "Physical Geography of China" (3) Introduction of the regional geographical zoning map of China in the middle school geography textbook.
Although there are some differences in the purpose, index, name and scope of the above-mentioned China natural zoning plans, they represent the important research achievements of China geographers in the division of China's natural geographical areas after the founding of New China. In order to better popularize relevant geographical knowledge in middle school geography education, especially to enable students and ordinary citizens to fully understand China's national conditions and regional differences, and to understand the country's construction and development plan, the middle school geography textbook published by People's Education Press 199 1 adopted China's new regional geographical zoning plan: China's geographical regions were divided into four regions: the northern region, the southern region, the northwest region and the Qinghai-Tibet region. The geographical division of China is a complicated problem. To deal with this problem in middle school geography textbooks, we should not only consider the scientific division of geographical areas, but also consider the age characteristics and acceptance of junior high school students. On the basis of three mature geographical regions-eastern monsoon region, northwest arid and semi-arid region and Qinghai-Tibet alpine region, the program takes into account the great differences between the northern and southern sub-regions of Qinling-Huaihe River in the eastern monsoon region and integrates the characteristics of production, life and culture, and finally forms four regional teaching programs (Figure 6). Therefore, the plan is actually a synthesis, induction and simplification of the above-mentioned natural zoning plan of China. Moreover, according to this plan, each region can be further subdivided into sub-regions according to the situation. For example, the northern region includes two sub-regions of North China and Northeast China, and North China includes topographic regions such as North China Plain and Loess Plateau. Practice has proved that the four regional programs not only have a rigorous and solid foundation of scientific research results, but also are concise and convenient for teaching and learning, which has played a very good role in the compilation and teaching practice of geography textbooks in middle schools in China. Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of China's geographical division 1992. The former State Education Commission clearly stipulated that the geographical area of China should be divided into four areas: northern area, southern area, northwest area and Qinghai-Tibet area for teaching, and students are also required to know their geographical location and scope. For example, the northern region should remember "Daxinganling, Xiaoxing 'anling, Changbai Mountain, Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Loess Plateau, Liaodong Hill, Shandong Hill" and other topographic areas. 200 1 The Geography Curriculum Standard for Full-time Compulsory Education (Experimental Draft) promulgated by the Ministry of Education also explicitly requires that "the geographical units in the northern region, the southern region, the northwest region and the Qinghai-Tibet region should be pointed out by maps, and their natural geographical differences should be compared". Two. Chinese administrative division (I) The concept and significance of administrative division refers to the hierarchical division of national territory by the state for the convenience of administrative management. China has a vast territory, and ancient and modern exchanges attach great importance to effective hierarchical management of the country, dividing the national territory into different administrative regions. (II) Evolution of Administrative Divisions The following is only a brief description of the major changes in administrative divisions after the founding of New China. 1. Establishment and cancellation of six administrative regions 1949 10 1 year/0/0, People's Republic of China (PRC) was established, and six administrative regions, namely North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, East China, Central South China and Southwest China, were successively established nationwide, referred to as regions (Figure 7, Figure 7 North China is directly under the central government, the people's government in the northeast, and military and political committees in other major administrative regions. In large areas, people's governments or military and political committees are established, which are local governments at the first level and respectively administer several provincial administrative units. 1952, the six administrative districts were changed into administrative committees, which only served as institutions for the central government to supervise local governments, and were no longer first-class local governments. In order to strengthen centralized and unified leadership, 1954 abolished six administrative committees, and all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, localities and regions directly under the central government. Figure 7: chinese administrative division, 1949 Table 2: List of national administrative divisions 1949 6 major administrative regions, 30 provinces, 12 municipalities directly under the central government, 5 administrative regions, 1 autonomous region, 1 Local North China Administrative Region Henan Province Beijing Jilin Province Shanghai Hubei Province Tianjin Heilongjiang Province Nanjing Province Hunan Songjiang Province Shandong Province Jiangxi Province Shanxi Province Jehol Province Subei Administrative Region Guangdong Province Lvda Administrative Region Sunan Administrative Region Guangxi Province Chahar Province Northwest Administrative Region Wanbei Administrative Region Southwest Administrative Region Suiyuan Province xi An Wan Nan Administrative Region Chongqing Northeast Administrative Region Shaanxi Province Zhejiang Province Sichuan Province Shenyang City Gansu Province Guizhou Province Fushun, Ningxia, Taiwan Province Province, Yunnan, Anshan, Qinghai, Zhongnan Administrative Region, Xikang, Benxi, Xinjiang, Wuhan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaodong, Guangzhou, Tibet, 8: 1949- 1953 China, 2. 1954, restore the provincial level as the highest administrative regional unit, and change the provincial level to/kloc-. Figure 9: According to the development of the situation and the needs of economic construction, several provinces and regions were added, abolished or merged in chinese administrative division from 65438 to 0954. 1954, Liaodong and western Liaoning provinces were abolished and Liaoning province was merged. Cancel Songjiang Province and merge into Heilongjiang Province; Revocation of Ningxia Province and merging into Gansu Province; Revoke Suiyuan Province and merge into Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Shenyang, Lvda, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Changchun, Harbin, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chongqing, xi 'an 1 1 municipalities directly under the central government were changed to cities under the jurisdiction of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces respectively. 1955, Jehol Province was abolished and merged into Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region respectively; Revocation of Xikang Province into Sichuan Province; Xinjiang Province was abolished and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established. Preparatory committee for the tibet autonomous region was established to administer Tibet and Qamdo. 1957, Guangxi Province was abolished and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established; Establish Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1965, Xizang Autonomous Region was formally established. 3. 1982 Current situation of administrative divisions At present, the hierarchical system in chinese administrative division is based on 1982, the fourth constitution adopted at the fifth session of the Fifth National People's Congress. Article 30 of the Constitution stipulates: "The administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (PRC) are as follows: the whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns. Municipalities directly under the central government and larger cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities. Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are all ethnic autonomous areas. " Article 3 1 of the Constitution also stipulates that "the state shall establish special administrative regions when necessary". 1988, Hainan province was established. 1997, Chongqing municipality was established; Establish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 1999, the Macao Special Administrative Region was established. By the end of 2008, China's administrative regions were divided into 34 provincial administrative divisions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions (Table 3). Therefore, in the current chinese administrative division system, there are no administrative divisions and names of six administrative regions: North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, East China, South China and Southwest China. Table 3: Statistical table of administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (as of 2008 12, 3 1) * Information on administrative divisions of Taiwan Province Province is temporarily missing. Three. China Economic Regionalization (I) Concept and Significance Economic Regionalization refers to the strategic division of the national territory according to the characteristics of social division of labor, including comprehensive economic zones, departmental economic zones and economic types. According to the requirements and conditions of national or regional production development and referring to the formed regional economic types, it comprehensively plans the system of regional production complexes: for example, scientifically delineating the regional scope of departments at all levels or comprehensive economic zones; Determine the rational division of labor and cooperation among economic zones; Suggestions on the rational structure, development scale and regional layout of various production departments in the region are put forward. The purpose of economic zoning is to reveal the favorable conditions and restrictive factors of economic development in various countries or regions, and to form regional specialized departments and industrial structures with their own characteristics. Dividing the whole country into strategic economic zones requires formulating principles from three aspects: economy, ecology and society. (II) Evolution of Economic Regionalization 1949 Since the founding of New China, geographers and economists have also put forward many plans for economic regionalization in China in order to meet the needs of regional research and regional policy analysis. We mainly introduce the following three kinds of China economic divisions published by the government and applied in practice. 1. 1958 Economic Cooperation Zone 1949 After the founding of New China, a highly centralized planning and management system was implemented. 1958, in order to gradually change the unbalanced and unreasonable distribution of productive forces, the State Planning Commission made full and reasonable use of human and material resources in various regions, and at the same time tried to establish a complete industrial system, trying to establish industrial systems with different levels and characteristics in local areas. Therefore, on the basis of six administrative regions (1954), the whole country was divided into seven economic cooperation zones. The seven economic cooperation zones include: Northeast Economic Cooperation Zone (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning), North China Economic Cooperation Zone (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), Northwest Economic Cooperation Zone (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Singapore) and East China Economic Cooperation Zone (Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and Taiwan Province). 196 1 year, the state merged the Central China and South China Economic Cooperation Zones into the Central South Economic Cooperation Zone, so the whole country was adjusted to six economic cooperation zones. Each major economic cooperation zone has a Central Bureau and a regional planning committee, which are responsible for coordinating the economic ties among the provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions in the region and organizing various economic cooperation. Therefore, this is an economic zone organized according to the administrative system. China's economic cooperation zone plan played a certain role in the adjustment of the national economy at that time, and also accumulated experience for later economic zoning. 2. Three Economic Zones Proposed in the Seventh Five-Year Plan During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period (1986- 1990), China put forward the idea of regional economic gradient development, taking coastal areas as bases, developing inland resources with their economic and technological advantages, and then developing to frontier minority areas. The eastern region, which forms three economic zones (Figure 655), includes Liaoning 12 provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Qiong and Guangxi, and is the region with the highest population density and economic density, the strongest economic strength and the most developed market economy in China. Central China: It includes nine provinces and regions, namely Heilongjiang, Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangxi, and is a region with relatively developed economy and relatively concentrated population. The western region, including Sichuan (including Chongqing), Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and New Zealand, is a region with relatively backward economy and relatively sparse population. Figure 10: Three Economic Zones in China (old triangle) With the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region, the geographical coverage of the three economic zones has changed (Figure 1 1). After Guangxi and Inner Mongolia were included in the Western District, they were adjusted to include the Eastern District 1 1 provinces and cities, the Central District 8 provinces, and the Western District 12 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. Figure 1 1: China's three economic zones (new triangle) are the highest economic zones in China, which objectively reflect the gradient difference of China's economic development level and the overall situation of regional economic development, and generally point out that China has formed three zones with different economic development levels and regional functions from the coast to the mainland, providing an important basis for determining the strategic deployment of the entire national economy and formulating regional economic policies. 3. The seven economic zones proposed in the Ninth Five-Year Plan have vast territory in China. Within the three economic zones, there are still obvious differences in the level, characteristics and conditions of economic development in various regions, such as the structural differences of "emphasizing the north but neglecting the south" in industrial layout and the energy storage differences of "coal in the north and water in the south", the combined conditions of water and heat in agriculture and the structural differences of agricultural utilization. Therefore, based on China's national conditions,1The Ninth Five-Year Plan adopted at the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress in 1996 (1996-2000) put forward a new plan for seven economic zones in China (Figure 12). Note: Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are not included in the zoning plan. Figure 12: Seven Economic Zones in China (1) Bohai Rim Economic Zone: Located in the center of Northeast Asia with Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Dalian, Jinan, Qingdao, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Taiyuan and Hohhot as the core, it is a key area guided by national policies. (b) Northeast Economic Zone: including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia. Located in the open zone of Northeast Asia, petrochemical, mining and metallurgy electromechanical equipment and transportation equipment manufacturing occupy a prominent position in the country. (c) Yangtze River Delta and Economic Zone along the Yangtze River: including Yangtze River Delta 15 cities and 28 cities along the Yangtze River. China's largest economic and technological core area has become the junction of China and the Asia-Pacific Economic Zone connecting the central and western regions. A comprehensive economic zone based on the advantages of local agricultural and sideline products resources, with textile industry as the main body and developed light and heavy industries. (d) The five central provinces' economic zones, including Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui, are the transition zones from economically developed areas in China to the west, and also the connecting zones between Shanghai, Lianyungang and Guangzhou. China is an important agricultural base with superior natural conditions such as water, soil, light and heat, and developed agriculture. (e) Southeast coastal economic zone: including Guangdong and Fujian provinces and coastal areas in southern Zhejiang (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan may be included in the future). It is the frontier of China's reform and opening-up, where special economic zones are concentrated, and it is the region with the highest income level in China. (f) Great Southwest Economic Zone: including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Tibet, Hainan and western Guangdong. The resource combination conditions are good, but the level of resource development is low. China is at the forefront of opening to Southeast Asia and South Asia. Guangxi, Tibet and Hainan are relatively backward areas, and they are the frontiers of China's opening to Southeast Asia and South Asia. (g) Northwest Economic Zone: including Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and western Inner Mongolia. The ecological environment is fragile, but natural resources, especially energy and minerals, are abundant, ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and the overall economic level is low. It is an important gateway for China to Central Asia, West Asia and even Europe. Four. Through the introduction of the above-mentioned main schemes and evolution of natural zoning in China and economic zoning in chinese administrative division and China, we can see that different types of zoning have different purposes, functions and meanings, their names and scopes are the same or overlap, and the public's understanding is also very different. For example, "North China", as a geographical term, is used in different types of divisions. As a natural area name, it includes four geographical units, namely, the low mountains and hills in Liaodong, the North China Plain and the lower reaches of Liaohe River, the Loess Plateau and the mountainous areas in northern Hebei. As the name of the old administrative region (six administrative regions), it was established in 1949, covering Hebei, Shanxi, Suiyuan, Chahar and Pingyuan provinces (1952 abolished Chahar and Pingyuan provinces, 1954 abolished Suiyuan province),1954 abolished Suiyuan province. As the name of the old economic cooperation zone (six economic cooperation zones), it was established in 196 1 year, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and was abolished after 1978. Today, many people think that North China should include Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, which basically stems from the establishment of North China Administrative Region and North China Economic Cooperation Zone in the early days of the founding of New China. Because this information may be relatively more and more familiar in the daily life of the public. Comparatively speaking, we know little about the concept of North China in more professional natural zoning, or it is easy to be confused.
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