Which Sui emperor was a notorious tyrant in history?

Yang Guang, Emperor Yang Di of Sui Dynasty, the second emperor of Sui Dynasty, the second son of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, and his mother, Queen Dugu. In 58 1 year, he was made king of Jin, in 589, he was appointed marshal of marching, and in 600, he was made prince. In 604, he became the emperor's throne, with a great title, and reigned for 14 years. In the Biography of Sui Shu's Ancestors, it is recorded that Emperor Yang Di: "On the beauty of posture, there is little Minhui." Political achievements and tyranny are outstanding. Some people compare Shang Zhouwang and Qin Shihuang with him and call them tyrants. After he ascended the throne, he had great ambitions for national politics and worked hard to realize them. During his reign, he built the Grand Canal, Daxing City and Luoyang City, the eastern capital, opened up the territory to smooth the Silk Road, launched the imperial examination and levied Goguryeo. The Grand Canal and the Imperial Examination have influenced future generations for thousands of years.

In 569, Yang Guangsheng was in prajna temple, Huayin County, Tongyou County, followed by Fengyi County (now Dali County, Shaanxi Province, with the street name Longxingli and the "hometown of Yang Guangdi" monument [source request]). Although Yang Guang is handsome in appearance, the history book says, "Beautiful posture, few people benefit", but he is naturally lustful, sinister and vicious.

Have, Yang Guang heard that Zhang Lihua is a great beauty, so he sent someone to tell general Gao Jiong to leave the beauty Zhang Lihua. Gao Jiong was worried that Zhang Lihua's peerless beauty would ruin the Sui Dynasty, so he said, "In the past, Jiang Ziya pretended to be da ji, but how did Zhang Canlihua become a femme fatale today?" So he beheaded Zhang Lihua. This made Yang Guang bear a grudge and claimed that he would take revenge in the future, but Zhang Lihua was dead. Yang Guang regretted not getting Zhang Lihua for a long time.

Before becoming the Crown Prince, Yang Guang always pretended to be simple in front of his father and mother Dugu Gallo in order to please his parents, and sent rare treasures such as golden snakes and camels to impress his mother, Mrs. Xuanhua, so Mrs. Xuanhua often vilified Yong Yang. In the 20th year (600 years), Emperor Wendi abolished the Crown Prince, and in November he was changed to the Crown Prince. In the second year of Renshou (602), Queen Dugu died. Two years later, in July, the fourth year of Renshou (604), Emperor Wendi was seriously ill and died in Yu Dabao Hall. Yang Guang acceded to the throne, known as the Emperor of Yang Di. After he ascended the throne, he exposed his extravagant, dissolute, decadent, cruel and ambitious nature.

The emperor reigned for twenty years.

In 600, Yang Guang led an army to the north to break the Turkish attack. After Yang Guang proclaimed himself emperor, based on his early military career, he launched wars against Koguryo, Tuguhun and Turks. Great cause for five years (609), personally conquered Tuyuhun, and set up four counties, namely Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan and Qiemo, covering an area of 5,000 miles. King Gaochang also went to Zhangye to see Emperor Yang-ti. Yang-ti ordered the reclamation in Heyuan County. At that time, there were 190 counties and 1255 counties in China, with a registered population of over 8.9 million and a population of over 46 million. The Sui Dynasty reached its peak. Koguryo straddles the Yalu River and is located in eastern Liaoning, central Jilin and northern Korea in today's China. After Yang Di ascended the throne, he attacked Korea three times. In the eighth year of Daye (6 12), Yang Di attacked Korea for the first time. More than 30,000 soldiers were recruited1/kloc-0. The army was concentrated in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) and the water army was concentrated in Donglai (now Laizhou). Another 2 million civilian workers were transferred to transport clothes, food and so on. Migrant workers who built seagoing ships stood in the water day and night, their skin festered, maggots were born below their waist, and many people died. Although Sui Jun launched an attack near Pyongyang, it was finally defeated. In the ninth year of Daye (6 13), he attacked Korea for the second time. When the two sides were at loggerheads, Yang Xuangan, a minister of does, rebelled against the Sui Dynasty, and Yang Di quickly withdrew.

Ten-year cause

(6 14), the third attack on Korea. Because the domestic peasant uprising has become a prairie fire, Yang Di has been afraid to fight for a long time. North Korea was tired of the war and sent a special envoy to surrender, so Yang Di withdrew its troops. The war against Koguryo used millions of manpower and expropriated countless properties, and a large number of soldiers and civilian workers died in the battlefield and labor. Due to the extreme shortage of labor and farm animals in rural areas, a large amount of land was barren, social economy was seriously damaged, and people's lives were difficult, which became the fuse of peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty. In the 11th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 6 15), Emperor Yang Di visited the Great Wall in the north, and Khan led his troops to besiege Yanmen (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province). Emperor Yang Di sent someone to ask his wife Princess Sui Yicheng for help. Princess Sui Yicheng sent a special envoy to tell him that there was an emergency in the north. Coupled with the arrival of reinforcements from the Sui Dynasty, he left in September.

Sexual life

In order to satisfy his luxurious life, Emperor Yang Di overhauled the palaces and left them everywhere. Among them, Ren Xian Palace, Jiangdu Palace, Linjiang Palace, Jin Yanggong and Xiyuan are famous. Xiyuan is in the west of Luoyang, more than 200 miles in Fiona Fang. There is an artificial lake in the garden, surrounded by 10 miles. There are mountains in the lake, and the halls are beautifully arranged. Emperor Yang Di often took thousands of ladies-in-waiting riding horses to visit the West Garden on a moonlit night, and immediately asked them to play the song "Night Tour on Qingming Festival", which reached the limit of string songs. When Emperor Yang visited Jiangdu, he led 100,000 to 200,000 people, including kings, officials, queens and maids. The fleet is more than 200 miles long, and all the counties he passes through have to contribute food within 500 miles, which is very serious.

National prosperity

Emperor Yang Di boasted about the prosperity of his country. When ethnic minorities and foreign leaders and businessmen meet in Luoyang in the first month of each year, he orders people to catch Chen Baixi in the street outside the Duanmen Gate of Luoyang. The theater is eight miles long and uses nearly 30 thousand singers. Music travels dozens of miles away. When merchants from the Western Regions wanted to trade in the market, Emperor Yang Di ordered them to decorate the city appearance, decorate shops and unify the eaves of houses, so that valuable goods could be fully reserved, and even vegetable sellers should be given dragon chairs. When these businessmen pass by the hotel restaurant, they will be invited to sit down and eat. And said: "China has money, and the case of eating and drinking is not correct (value)." The trees in the city are also wrapped in silk for decoration. Some businessmen said, "There are poor people in China who have no clothes to cover their bodies. How can we treat them like this?" ! What is the tangle of trees? " .

After Yang Di ascended the throne, he built thousands of ships, such as dragon boats. When he went to Jiangdu, the dragon boat he took was 45 feet high, 50 feet wide and 200 feet long. There are four floors at the top, the upper floor is the main hall, the inner hall and the east and west halls, the middle floor is 120 rooms, and the lower floor is the residence of the chamberlain.

In the first year of Yang Di's great cause (605), the construction of the East Capital began for ten months, and two million civilian workers were recruited every month. The east is in the west of the old Luoyang City, with a larger scale and a circumference of more than 50 miles, which is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. Miyagi is the seat of the Imperial Palace, the Imperial City is the seat of the official residence, and WaiGuo Cheng is the seat of official and private houses and houses. There are more than 100 residential areas outside Guocheng, and there are three major markets, namely Fengdu City, Datong City and Tong Yuan City. Yang Di lives in Luoyang, which is the political, military and economic center of the East.

Dig the grand canal

Map of the Grand Canal Emperor Yang Di ordered the Grand Canal to be dug when he was building the East Capital. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into three sections with Luoyang as the center. The middle section includes Tongji Canal and Hangou. Tongji Canal starts from Luoyang in the north and flows into Huaishui in the southeast. Hangou starts from Yang Shan (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) on the south bank of Huaihe River in the north and ends in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) in the south, and flows into the Yangtze River. There is Jiangnan in the south, Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) on the south bank of the Yangtze River in the north, and Yuhang in Nantong (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The northern section is called Yongji Canal, which starts from Luoyang in the south and reaches Zhuo Jun County in the north (now southwest of Beijing). The Grand Canal was excavated in sections, which lasted for 5 years, with a total length of more than 2,700 kilometers. This is one of the world-famous great projects. After the Yuan Dynasty, it was straightened and dredged, with a total length of 1794 km, becoming the present Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal used many sections of the Sui Grand Canal, and the voyage was shortened by more than 900 kilometers. The purpose of digging the Grand Canal is to strengthen the central government's rule over the east and south, but also to transport grain to the south and facilitate the use of troops in the northeast. The Grand Canal has played a great role in the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China and in consolidating national unity.

educational system

On the education system, Yang Di developed the imperial examination system and added the imperial examination department, which gradually changed the management of state affairs from aristocratic politics to imperial examination. The imperial examination system lasted until the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1905), which made great contributions to the education policy in ancient China. Politically, he tried to break the monopoly of Guanlong Group on official career and reuse officials of Southern Group such as Yu Shiqi and Pei Yun. After he acceded to the throne, he forged the imperial edict of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, killed his brother and deposed Prince Yong Yang. His younger brother Hanwang Yang Liang fought in Bing in the name of begging Su Yang, and Yang Di sent Su Yang to suppress him. After Yang Liang surrendered, he was imprisoned and executed. Shortly thereafter, Yang-ti listened to Yun Dingxing's advice, poisoned Yong Yang's philosophers and eliminated the threat to the throne. Sui Dynasty heroes He Ruobi and Gao Jiong were executed. Militarily, before he ascended the throne, he participated in the wars with Turks and Qidan, and gained something. But Yang Di is also a quick buck. In the eight years of the great cause, the first personal expedition to Koguryo failed. In order to save face, Yang Di made frequent personal expedition for three consecutive years. After he ascended the throne, in order to realize his personal vision, the whole country devoted itself to building a new palace, resplendent and magnificent, which led to a deficit in the state treasury and a shortage of people and money. In his later years, in order to eliminate the strong sense of loss and political pressure, he escaped from reality, visited Yangzhou three times and drank all day.

In the seventh year of the Great Cause, Wang Bo led an uprising in Changbai Mountain (now northeast of Zhangqiu, Shandong Province), which finally broke out at the end of Sui Dynasty. After the war in Yang Xuangan, the peasant uprising developed into a national scale. Yang Di tried to curb the development of the uprising forces, ordered counties, pavilions and villages to build castles, moved people to live in castles, and cultivated nearby in an attempt to control them. He didn't want to face up to the surging peasant uprising, and the courtiers around him didn't tell the truth and lied that there were "fewer and fewer peasants" who rebelled. In July of 12th year, Yang Di went to Jiangdu from Du Dong. In April of the following year, Shi Mi led the Wagang Army to besiege the eastern capital, and sent a campaign to all counties, listing the top ten crimes in Yang Di. The emperor became more and more dissolute in Jiangdu, and ordered the king to choose Jianghuai folk beauty to enrich the harem and have fun with wine every day; He looked at himself in the mirror and said to Xiao, "The head and neck are good, who should be embarrassed!" " Have a hunch that the end is coming. In March of 14th year (6 18), General, General Hu Benlang, General Sima De, and Pei Gantong, the song of the army supervisor, incited the sergeant to enter the palace and killed Emperor Yang.

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Patricide and adultery

According to Zi Jian 180, in July of the fourth year of Renshou (604), Yang Di was ill in bed, and Yang Guang wrote a letter asking how to deal with the funeral of Wendi and acceded to the throne. Unexpectedly, the messenger sent Su Yang's reply to Wendi Deng by mistake. Emperor Wen was furious and immediately announced that Yang Guang entered the palace and questioned him face to face. At this moment, Mrs. Chen of Xuanhua also cried and said that she had molested her on the road, which made Wendi suddenly realize and slapped the bed and cursed: "Animals are worse than animals, and big things don't pay for it! Miss me alone! " Hurriedly ordered ministers Liu Shu and Yan Yuan to draft letters, deposed Yang Guang and re-established Yong Yang as the Prince. It is said that when he heard about it and went to prison, Zhang Heng, the son of the Emperor of Heaven, was sent to Wendi's bedroom to recuperate and sent to Wendi's left and right courtiers. Legend has it that Wendi Deng was killed by him. Soon, Wendi Deng passed away.

Yang Guang's killing of his father is also recorded in many chapters of Sui Shu, such as Biography of Sui Shu XIII, Biography of Sui Shu X, Biography of Sui Shu XXI, Biography of Zhang Hengchuan and Biography of Queen Sui Shu.

In Tang Dynasty, Ma Zong recorded that Emperor Wendi was "spilled blood" by Zhang Heng in Tongli, while Zhao Yi recorded that Emperor Wendi was poisoned by Zhang Heng in A Brief Account of Daye.

In the fourth year of Renshou (604), Wendi was seriously ill, and Mrs. Xuanhua and Mrs. Hua Rong were watching. Emperor Wen of Sui ordered them to change clothes and take a nap. Mrs. Xuanhua met Prince Yang Guang when she was changing clothes. When Yang Guang saw that her father was seriously ill, she became very angry and went forward to molest her mother. Mrs. Xuanhua broke free from the entanglement of Yang Guang. She was disheveled and rushed back to Renshou Palace in her shoes, crying to Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty about Yang Guang's rudeness. Emperor Wendi of Sui was furious and cursed: "Why are animals enough to pay for great things? Only the fox misses me! " He ordered the chamberlain to summon Liu Shu, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Yan Yuan, the assistant minister of Huangmen, to discuss the abolition of Prince Yang Guang and help him, but ordered Zhang Heng to enter the palace and kill Emperor Wen of Sui.

When Emperor Wendi died, Yang Guang sent an empathetic knot. Mrs. Xuanhua was afraid, but at the urging of imperial secretary, she reluctantly accepted the empathy. That night, Yang Guang raped his concubines, Mrs Xuanhua and Mrs Ronghua. Xiao Huanghou found out about it, reprimanded Yang Guang for adultery with her common mother in front of Mrs. Xuanhua, and threatened to make it public if she was not sent away. Finally, Yang Guang had to send Mrs Xuanhua to Xiandu Palace to live. But he was obsessed with Mrs. Xuanhua and soon welcomed her back to the palace. From then on, Emperor Yang Di and Mrs. Xuanhua spent a long night, and Mrs. Xuanhua also let go of her feelings and lost a little temper. But she died at the age of 29 after returning to the palace for more than a year.

According to the analysis of Yuan Gang's authoritative history book "Biography of Yang Di", this statement was forged by the Tang people, that is, it was framed.

Kill brothers and nephews

After Yang Guang ascended the throne, he forged the will of Emperor Wen, forced Yong Yang to commit suicide and executed Yong Yang. [19] His younger brother Yang Xiu, King of Shu, was framed by him for cursing Emperor Wen of Sui and his younger brother Yang Liang, Hanwang. He was stripped of his official position, demoted to a civilian and placed under house arrest in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Later, he was placed under house arrest with other scholars and was not allowed to meet his wife. After Yang Liang, the younger brother of Yang Guang, rose up and rebelled and was "removed as a citizen and lost his citizenship", on March 4th, the third year of the great cause (607), Yang Yan, the nephew of Changning, and his other nephews, Wang, Yang Ben of Anping, Wang of Xiangcheng, Yang Gai, Wang of Levin, Jian 'anzhi and Yang of Yingchuan.