Sanjiang Dong Nationality Customs Exhibition

The Dong nationality is a populous nation in southern China, with a population of 2,514,14. It is mainly distributed in counties such as Qiandongnan, Yuping, Xinhuang, Tongdao, Zhijiang and Sanjiang, which are adjacent to Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi provinces (regions). In addition, tens of thousands of Dong people are distributed in the western part of Hebei Province. Dong people in Guangxi are mainly distributed in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, and the rest are distributed in Rongshui, Longsheng, Rong 'an, Luocheng and other counties (autonomous counties), especially in large settlements and small dispersion. Dong people call themselves "jieml" or "geml" or "gaeml", which is caused by different dialects. There are branches such as "jieml jaox", "jieml tanx" and "jieml laox" inside. "Dong Ren" or "Dong Jia" is the Han nationality's name for Dong nationality.

During the period from old China to Qin and Han Dynasties, the Dong people belonged to Luoyue branch of Baiyue ethnic group, which was called Liao in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and some historical books called it Dong Liao or insulted it as Man Liao. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the central government established a dynasty named

to establish Jimi prefecture, county and cave in the area where the Dong ancestors lived, and the Dong ancestors here were called cave people. Once upon a time, some scholars called the ancestors of Dong people in Yuanjiang River valley in Hunan Province "well;" Or "Ling Ling". This is obviously a record of Dong people's self-proclaimed Chinese anti-syncopation. In the Ming Dynasty, "Dong Min", "Dong Ren" or "Dong Man" gradually became the proper names of Dong people. In Qing Dynasty, it was often called "Dong Min", "Dong Jia" or "Dong Miao", and some of them were generally called "Miao". The times have been clearly called "cave people", "cave family", "cave people" or "cave family". After liberation, they were collectively called Dong people.

Dong language belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family-Zhuang Dong language family-Dong Shui language branch. Dong language is divided into two major dialects, North and South, and the Dong people in Guangxi belong to the southern dialect area. In the past, the Dong people didn't have their own characters, and they used Chinese. In 1957, the party and the state created the Dong script with Latin alphabet for the Dong people. Dong people believe in many gods, and in their daily life, there are many remnants of primitive religions. Worship ancient trees, boulders, mountain gods, water gods, Vulcan gods, kitchen gods, land gods and "past empty gods" and so on; There are also heaven and earth, ancestors, teachers, etc., which are also generally devoutly enshrined; In addition, there are mountain gods, bridge gods, bedside gods, smallpox gods, distiller's yeast gods and so on. Most of these gods are women, and the most respected and mysterious god is "Satang" (meaning great grandmother or first mother). People think that she can protect the environment and the people, and the main animal is the most prosperous and dominates everything.

The influence of Taoism in the Dong nationality is that after the death of the old people, they ask Taoist priests to be Dojo, or drive away ghosts, pray for blessings, and ask for rain to eliminate disasters. Buddhism has a certain influence on the Dong people. an tang is built in the famous mountain resort, and there are < P > a few monks and nuns. On the first and fifteenth day of the summer calendar, a few men and women went to burn incense and worship Buddha; Also, some old people eat "Hua Zhai" at home on the first day and fifteenth day. Catholicism and Christianity only have a very small number of believers in individual villages of Dong nationality.

the dong people are mainly engaged in agriculture and forestry, while the basin and valley areas are mainly engaged in agriculture, while the mountainous and hilly areas are mainly engaged in forestry. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, millet, soybean and potato, japonica and glutinous rice are traditional food crops, cash crops are cotton, tea, camellia oleifera and tung tree, and the forest products are mainly fir, pine, bamboo and tung tree, especially the Chinese fir.

customs and habits The customs and habits of the Dong people are very ethnic. Diet, mainly japonica rice, mountain people like to eat glutinous rice, love tea. Good at pickling sauerkraut, sour meat and sour fish, there is a saying that "Dong never leaves < P > acid". Drink home-brewed sweet wine and low-alcohol distilled wine. Smoking is also more common. Dong men are mainly dressed in Tang costumes, and their heads are covered with evergreen handkerchief. Women's hair is placed in the left front or back of the head with a bun, a pin or a silver comb, earrings, bracelets and necklaces; Wear a big-breasted collarless piping dress, lace-up buttons, a chest hanging inside, a pleated skirt around the bottom, leggings and cloud-hooked shoes. In recent decades, clothing has changed a lot. Men wear Zhongshan suits, women wear Tang suits, and young people wear suits increasingly. Dong people live in many ethnic groups. A village has one or more surnames, and Dazhai has five or six hundred households. The village is surrounded by mountains and waters, and the houses are mainly "dry fences". Stone rafts, farm tools, sundries and livestock feeding are placed downstairs; People live upstairs, with a hall in the middle, a fire pit on both sides, a place for cooking and heating, and bedrooms at both ends; On the third floor, there are bedrooms and granaries. The Drum Tower is the symbol of a village or a surname of the Dong nationality, and it is also the center. Fengyu Bridge is a bridge built outside the Dong village for crossing the river, with unique shape. Pavilion, slate road, Zhaimen, Shuijing Pavilion, "Ganlan", Drum Tower and Fengyu Bridge, etc., constitute the characteristics of Dong villages. Dong people have a monogamous family, and marriage outside the family is strictly practiced. Young men and women are free to fall in love before marriage, and they must ask their parents' consent when they get married. Cousin marriage was popular in the past, but it has basically disappeared after liberation. Singing and sitting on the moon is a unique form of love between Dong men and women. Dong people like bullfighting, and every village has a "Buffalo King" for competition.

Cultural Dong people are good at singing and dancing, including big songs, double songs, yege, pipa songs and so on. Dances include sheng dance, stepping on the hall dance, spring bull dance and dragon lantern dance. Dong folk literature is rich in

colors, and there are narrative songs, lyric songs, custom songs and lyrics in the poems, among which Jiang Liang Jiang Mei, Song of the King of Gold and Silver, Beauty of the Pearl and the Mother are the most famous. Stories and legends are also very rich. Dong opera has a history of more than 1 years and is very popular with the masses. In terms of architectural art and arts and crafts, in addition to the above-mentioned storm bridge and drum tower, Dong brocade, embroidery, silver ornaments, Dong cloth and bamboo rattan weaving all have distinctive national characteristics.

the dong people are rich in revolutionary glorious traditions. The anti-oppression struggle of the Dong people in Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan provinces led by Wu Mian, as well as during the first and second revolutionary civil wars, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression < P > and the liberation war, all the outstanding sons and daughters of the Dong people shed their blood and made contributions to the cause of national liberation.

Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County was established in p>1952. Dong people living in other areas also enjoy the right to be masters of their own affairs. In the whole Dong area of Guangxi, transportation, education, culture, health and other undertakings have made rapid development, and people's lives have been generally improved, showing a thriving scene everywhere.

Drum Tower Dong Zhai Drum Tower looks like a polyhedral pagoda. It is generally more than 2 meters high, with 1 1 floors to the top, all supported by 1 6 Chinese fir columns. The center of the building is wide and flat, about 1 square meters square, with a big fire pit built with

stones in the middle, wooden railings around it, and long wooden benches for rest. At the spire of the building, there is a treasure gourd or a thousand-year-old crane, which symbolizes the auspicious peace of the stockade. The eaves of the building stand out and tilt, giving people a sense of exquisiteness and elegance, such as flying and jumping. Drum Tower is a symbol of the Dong people and a symbol of the unity of the Dong people. Each Dong village has at least one Drum Tower, and some Dong villages have as many as four or five. In the past, the drum tower was hung with a cowhide drum. Usually, if there were any important issues in the village, they would go upstairs and beat the drums to invite the public to discuss. In some places, when fires and bandits broke out, they also beat drums for help. One village beat drums, and other villages answered, beating drums as usual. In this way, one village spread to another village, and the information quickly spread to distant villages in the mountains. People heard the sound of drums. Therefore, Dong family members are particularly fond of Drum Tower and Long Drum. Nowadays, the social order is stable, and the long drum has lost its function of transmitting information. But the Drum Tower is still a place for Dong people to discuss, rest and entertain. In summer, people come to the Drum Tower to enjoy the cool and chat. In winter, everyone sits around the fireplace and tells stories. Every festival, men, women and children gather in front of the Drum Tower to "step on the song hall" or watch Dong opera.

Fengyu Bridge, also known as Flower Bridge, is one of the unique buildings in Dong Village. Dong people are good at architecture. Generally speaking, Miao villages like to stand by the mountain, while Dong villages are mostly built on both sides of rivers and streams, living across the water. Because of this, there are stone arch bridges, stone slab bridges and bamboo bridges in Dong village. However, the wind and rain bridge is the most national feature. Chengyang Bridge, located on Linxi River in Sanjiang, Guangxi, is the representative of Fengyu Bridge. Because there are corridors and pavilions on the bridge, it is not only feasible for people, but also can avoid wind and rain, so it is called wind and rain bridge. Built in 1 9 1 6, this bridge is a four-hole and five-pier outrigger wooden beam bridge. It is 6 4. 4 meters long, 3. 4 meters wide and 1 6 meters high. The five stone piers are each built with pagoda-shaped and palace-shaped bridge pavilions, which are staggered and magnificent. There are carvings and paintings on the eaves of the promenade and the pavilion. The figures, landscapes, patterns and animals are vivid and vivid, which is the crystallization of the wisdom of the people in Dongxiang and the artistic treasures in China's wooden buildings.

Camellia oleifera is a favorite diet of Dong people. The fragrant and sweet camellia oleifera is refreshing and refreshing, and has the effects of eliminating damp heat and preventing colds and diarrhea. It has almost become a necessity in the daily life of Dong people. For many people, it is indispensable to play camellia twice a day. When guests arrive, the hospitable Dong family will be treated with camellia oleifera. There are certain procedures for camellia oleifera. First, the "Yinmi" (steamed and dried glutinous rice, some of which are dyed with five colors) is fried into rice flowers with tea oil (edible oil squeezed from the fruit of camellia sinensis), and then fried peanuts, soybeans and other non-staple foods. Finally, stir-fry the sticky rice, stir-fry some tea leaves, immediately add warm water into the pot, add salt and boil, that is, oily tea. When eating, put some chopped green onion, chrysanthemum, spinach, etc. in the bowl, fill in oil tea, add some fried rice flowers, peanuts, soybeans, pork liver, lean meat and other ingredients, and some even cook small glutinous rice flour dumplings in the oil tea water, which is the oil tea with good color, fragrance and taste. When Dong people eat Camellia oleifera, the host and guests sit around the table or the cooker, and the housewife cooks. The first bowl of camellia oleifera must be served to the elders or distinguished guests in the seat to show their respect. Then send it to the guests and their families in turn. After receiving the camellia oleifera, everyone can't eat it immediately, but put the bowl in front of them and wait for the host to say please, then everyone will serve the bowl together. Eat camellia oleifera with only one chopstick. After eating the first bowl, just give the bowl to the housewife, and she will put the bowl on the table or by the stove in turn according to the sitting order of the guests, and then fill the tea and ingredients again. Each person should eat at least three bowls of camellia oleifera, otherwise it will be considered disrespectful to the host. After eating three bowls, if you don't want to eat any more, you need to put that chopstick on your bowl as a sign of not eating, otherwise, the housewife will keep filling oil tea for you to enjoy.

In the beautiful Dong township, young men and women begin to socialize when they reach a certain age. "Singing songs and sitting on the moon" is to talk about love, which is generally popular in the slack season. Many Dong < P > villages have a special "Moon Hall", that is, a diaojiao building for young people to get together, and most of them are young people who go to their girls' homes to sing songs and make friends. As night fell, the boys in the stockade walked downstairs from their favorite girls with homemade instruments such as the ox leg piano and pipa, while pulling the strings and humming invitation songs. The piano and singing touched the girl's heartstrings, so they quickly put down their work, pushed open the window and peeped under the diaojiao building. When they saw the person they liked coming, they gestured that he could enter the building. If someone they don't like or don't recognize comes to invite them, they quickly close the window and don't go to Tali. If the young man refuses to leave her diaojiao building, whistle, shout, or beat her window and partition with a bamboo pole. Although the patient girl kept silent, her family came out to interfere. If she didn't leave, a cold water poured down from the window, which meant to tell you to go away quickly. "Singing and sitting on the moon" is not stopped by parents. Because they think that their children's love affairs are respected by others and their faces are radiant. While singing, the young man played the piano and the girls were still doing their work, but they were all listening carefully and wondering what song to answer best. Different songs should be sung in different seasons. In the question-and-answer duet, it is easiest to see who knows more things and is knowledgeable. It is in this social activity of "singing and sitting on the moon" that many young people get to know each other better and finally get married.

The Dong people like bullfighting in Bullfighting Festival, and each village has a "Buffalo King" specially for competition. The circle of "Niu Wang" is mostly built near the Drum Tower, which is clean and ventilated, and is called "Niu Gong". Cow king has a special person to mow the grass

to serve with water and mix materials, and he often supplies honey, lard, rice wine and other foods. The "Ox King" is huge and strong, full of blood, with thick and sharp horns, like an open steel fork. Every year, the February and August of the lunar calendar is the Dong people's Bullfighting Festival. Before the festival, young people blew lusheng to other villages to "send an appointment" to invite their opponents. After "seeing off the contract", I went to the "Cow Palace" to play the Lusheng and worship for 3 days to "nourish the heart" for the cows. When the festival arrived, the crowd gathered around the bullring, and the "Bull King" began to "step on the field" accompanied by Lu Sheng: a young man walked forward with a "Horse Card" written with "Bull King" in his hand, with his head held high and his chest held high. "Ma Pai" was followed by guards and drum bands holding wooden "weapons". "Ox King" has a shiny iron cover on its horn, a red satin on its head, and a "Shuanglong Robbery" Ox King Tower on its back, which has four banners and two long pheasant feathers inserted on it, just like an ancient general. There is a string of bronze bells hanging on the neck of the cow, hanging on the chest, and it is loud and clear. After the "stepping on the field", Niu Wang left. Three iron cannons roared and the official bullfight began. Niu Guan threw the two lit fires in front of his own "Niu Wang" respectively, and at the same time let go of the reins in his hands. The two cows rushed to each other, and the masses beat gongs and cheered. The winning girls should be allowed to "take away" the colored flags of the losing side. The winning "Cow King" was dressed in red and entered the stadium again to receive cheers. If the fight is inseparable, it is necessary to put a brown rope around the cow's hind legs and pull them apart, shaking hands and making peace. A few days later, the winning girl went to return the defeated colored flag, and the defeated young man hosted a banquet, sang "big songs" and gave a gift "redemption of the flag". It is the glory of the whole village that the "ox king" of the stockade can win, so there is a mass song and dance banquet to celebrate after the bullfight. In recent years, the "Niu Wang" of the Dong nationality in Guizhou Province also went to some big cities to perform pancratium, which made this special entertainment culture more famous.