What fruit is this picture?

Sour horn is also known as sour bean, tamarind, sour plum (Hainan), "Han Mu" (Dai language), sour fruit, Ma Ram, sweet eye candy, blood-activating map and Asian ginseng fruit. Acanthopanax of Hemataceae. Zizyphus jujuba is a tropical and subtropical evergreen tree, belonging to Leguminosae. It is a single genus, only 1 species, divided into sweet and sour, and is the main raw material of sour croissants. The tree is tall, the trunk is rough, the branches are sparse, and a string of brown hooked pods are hung on the branches.

Zizyphus jujuba likes hot climate, and grows at the annual average temperature 18? c-24？ C. Areas with annual rainfall of 500- 1200mm. It is mainly distributed in Jinsha River, Nujiang River, Yuanjiang Dry-hot Valley and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, with good heat at an altitude of 50 ~1350m. The dry-hot valley of Jinsha River in Sichuan and Yunnan is the main producing area of tamarind in China, with an annual output of 100 tons, which is superior to other areas in the province in terms of yield, quality and flavor. Wood has hard black-red heartwood and soft yellow-white sapwood, and is known as the "sacred tree of the East".

Basic information

gingkgo

Suanjiao

Another name

Tong Mountain hare, Tong Xuexiang, Han Mu, Mam, Tamarind, Sour jiaozi, Sour Bean, Sweet Eyes.

boundary

plant kingdom

summary

Dicotyledonine

subclass

Primitive perianth subclass

eye

Rosales of Rosales

suborder

Rosesuborder

The branch of academic or vocational research.

legume

subfamily

Hematoxylinae, Pistaceae

belong to

Tamarind acidophilus

Binomial nomenclature/system

Suanjiao

Distribution area

Yunnan, Africa, Asia, Europe, America and Oceania are all distributed.

catalogue

1 species classification

2 morphological characteristics

3 growth environment

4 distribution range

Five breeding methods

6 cultivation techniques

7 pest control

8 main value

Fold and edit the species classification of this paragraph.

Suanjiao

The sour horn produced in Yunnan can be divided into three types: sour horn (fruit-shaped horseshoe), medium sweet horn (fruit-shaped loach, also known as sour horn) and sweet horn (mainly distributed in Jinghong, Menghai, Mengla, Simao and Yuxi autonomous counties of Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province), among which sweet horn is very popular with consumers. Its variety resources mainly include the following aspects:

Horseshoe horn: pod horseshoe-shaped, slightly flat, sour taste, high yield.

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus: The tree is tall, the pods are similar to Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the taste is sweet, and the yield is low.

Rice sour pepper: the tree is tall, the pod is half curved, the meat is thick, the taste is sweet, the fruit is early and the yield is high.

Taste classification: sour corn can be divided into three types according to taste: sweet type, sweet and sour type and sour type.

Fold and edit the morphological features of this paragraph.

Acacia angustifolia, height 10- 15(-25) m, DBH 30-50(-90) cm; Bark is dark gray with irregular longitudinal cracking. Leaflets are small, rectangular, long 1.3-2.8 cm, wide 5-9 mm, with obtuse or slightly concave apex and round and oblique base, without hair.

Flowers yellow or mixed with purple stripes, rarely; Total pedicels and pedicels are yellow-green pubescent; 2 bracteoles, about 1 cm long, tightly wrapped with buds before flowering; The calyx tube is about 7 mm long, and the eaves lobes are needle-shaped, about 65438 0.2 cm long, and it turns back after flowering; Petals obovate, subequal to calyx lobes, margin undulate and wrinkled; Stamens are 1.2- 1.5 cm long, pilose near the base, filaments are about 7 mm long, anthers are oval and 2.5 mm long; Ovary cylindrical, about 8 mm long, slightly curved and hairy.

Pods are cylindrical, rectangular, swollen, brown, 5- 14 cm long, straight or curved, and often irregularly constricted; 3- 14 seeds, brown and shiny. Flowering from May to August; The fruiting period is 12- May of the following year.

Sour horn is pod meat, brown and black in color. Ten years of growth, ten years of flowering and ten years of fruit are rare. [ 1]

Fold and edit the growing environment in this section.

Acacia angustifolia is a positive tree species, which is drought-tolerant and light-loving, and is suitable for hot climate. According to the climate type, the living environment is divided into tropical and subtropical. The accumulated temperature in the distribution area is over 6000 hours, with the annual average temperature 18-24℃, the maximum average temperature in Leng Yue 10- 15 ~ C, the extreme minimum temperature above 3 degrees Celsius, and the annual precipitation of at least 540mm (Yuanmou, Yunnan) and the maximum of 65438+. It can grow well in intermittent dry places, but it can't bear fruit or even grow in hot and humid areas with precipitation all the year round. Sensitive to frost. It can grow on barren and semi-barren slopes, even in stony places on barren soil. Although I like acidic soil, I can adapt to alkaline soil and grow better in deep and fertile soil. Ziziphus jujuba is a tree species with deep roots, developed roots and rhizobia. Its tree body is thick and its branches are soft, and it is rarely affected by strong winds. It is actually a hurricane-resistant tree, which is more suitable for growing in arid tropical grasslands and well-drained monsoon areas. The trunk is short and the crown is umbrella-shaped, so air can flow smoothly among the leaves.

Fold and edit the distribution scope of this paragraph.

Suanjiao, also known as tamarind, sour bean, sour dumpling, sour plum, nine-layered fruit, Demahan (Yuanjiang Dai language) and Tongxuexiang (Yunnan), belongs to the genus Suanjiao in Leguminosae and is suitable for planting in dry-hot valleys. It is an evergreen tree that can be used both as food and medicine. It originated in African savanna, and was introduced to Asia by ancient Arabs, and then to China. In China, it is mainly distributed in the south of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces (autonomous regions) and Hainan and Taiwan Province provinces. Born in dry slope grasslands, dry-hot valleys, courtyards and coastal areas with an altitude of less than1400 m, most of them are wild and semi-wild, with an estimated area of about 830hm. Suanjiao once attracted the attention and inquiries of foreign merchants at the Canton Fair.

Asia is the main producing area of sour horn in the world. It is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries, and mainly grows on dry slopes with good heat conditions, less rainfall and altitude not exceeding1500 m. In America, Zizyphus jujuba is mainly distributed in many Latin American countries and the dry and hot areas of the United States. In Africa, tamarind is mainly distributed in low-altitude barren slopes and deserts in Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Lesotho, Kenya, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan and other countries.

South Africa and Ethiopia are relatively large. European acid horn is distributed in coastal slopes and barren hills below 1000 meters above sea level in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece and other countries. In Oceania, tamarind is mainly distributed in Australia, Fiji and other countries.

Fold and edit the propagation method in this section.

Folding seed propagation

Sowing method: propagate with seeds, after the fruits are ripe and harvested, remove the pulp and take out the seeds, wash them, dry them slightly, and then sow or store them. Each kilogram of seeds 1500 ~ 1700, the germination rate can reach 95%. Sow with the harvest, and sow in February-March. The seeds are hard. Soak in warm water 1 ~ 2 days before sowing. After the seeds absorb water and swell, drill or sow as needed. Germination began after 5 ~ 6 days of sowing and basically emerged after 20 days. The seedlings grow rapidly in the early stage after being unearthed. After 1 month growth, the average height of seedlings is 15 ~ 20cm, the root depth is 10 ~ 15cm, and the root width is 5cm×5em. In the meantime, the seedlings need a little shade. After 5 ~ 6 months, when the seedlings grow to a height of about 50cm, they can be planted out of the nursery. Choose seedlings that grow for 3 months and have a height of about 30cm in rainy season. Peripheral selection 1 annual seedling planting. It can also be planted in autumn and spring. Before planting in pieces, dig holes and sow in rainy season, with a spacing of 2m×5m, and sow 2 ~ 3 seeds per hole. After planting, grazing is prohibited.

Note: When sowing, the seeds can be taken out and soaked in warm water at 60-70 degrees Celsius, and then soaked for 5-6 days after the water temperature cools naturally. After the seeds are fully imbibed, clean fine river sand with water content of 5% should be mixed in layers at the ratio of 1: 4 to accelerate germination, and the sand bed should be kept moist. White radicle can be sown after three to four days, and the radicle should not be too long to avoid sowing difficulties. After sowing, water it thoroughly, keep the soil moist and remove weeds in time. Avoid direct sunlight at seedling stage. In May, a sunshade net should be set on the seedbed, with the height above 1.5; When the seedling height is 250px, 20% diluted human excrement and urine can be used, and 0.2%~0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed after the new shoots mature 15 days, and the fertilizer can be applied once every 15 to 20 days. 50% carbendazim can be sprayed 800~ 1000 times to control diseases, and triadimefon can be added when powdery mildew appears. After two months, when the stem diameter of the seedling exceeds 10px, it can be transplanted to the field for planting. The seedling stage is too long and there are too many roots, which are easy to damage the roots and affect the survival rate. It is best to sow in July of that year and replenish seedlings in August, so that the young trees in the whole orchard can grow neatly.

Folding grafting seedling raising

Grafting seedling is carried out on the basis of nutrient bag seedling. Namely, 1 year, and grafting when the ground diameter reaches more than 20px in the middle and late March of the following year. Grafting adopts the conventional splitting method, the scion is picked from the middle and upper branches of the sweet or sweet and sour autumn shoots of last year, and the scion leaves 2-3 buds, so the grafting speed is fast. After grafting, the scion and the whole grafting part need to be wrapped with film, and measures such as watering before and after grafting and covering the roof with sunshade net are taken to graft 15-20 days, to accelerate germination, and to break the bud at the accelerating part in time. By the middle and early July, when the seedlings are as high as 25-750 px, they can be planted in the nursery of that year. Grafted seedlings can maintain excellent variety characteristics. In the second year after planting, the rate of flower inspection and fruit inspection reached more than 50%, which has high application and popularization value. However, the growth crown of grafted seedlings is relatively small at the initial stage of operation.

Reasonable close planting and timely planting: the root-shoot ratio of tamarind root system is one of the physiological indexes of plant drought resistance and an important embodiment of photosynthetic product distribution. In the natural environment, the stress of environmental factors often limits the distribution pattern of plant growth, and the competition for light, nutrients and water is an important factor to determine the distribution of biomass. From the results of root-shoot ratio of tamarind under different water conditions, it can be seen that the root-shoot ratio of tamarind is inversely proportional to soil water content. When the soil moisture content was 8% ~ 10%, tamarind was subjected to severe drought stress, the root-shoot ratio reached 62.4 1 ~ 66.88%, and the root system was very developed. When the soil contains water

When the dosage was 13% ~ 15% and 18% ~ 20%, tamarind was still under water stress, and its root-shoot ratio was 53. 12 ~ 60.84%, and its root growth was still greater than that of the aboveground parts. When the soil moisture content is 23% ~ 25%, the aboveground part and root growth of tamarind account for 49.66 ~ 5 1.55% respectively.

The above data show that when tamarind is under drought stress, its root system grows faster in order to absorb more water to meet its water physiological needs. The root system of plants in dry-hot valley is developed, and improving water absorption work and energy is the basis of adapting to arid environment. The planting density is 6m×6m or 6m×8m, and 270-225 plants are planted per hectare. The planting hole length× width× depth is1.4m× 0.7mx1.0m+0.0m, and each hole is applied with farm manure 100kg, (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) * * 3kg, and phosphate fertilizer.

Cultivation techniques of folding editing this section

Folding fertilization management

Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the young and new shoot growth period, and thin application promotes growth. Apply 0.05kg of urea in March and July every year, and then increase the amount of fertilizer year by year, with 0.2kg+ urea +0.5kg of calcium as appropriate. Adult trees consume a lot of nutrients when they bloom and bear fruit, so the amount of fertilization should be heavy. According to the growth and development characteristics of Zizyphus jujuba, the autumn shoots were attacked by urea, and appropriate compound fertilizer or calcium fertilizer was applied to strengthen the fruit. Apply it in July or August before the fruit expansion period, and apply 0.5 kg urea+0.5 kg calcium 1.5kg per plant. Fertilization time: it should be applied in the rainy season in the hot valley area, which is beneficial to the absorption of fertilizer and enhances the drought resistance of trees.

Folding contour trimming

The height of Acacia angustifolia is not conducive to management, and the crown should be dwarfed. Pruning begins with small trees. Within 1 or 2 years, cut off the lower branches, dense branches and slender branches, leaving 1 or 2 trunk. Ziziphus jujuba likes light and temperature, with abundant sunlight, large nutritional growth and high seed setting rate. When the height of the trunk is 0.7 ~ 1.0m, cut it short, leaving 3 ~ 5 1 grade branches, and the distance between the secondary main branch and the 1 grade main branch is 0.7 ~ 1.0m, and then decrease step by step, so that the multi-grade branches expand the crown continuously. Pruning of adult trees should be carried out after fruit picking and before spring shoot germination, and dead branches, dense branches, transverse branches and twigs should be removed, so as to make the tree heart open, keep the tree strong and cultivate excellent fruiting mother branches.

Folding tree disk cover

After planting for two years, the pickled pepper must be dug and expanded to guide the root system to expand in depth, which is especially important for mountainous areas and orchards with poor soil and is also an important link in soil improvement. Weed 2 ~ 3 times a year, in July and l 1 month respectively. 165438+After entering the dry season in April, covering with weeds with a thickness of more than 20cm can effectively reduce the evaporation of surface water, resist drought and keep warm.

Folding seedling afforestation

Seedling raising in February-March. Soak the seeds in warm water 1 ~ 2 days before sowing. After the seeds swell, drill or sow as needed. Germination began about 5 days after sowing, and basically sprouted after 20 days. The seedlings grew rapidly in the first few days after being unearthed. After 1 month, the average height can reach 15 ~ 20 cm, the root depth can reach more than 10 cm, and the root width is 5 cm ×5 cm. During this period, the seedlings should be slightly shaded. After 5~6 months, the seedlings are 50 cm high and can be transplanted in August ~ September. It is better to plant in rainy season in the following year, and it can also be planted when changing leaves in spring. Direct seeding afforestation can also be carried out after the rainy season, with 2 ~ 3 seeds planted in each pool, and the germination rate is as high as 95%. After 1 month, the height of seedlings is 5 ~ 13 cm, but the growth of direct seeding seedlings is slower than that of seedling seedlings. Since livestock like to eat its leaves, management should be strengthened after afforestation. [2]

Fold and edit this section of pest control

Pest control: 500- 1000 times of 65438% lark wettable powder or 800- 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder are used to control powdery mildew and leaf spot; Spraying 40% omethoate emulsion 800 ~ 1000 times to blue-green elephant, green scarab and leaf-eating caterpillar. Jujube bears fruit at the beginning of May and June, and the fruit is full in 10 ~ 15 years. In 20 ~ 30 years, the fruit yield per plant is 50 ~ 100 kg, and the high yield can reach 300 ~ 500kg/ plant. If management is strengthened, horticultural cultivation techniques are adopted for grafting and pruning, vegetative growth and reproductive growth are controlled, and pests and diseases are prevented, the fruit yield per hectare can reach 7500 ~ 12000 kg, and it will be as high as 15 ~ 22.5 t in the future.

The main value of folding and editing this paragraph

Folding sour horn health care

Chefs in Southeast Asia not only use tamarind to add flavor to dishes, but also it is a kind of fruit. For external use, tamarind polysaccharide (enzyme, fruit acid, vitamin C, etc. ) has a good anti-light effect, a bit like papaya or pineapple, which protects the immune response from immunosuppression caused by UVB and UVA radiation, thus protecting the skin immune system to the maximum extent and further preventing the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin.

Traditional practice: the fresh pulp of this pod can be directly used for skin massage (don't cook it) and left on the skin for a few minutes. Or break the pulp, mix it with water and honey, and make a mask.

Folding economic value

Sour bean trees are easy to plant and manage, and are suitable for planting in temperate regions. When the fourth year begins to bear fruit, you can become a veritable rich tree. The sour bean tree is full of treasures, and the fruit can be used to make "sour bean juice" high-grade drinks. Roots, leaves, flowers, skins and nucleoli can all be used as medicine, and their pulp has great medicinal and medical care value. However, the development and utilization of sour beans are still in the primary stage, and the utilization of sour beans is limited to the production of sour bean juice.

Compared with foreign countries, the value of sour beans is far from being fully developed and utilized. Sour bean seed contains 63% starch, which can be used in color printing, paper polishing, plastic processing and tile bonding in industry. Sour bean seed powder can save 30% cost by replacing corn starch.

Folding edible value

Jujube pulp is rich in reducing sugar, organic acids, fruit acids, minerals (mainly calcium, potassium, phosphorus, less magnesium and zinc), vitamins, 89 kinds of aromatic substances and various pigments, in addition to protein, fat and so on. Seeds account for 30% of the fruit and contain protein, fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, ash, tannin and other substances.

In addition to being eaten directly raw, pulp can also be processed into high-grade beverages and foods with rich nutrition, unique flavor, sweet and sour taste, such as juice, jelly, fructose, jam, concentrated juice, fruit powder and preserved fruit. Concentrated fruit juice is used to prepare and produce fruit juice, fruit powder is used to produce polysaccharide food, and seed endosperm is processed into polysaccharide products. It can clear away heat and relieve summer heat, promote fluid production and quench thirst, and help digestion.