Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel accommodation - Orange introduction
Orange introduction
2 Overview Oranges are the general term for oranges [1].
Orange is a Chinese medicine name [2]. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica was published. It is the mature fruit of Rutaceae citrus and its cultivated variety [2][ 1]. Cultivated in Jiangnan [2]. Sweet and sour, entering the lung and stomach. Oranges have the effects of moistening lung and promoting fluid production, appetizing, regulating qi and stomach, and sobering up. Indications: thirst quenching, nausea, anorexia and qi stagnation in chest and diaphragm. Oranges can be eaten by the general population, but they are not suitable for people with cold cough and excessive phlegm.
3 The source is from Shennong Herbal Classic.
1. herbal note: sour orange pomelo gathers phlegm, sweet orange moistens the lungs, and the skin can be used as medicine, which is unpleasant. There are Zhu orange, milk orange, broken orange, mountain orange and hazelnut. In this generation, the skin is almost flat, so it will always be delicious.
2. Compendium of Materia Medica: Orange, pomelo and orange are similar but different. Oranges are small, with slightly fermented petals, thin red skin and spicy and sweet taste; Pomelos are all orange in size, delicious, and thick yellow in skin, sweet but not very spicy. There is nothing wrong with dividing them like this.
4 Pinyin name Jú
5 English famous oranges
6 Latin scientific name Citrus (China Materia Medica)
7 orange alias Huang Ju (Materia Medica), orange (commonly known as [1]).
8 The source oranges are mature fruits of Rutaceae citrus and its cultivated varieties [1].
Oranges are fruits of Rutaceae citrus and its varieties [2].
Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Oranges are ripe fruits of many kinds of oranges in Rutaceae, such as Fuju or Zhuju.
Compendium of Materia Medica: Citrus is the mature fruit of Rutaceae and its cultivated varieties.
Leaves (orange leaves), skins (green tangerine peel), mature pericarp (tangerine peel), white endocarp (orange white), exocarp (orange red), endothelium tendon (orange complex), seeds (orange core), roots (orange root) and finished products (orange cake) of mature fruits can also be used as medicine [6550
There are many cultivated varieties of citrus, mainly Fuju C. Tangemna Hortex Tanaka Juju; C. chachiensis Hort； Sihui citrus [1].
In addition, there are the following plants of the same genus that can be used for medicine:
1. Satsuma mandarin is distributed in Zhejiang.
2. Tenebrio Tanaka is distributed in Zhejiang.
3. Wild papaya is distributed in Zhejiang.
4. The rice borer is distributed in Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
5. Long fruit trees are distributed in Guangdong.
Citrus is a small evergreen tree or shrub with a height of 3 ~ 4m. The branches are thin and prickly. Leaves alternate; The petiole is 0.5 ~ 1.5 cm long, with narrow wings and nodes at the top; Leaf blade is lanceolate or elliptic, 4 ~ 1 1 cm long and 1.5 ~ 4 cm wide, with slightly concave apex, wedge-shaped base, entire or wavy, with inconspicuous obtuse serrations and translucent oil spots. Flowers solitary or clustered in branches or leaf axils; Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed; Petals 5, white or reddish, rolled up when opened; Stamens 15 ~ 30, with different lengths, and filaments are often connected into 3 ~ 5 groups; Pistil 1, ovary round, stigma capitate. Citrus fruits are nearly round or oblate, with a transverse diameter of 4 ~ 7 cm. The peel is thin and wide, easy to peel, with 7 ~ 12 capsules, and the juice cell is soft and juicy. The seeds are oval, white, with a tip, several to dozens or none. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is10-65438+February. Traditional Chinese medicine, [1]
9. 1 Fuju (Quannan Magazine) Alias: Green Orange (Compendium of Materia Medica), Red Orange, Red Honey Description, Zhang Ju Orange, Red Orange, Flat Orange, Yulin Orange, Dahongpao, Cinnabar Orange and Tide Orange.
Small trees, tree-shaped, with a flat crown on the top of the head, generally about 3 meters high. Leaves alternate, rhombic, rectangular, 5.5 ~ 8 cm long and 2.9 ~ 4 cm wide, with tapering ends, easy to roll inward on both sides, and shallow serrations on the leaf margin; The petiole is slender and the wings are not obvious. Flowers clustered or solitary, yellow and white; Calyx 5-lobed; Petals 5, rectangular; Stamens 15 ~ 18, usually 3 ~ 5 combined with each other, equal to or slightly longer than the stigma. The fruit is oblate, with a longitudinal diameter of 4-4.5 cm and a transverse diameter of 6-7 cm. The top is flat or slightly concave, and the base is ribbed and radial. The fruit surface is bright, orange-red, and the oil glands are fine and lifelong; The peel is easy to peel, and the capsule is about 10 petal, kidney-shaped; Central column gap; Less juice, sweet and sour. 20 ~ 30 seeds, oblate ovoid, gray-white exocarp, light brown endosperm; In mid-March, many embryos bloom. Fruit maturity is 65438+late February.
Distributed in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Fujian and other places.
9.2 Zhu Ju (Addendum to Materia Medica) Alias: Zhu Hongju, Red Rice Chrysanthemum, Cinnabar Chrysanthemum, Latosolic Red, Jujube Quju, vermilion, etc. Small evergreen trees, up to 5 meters high, with spiny or spiny branches. The leaf blade is oval, 9 cm long and 4 cm wide, with tapering ends, whole margin or wavy serrations, dark green at the top, light green at the bottom and linear wings. Flowers axillary or clustered, white or reddish, fragrant; Calyx cup-shaped, mostly 5-lobed, lobes triangular; Petals 5, oblong, thick; Stamens are numerous, inserted around the disk and inserted with filaments. The fruit is oblate, with a longitudinal diameter of 3.8 cm and a transverse diameter of about 4.5 cm. The top is slightly concave, with a * *-shaped protrusion, the base is round and slightly ribbed, the fruit surface is scarlet and rough, and the oil gland is round, small and concave. Capsule 7 petals, kidney-shaped; The pillar in the middle is small and empty. The seeds are ovoid, with beak-like processes at the top and single embryo. The flowering period is from April to May. Fruit maturity is 65438+1late October.
Distributed in Shaanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places.
9.3 Wenzhou tangerine is distributed in Zhejiang;
9.4 Huangyan tangerine is distributed in Zhejiang;
9.5 Tiantai tangerines are distributed in Zhejiang;
9.6 Milk oranges are distributed in Jiangxi and Zhejiang;
9.7 Sweet oranges are distributed in Guangdong.
10 Habitat Distribution Citrus is cultivated in hills, low mountains, rivers and lakes or plains [1]. Citrus is cultivated in Jiangnan [2]: Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Taiwan Province, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places [1].
1 1 biological characteristics of cultivation 1 1. 1 likes subtropical climate with high temperature and humidity, not cold-tolerant, but slightly tolerant to shade. The effective germination temperature is 65438 02.5℃, and the suitable growth temperature is 23 ~ 27℃. Above 37℃, it will stop growing, and below 5℃, it will cause freezing. The annual average temperature in the producing area is above 15℃, the annual accumulated temperature is above 3000℃, and the annual rainfall is mostly1000 ~ 2000 mm. It is advisable to keep the soil moisture content at 60% ~ 80% of its maximum capacity and the relative humidity at 75%. The necessary light intensity for normal growth is 8500 ~12000 LX; It can reach 35000lx in summer. It is suitable to choose sandy soil with sufficient sunshine, high and dry terrain, deep soil layer and good ventilation. (Chinese materia medica)
1 1.2 cultivation techniques: seeds and grafting propagation. Grafting propagation is the main method. Grafting rootstocks can be selected from varieties with fast growth, developed root system, strong stress resistance, strong affinity with scions and cold tolerance, such as Fructus Aurantii, Fructus Aurantii, red lemon, lime, orange, lime and Yichang orange. Picking fully mature fruits, cutting open, cleaning the seeds, storing them in wet sand and stacking them in layers, soaking the seeds in warm water at 35-40℃ for 65438 0 hours before sowing, and then soaking them in 65438 0% copper sulfate solution or 300 times formaldehyde solution or 0.65438 0% potassium permanganate. It can also be disinfected with warm water at 55 ~ 56℃ for 50 minutes before sowing. Seeds germinate after 7 days, and seeds that do not germinate after 1 month. Method of accelerating germination: soak the seeds in water at 35 ~ 40℃ 1h, then soak them in cold water for half a day, put them on a reed mat covered with grass, then cover them with straw, take a shower with warm water at 35 ~ 40℃ for 3 ~ 4 times a day, turn over the pile 1 ~ 2d, and sow after exposure for 5 ~ 9d. Seedbed is sown in wide and narrow strips, with narrow rows 17 ~ 20 cm and wide rows of 50 ~ 60 cm. First, apply human excrement and urine 1 layer in the ditch, sow evenly, cover the seeds with fertilizer mud with the thickness of 1.5 ~ 2 cm, and cover with grass. It needs to be covered with film in winter. After emergence, when there are 2 ~ 3 true leaves, select strong seedlings to transplant in May or September ~ 10 and use them as rootstocks for two years. The rest strains can be used as three-year rootstocks, planted by stages, with narrow rows 15 ~ 20 cm, wide rows of 6070cm and plant spacing 10 ~ 15. When transplanting rootstocks, attention should be paid to stretching the root system, closely contacting the soil and covering the soil to the root neck. After planting, you should always loosen the soil and weed, erase the buds at the base, and pick the tips after the new buds grow. Scion, select adult fruit trees with stable and high yield, strong tree potential and no pests and diseases, and cut off branches with full buds in the middle and upper part of the crown periphery. Scions grafted in spring can store ear sand before germination, and those grafted in summer can be grafted when they come. Before grafting, soak in (1000 ~1500 )×106 tetracycline hydrochloride solution for 2 hours, and then rinse with clean water, which can prevent diseases. Grafting method: before grafting 1 month, remove the budding branches below 15cm of the rootstock ground and remove the core. Grafting in spring is usually carried out from late February to mid-April. In summer, bud grafting is adopted in August and September. Check the grafted seedlings 15 ~ 20 days after grafting. If the bud is fresh, the joint is healed and the petiole is easy to fall off, it is alive, otherwise it should be replanted in time. After the grafting survives, remove the bindings and sprouts on the rootstock. Rootstock should be cut off at 0.5cm from bud grafting, with the side of bud eye slightly higher and the back slightly lower. After the main branch of grapefruit germinates, it is necessary to erect columns to prevent the seedlings from bending, and at the same time, it is necessary to pick the heart, wipe the buds, shape, combine fertilization and spray pesticides to prevent pests and diseases. It takes 3 years from rootstock to grafted seedling. Sow in the middle of February-March in spring or June in autumn10-165438+10. Grafted seedlings should dig holes with soil, polish the injured surfaces of main roots and big lateral roots, cut off weak branches and branches of diseases and insect pests, dip them in mud, and plant holes at 3m×5m row spacing. After field management, it is feasible to intercrop beans or vegetable crops in young trees. Cultivate soil in winter to keep warm and cold. Covering in rainy season can prevent soil erosion. (Chinese materia medica)
1 1.3 after field management planting, beans or vegetable crops can be intercropped between rows in the young tree period [1].
Cultivate soil in winter to keep warm and cold. Covering in rainy season can prevent soil erosion [1].
Fertilization for young trees: 1 ~ 3 years, apply thin fertilizer frequently, apply quick-acting fertilizer from March to July to promote the growth of spring shoots, and 1 1 [1] apply compost.
Fertilization in adult period: apply germination accelerating fertilizer from late February to early March, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; Apply stable fruit fertilizer from late May to late June; Applying strong fruit fertilizer from July to September can also promote the emergence of autumn shoots. The root needs topdressing for many times, and 0.3% ~ 0.4% urea or calcium superphosphate solution can be sprayed from July to September. It's rainy in spring, so pay attention to irrigation and drainage. It is best to have a short, dry, natural round head shape or a natural happy four-headed shape in juvenile village plastic surgery. Select and keep the backbone branch, so that the main branch, the deputy main skill and the example branch are reasonably configured and form a strong skeleton. The pruning of adult trees should be light, thin and short, and the relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting should be adjusted by wiping buds and putting branches. There are covered branches, dense branches and leafless branches. The pruning of old trees is mainly updating pruning. Winter pruning can be re-pruned; Summer pruning is done by thinning and shortening. The flower protection measures can be sprayed for 2 and 4 days (8 ~10) ×106, 0.5% urea, 1% calcium superphosphate extract, 3% peat extract and 800 times trichlorfon solution 1 ~ 2 times, and the effect is obvious after flowering. Before freezing in winter, water should be poured, the soil should be raised to raise the temperature, the branches should be whitewashed, wrapped, covered, smoked and sprayed with steam insulation agent to shake off the snow on the trunk. (Chinese materia medica)
1 1.4 Pest control diseases include canker, and bordeaux mixture should be sprayed in early spring; Gummosis began to occur in April, and disease-resistant rootstocks can be used to control larvae and longicorn beetles at the same time, eliminate the source of infection, find the diseased spots in early spring and scrape them. It is feasible to use human mercuric chloride tung oil mixture (mercuric chloride 0. 1g, tung oil 100g, added in 2 or 4 days) or 1: 65438+. Scab disease, which often occurs on the back of leaves, deforms leaves. Spraying with 50% thiophanate 800 1000 times solution after germination and flowering. Foot rot is harmful to root neck, and can be mixed with 1: 1: 10 bordeaux mixture. Huanglongbing virus causes infection, to prevent the spread of aphids, once found, immediately pull out the diseased strain. Insect pests include citrus psyllid, which is easy to kill when sprayed at the seedling stage of tender shoots. The root is controlled by Venandan, which is beneficial to protect natural enemy larvae. When the germination of new shoots is less than 3 mm or the damage rate of new leaves reaches about 50%, deltamethrin, pyrethroid, emamectin benzoate, Bataan, dimehypo and thiophosphate are used to control citrus leaf miner. There are also citrus fruit flies and citrus longicorn beetles. (Chinese materia medica)
12 harvesting and storage 10 to 12 when the fruit is ripe, pick the fruit for fresh eating or cold storage (Chinese materia medica [3]).
The chemical constituents of 13 orange contain volatile oil, mainly linalool, limonene and pinene [2].
Orange juice contains flavonoids: hesperidin [4], pomelo rutin [5], glucose, fructose, sucrose [6], malic acid, citric acid [7] and so on.
The pulp of orange contains carotene, cryptoxanthin [8] and vitamin island B 1[9]. Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin (Chinese medicine).
Citrus fruit contains β sitosterol, β amyrin [10], gibberellin GA 1, GA4, GA8, GA9, GA 17, GA 19, GA20 and GA24.
Compound chrysanthemum contains hesperidin, citric acid and reducing sugar (Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine).
Wenzhou tangerine also contains hesperidin, more in the peel. Fruit juice contains malic acid, citric acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose and vitamin C 40 mg%. The pulp contains 0.3 mg% carotene, 2 mg% cryptoxanthin and vitamin B 193 μ g%. The content of pigment and vitamin C in pericarp is more than that in pulp (Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine).
14 pharmacological action anticancer effect: β -cryptoxanthin in orange peel and pulp has higher anti-digestive tract cancer activity than β -carotene [12].
15 oranges are sweet, sour and cold [2].
Oranges are sweet, sour and flat [3].
Chinese medicine: Gan; Acid; flat
Notes on Materia Medica: Sweet and Sour
Herbal supplement: cold.
Compendium of materia medica: sweet, sour, warm and nontoxic.
Life, taste and diet spectrum: sweet in taste and flat in nature.
16 meridian to lung and stomach meridian [3].
Traditional Chinese Medicine: Entering Lung and Stomach Meridian
"Essence of Pinhui": "Walking the Taiyin Meridian, Foot Taiyin Meridian."
Materia Medica seeks truth: "Specializing in treating lung and stomach."
17 Function Indications Oranges have the effects of appetizing, moistening dryness, promoting fluid production and sobering up [2]. Treat anorexia, vomiting and polydipsia [2].
Oranges have the effects of moistening lung, promoting fluid production, regulating qi and regulating stomach. Indications: thirst, cough, chest obstruction and qi stagnation [3].
Chinese medicine: moistening lung and promoting fluid production; Regulating qi and stomach. The master is thirsty; Hey, inverse; Pneumothorax; pneumothorax.
Dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine: appetizing, regulating qi, quenching thirst and moistening lung. Treat qi stagnation in chest and diaphragm, exhale and quench thirst.
Herbal dietotherapy: "Stop diarrhea, open the chest after eating, eliminate phlegm and promote qi."
Materia Medica: "Sweet people moisten the lungs."
"Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Quench thirst, stimulate appetite, and remove the qi in the chest."
"Diet is about to go": "Stop vomiting, cut interest rates, benefit waterways, and get rid of the heat in your chest."
Herbs for daily use: "Quench thirst, moisten dryness, and promote fluid production."
Outline of Medical Forest: "Get rid of troubles and sober up."
Traditional Chinese Medicine: "It is a tonic and treats scurvy."
"Convenient prescription for eating Chinese medicine": "Treating burns."
18 select rotten oranges (appropriate amount) and put them in colored glass bottles, and seal them for preservation. The older the orange, the better. Apply them to the affected area (food, Chinese medicine and convenient prescription).
19 the usage and dosage of oranges are eaten raw [2].
Oral administration: appropriate amount, making food; It can also be fried in honey, made in sauce, or made into medicated diet. (Chinese Materia Medica, [3])
External use: appropriate amount, apply. (Chinese Materia Medica, [3])
20 Note that oranges should not be eaten more [3], and those with cough and phlegm due to wind-cold should not be eaten (Chinese Materia Medica, [3]).
Notes on Materia Medica: "Eating too much phlegm."
Herbal diet: "Don't eat too much."
"Daily Materia Medica": "If you eat more, you will love the diaphragm to produce phlegm and suppress lung qi, so patients will not eat."
Compendium of Materia Medica: "Its flesh produces phlegm, and it is drunk together."
"Life Taste Diet Spectrum": "People with cold cough and excessive phlegm should not eat."
2 1 The edible value of oranges is 2 1. 1 The nutritional value of oranges is 1. Oranges are rich in vitamin C and citric acid, the former has the function of beautifying, and the latter has the function of eliminating fatigue;
2. The thin endothelium of oranges contains dietary fiber and pectin, which can promote defecation and lower cholesterol;
3. Hesperidin can strengthen the toughness of capillaries, lower blood pressure and dilate the coronary artery of the heart, so oranges are food to prevent coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Studies have confirmed that eating oranges can reduce cholesterol deposited in arterial blood vessels and help reverse atherosclerosis;
2 1.2 people who are suitable for eating oranges can eat oranges for the general population, but those who have cough and phlegm due to wind-cold are not suitable for eating.
1. People with poor gastrointestinal function, eating too many oranges, are prone to gastrolithiasis disorder;
2. Oranges contain more calories. If you eat too much at one time, you will get angry and cause stomatitis and periodontitis.
3. Excessive consumption of citrus fruits will cause "orange disease" and cause symptoms such as yellowing of the skin.
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2 1.3 the therapeutic effect of oranges is sweet and sour, cool in nature, and enters the lung and stomach meridians;
Has the effects of stimulating appetite, regulating qi, quenching thirst and moistening lung;
Indications: qi stagnation in chest and diaphragm, vomiting, anorexia, deficiency of stomach yin, dry mouth, cough due to lung heat, and excessive drinking.
2 1.4 foods like oranges and crabs all cause soft carbuncle. Eating meat with otters makes me sick. Don't eat with betel nut. (Quoted from Dietary Guide)
Various discussions 1. Seeking truth from materia medica: orange peel and peel belong to the same thing, but the gender is quite different. Orange peel tastes bitter and bitter, and orange peel becomes sweet and sour; The skin has the functions of resolving phlegm, opening phlegm and regulating qi, and phlegm contributes to drinking and also has the harm of qi stagnation. According to the book, it can cure thirst, stimulate appetite and clear the qi in the chest, that is, extremely high internal heat and stomach cold. If it is a cough caused by spleen deficiency and water deficiency, use this sputum daily to ensure that there will be no disadvantages of phlegm and qi. But it's better to fry with honey.
2. "Dietotherapy Materia Medica": stop diarrhea, eat after meals, and open the chest to resolve phlegm.
3. "Japanese Herbal Medicine": quenching thirst, appetizing, and removing qi in the chest.
4. "Food just wants to get up": stop vomiting, cut interest rates, benefit waterways, and remove the heat in the chest.
5. "Daily Materia Medica": quenching thirst, moistening dryness and promoting fluid production.
6. outline of medical forest: get rid of trouble and sober up.
7. "Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine": It is a tonic and treats scurvy.
Every day 1 ~ 3
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