Development history of broadsword club

Southwest Shandong has always been known as the "bandit nest" because of its "strong atmosphere". At that time, the famous bandit leaders in that area were Yue Migong and Duan Er, a blind man. They gathered on the grass and robbed the rich, and the people were very upset.

The broadsword meeting will be held in public in each village. Members will practice knives and sticks, defend their homes and help the government suppress bandits.

In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), Yu Xian, a native of Zhenghuangqi, the interior office, became the magistrate of Cao Zhou. Yu Xian was a famous cruel official in the late Qing Dynasty. When Cao Zhou was in office, Yuxian was "good at stealing but not afraid of killing" and killed more than 1,000 people in three months.

Yuxian repeatedly sent officers and men to suppress the bandits headed by Yue and Duan, because the bandits' whereabouts were erratic and "the roots had not been pulled out". Therefore, Liu Shiduan advocated the establishment of a broadsword club to deal with the blind obedience of Yue Migong and Duan Er.

In the Qing Dynasty, secret association among the people was forbidden, and anyone who "spread Bai Yang, An Baili and Eight Diagrams" and "bewitched people with spells" was put to death. After investigation, the government believes that the broadsword club is "all for the villagers to practice martial arts and save money", and there is no illegal act, so it acquiesces in its existence. The broadsword club also works closely with the government.

Yuxian supported the Broadsword Club, and the Broadsword Club also actively assisted the government to capture Gong alive and annihilate bandits such as Gong, Duan Er and the blind. Liu Shiduan made meritorious service in catching thieves and was awarded the "second-class high hat" by the Qing court.

At first, they captured bandits and handed them over to the government for punishment; Later, it was discovered that the government "can't kill everyone, and everyone is unhappy." After the thief was killed, he was no longer sent to the official. " The locals heard that broadsword can "avoid swords and guns and defend the country", so they rushed to join.

In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), in March, Liu Shiduan "sang in the Fire Temple in Chengguan, Shan County for four days", and more than 6,543,800 people came to the party. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), the German evangelical missionary John Feng Anze came to Yanzhou, Yizhou and Cao Zhou, Shandong Province, to establish a church and develop its congregation. John the Baptist John von Anze is ambitious. Under his leadership, Lunan established the 12 church, with 34 missionaries and more than 4,000 followers. Therefore, it has also brought about growing conflicts between people and religions.

In the case of conflict, the government "will eventually be more accommodating (parishioners)." The common people "think that the government is insufficient, but private fights can still vent their anger." So some people gathered to make trouble and burned the church. "

1February, 896, at the junction of Cao County, Shan County and chengwu, the broadsword club belonging to Liu Shiduan and Cao Deli clashed with its members. According to a letter from German Minister Schenk to the Chancellor's Office, 16 churches were destroyed.

According to the report of the meeting of Cao, Dan and Chengwu counties, the cause of the incident was that Hao, a Shanxi native who opened a pharmacy in Taipingji at the junction of the three counties (participated in the broadsword meeting) borrowed money from his congregation to buy medicine, but Lu refused to pay it back. Hao accused him of relying on teaching to default. Seeing this, Lu Cai, a Lu ethnic group, came out to help them and called Vivi the "White Lotus Flower Demon". Hao Huijing said that Shandong cuisine is a "robber sheltered by lambs".

The two sides had a quarrel and they were advised to go their separate ways. Lu Cai informed the church teacher Zhang, and Hao informed Liu Shiduan and Cao Deli that the two sides gathered to clash. However, the three counties will report that the conflict was resolved through mediation, and there were no incidents of fighting and destruction of churches.

1896 April 15, singing in Liu Zhuang, Caolou and Huoshen Temple in Shan County. The gathering, led by Liu Shiduan and Cao Deli, was unprecedented in scale, with 65,438+10,000 participants. In the square in front of the temple of fire (three miles west of the mountain city), two stages were set up on the east and west sides and sang for four days. Colorful sheds were set up in front of the stage, with red flags on both sides of the shed like forests and swords on them. There is a couplet written on the shed column: "Protect the world for the sky, shake it with a sword." The members attending the meeting were armed to the teeth, with red cherry guns on their shoulders, broadswords on their backs, and daggers at their waists to direct operations. This party is a great review of the reputation of broadsword club.

1In the early summer of 896, Liu Yichen, a member of Liu Ditou in Dangshan, bullied others and forced him to cut the wheat of Pang Sanjie in Panglin Village. Pang Sanjie complained to Liu Shiduan, and Liu Shiduan immediately sent leaders such as You Jinsheng, Peng Guilin and Zhi Zhizhong to lead more than a thousand members of the Broadsword Club to the east on May 5. Members rushed to Pang Lin with red cherry guns. While Liu Yichen was committing a crime, members of the Broadsword Club fell from the sky. Liu You ran away at once. The members of the broadsword club pursued the victory, destroyed all the churches in Xuekonglou and Liudi, and killed Gong Keliang and Wang Xueliang, two evil foreigners.

The righteous act of the broadsword club was praised by the people. With the support of the people, they kept charging foreign churches in Shan County, Dangshan County and Fengxian County. In a short time, more than 30 churches were destroyed. Wherever the broadsword club went, the "Lord" in the church was like a fragment, the Bible was reduced to ashes, and missionaries fled in succession.

1896 On May 8, 2008/kloc-0, members of the Broadsword Club headed by Pang Sanjie, You Jinsheng and Peng Guilin launched an attack on Ma. After two days of fierce fighting, the team members finally broke through the defense line of the Qing army and swept away the grain, cloth, coins and Beijing-Guangzhou groceries in the feudal fortress.

However, on June 20th, 1896, when the Governor of Shandong reported any acts of destroying the church to the General Administration of Consultation and Recovery, the Broadsword Society launched a larger-scale anti-church struggle in the border areas of the three provinces.

In mid-June, in Liuditou Village, Dangshan County, Jiangsu Province, Liu Yichen robbed and cut the wheat of Pang Sanjie's family in the same village. The government was partial to Liu Yichen, which made Pang Sanjie very angry.

Pang Sanjie is the head of the local broadsword club. In anger, he rallied and asked Zhao Tianji for help. Zhao Tianji wrote to Liu Shiduan and Cao Deli again, asking Cao and Shan Dadao to come and support them. More than 65,438+0,000 people rushed to Liu Ditou to punish Liu Yichen and destroy Dangshan Dongtuan Church.

Then, the broadsword in the counties bordering the four provinces will aim at eliminating foreign religions. From June 15 to June 24th, broadsword club beat churches village by village in a county, * * * destroyed 17 churches, robbed 168 parishioners and burned many parishioners' houses. On the 25th, he moved to Cao County and Feng County in Jiangsu Province to continue attacking the church, and priests and parishioners fled. On 28th, Ma was at the junction of Dai and Dang, and was surrounded by the Broadsword Society. On the 29th, Ma broke into the market and robbed salt shops, hotels, Beijing goods shops, grocery stores and outsourcing yamen in the south of the Yangtze River. On the 30th, he went to the southeast township of Shan County to attack the hall and seize food, horses and other things. After the incident, the Prime Minister's yamen summoned Li Bingheng, the governor of Shandong Province, on June 24, and instructed him to negotiate with the organizers of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces to suppress it. On July 3rd, the Qing court sent a telegram urging the governors of the two rivers, Liu Kunyi, and Li Bingheng factions to suppress them quickly.

In Jiangsu and Anhui, in addition to Chen Fenglou, the company commander of Xuzhou Town, Liu Kunyi led the troops to Dangshan to suppress, and sent Liu, the company commander, to lead four pro-camps to Xuzhou for joint defense.

On July 3, the broadsword club fought with the militia outside the west gate of Maliangji, Dangshan County, and was attacked by the officers and men of Liu Department who arrived, so it had to retreat to Shan County. The next day, broadsword will regroup more than 500 people to attack Ma Liangji. Unexpectedly, Chen Fenglou got the news and arrived with the "ma bu" or horse stance just look team. The broadsword will lose, and eighty or ninety people will die. The leaders Peng Guilin and Zhi Zhizhong were captured and killed.

In Shandong, the newly appointed provincial judge Yu Xian was sent to investigate with Lu Xiliang, and three candidate roads controlled by Ma were sent to camp in Cao, Dan, Yutai and other counties to defend together with the former commanders of Shan County, Yue Jintang and Shi Zhenting. At the same time, the alternate magistrate Yang Chuanshu, Chen and the alternate magistrate Tu Naixun were assigned to various places to enlighten them at any time.

Tian Enlai, the company commander of Yanzhou Town, also left Yutai County with Kiko to coordinate Yuxian and others. On July 3, when Ma Liangji was defeated and fled back to Shan County, he was stopped by the Qing army and militia, killing two people and taking prisoners 18 people. On July 4th, captured 13, killed 10. Peng Guilin and others were captured, and Zhizhong died on the spot. Liu Shiduan, the main leader, was later deceived and arrested, and was killed in Ximen, Cao County on July 7. The struggle of the broadsword club has temporarily failed.

After Liu Shiduan was killed, members of the Broadsword Club headed by Liu Qingyun assembled more than 30,000 members of the Broadsword Club in Wanfuhe, Jinxiang, and continued to "destroy foreigners and kill corrupt officials". Some broadsword members crossed the Yellow River and moved to Liaocheng and Dezhou, and later joined the Boxer Rebellion led by Zhu.

Although the incidents mainly occurred in Jiangsu and Anhui, the main force of the broadsword club was in Shandong. In order to eradicate the hidden danger, the Qing government trapped and killed Liu Shiduan and Cao Deli, who had not left the country and directly participated in the education struggle. On the whole, Li Bingheng is afraid that if he is provoked, he will change. For this broadsword meeting, he mainly adopted the policy of first resolving threats and then punishing them. Under this policy, the broadsword club has not been fundamentally punished, but has retained some effective forces, laying the groundwork for future revival. The following year 1 1 month, Cao Zhou's religious plan took place.

There is a holy word hall in zhang jia zhuang, Juye County, Cao Zhou. On November 1st, the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), the church was suddenly besieged by the local broadsword society, German missionaries Neng Francis and Ricardo were killed, and all the objects in the church were looted.

At that time, John von Anze the Baptist was in Holland. He immediately rushed to Berlin after hearing the news and asked the German government to protect the congregation and expatriates.

1 1 On June 6th, Germany sent troops to Shandong and occupied Jiaozhou Bay. The Qing court was also very angry, and ordered Shandong Governor Li Bingheng to send troops to snap up. Pang Sanjie and Peng Guilin led a broadsword rally and fought against the loyalists in Maliangji, which is at the junction of Sulu and Shandong, and lost. Under the suppression of the government, the broadsword will go underground, and the congregation will leave the field and spread to Lubei and Hebei. ...

After the Cao Zhou religious case, the Qing court signed the Jiaoao Concession Treaty with Germany after more than a year of negotiations. Germany obtained the lease right of Jiaozhou Bay in 1999 and was awarded 222,000 silver. Li Bingheng, the governor of Shandong Province, was dismissed and replaced by Yu Xian.