Understand the origin, species, origin, growth and nutritional value of Chinese cabbage.

Chinese cabbage, also known as "heading cabbage", "bean sprouts" or "Woxin cabbage", is a native vegetable in China, which is widely cultivated all over the country, with North China as the main producing area. Chinese cabbage plays an important role in vegetable production and consumption in China because of its tender and crisp quality, milky juice, easy planting and storage resistance. It is a delicious vegetable on people's table in autumn and winter. In the north, Chinese cabbage is called "home cooking" and "semi-annual dish" and has been introduced to all parts of the world. In Japan, Chinese cabbage is called "Tang cuisine" and "Shandong cuisine"; In Europe and America, some people call Chinese cabbage "China cabbage".

Chinese cabbage originated in China, but unlike leek, ginger, garlic and other vegetables, it can be found in classical literature for a long time, and unlike some vegetables originating in China, there are still primitive wild species in mountains and rivers. Looking through ancient books, there were no ancient books about Chinese cabbage before Yuan Dynasty. According to textual research, Chinese cabbage has a short history, from Yuan Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties. Up to now, it's about seven or eight hundred years. Agronomists have conducted in-depth research on Chinese cabbage and come to the conclusion that it evolved from natural hybridization between Chinese cabbage in the south and turnips in the north. Therefore, to explore the origin of Chinese cabbage, we must start with the origin of Chinese cabbage and radish.

Chinese cabbage, also known as green vegetables, rape and ordinary cabbage, was called "fermented grains" in ancient times. Originated in southern China. The earliest historical records began in the Western Jin Dynasty. Turnip, also known as turnip, is a kind of root mustard, commonly known as "spicy pimple", which is native to China and mainly produced in northwest and north China. Turnip has a long history of cultivation in China, which was recorded in the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period and also recorded in Fan Shengzhi's vegetable monograph in the Western Han Dynasty. It was widely cultivated in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Huan, there was a record that "floods caused disasters, and crops were not harvested, so that all the injured counties and countries planted vines to satisfy their hunger".

Regarding the regional characteristics and evolution of Chinese cabbage and radish, the Southern Vegetation written by Han Ji in the Western Jin Dynasty wrote in the section of "Radish Attached": "There is nothing in the south of Radish Ridge, and occasionally mustard is cultivated by officials and scholars, which is also called orange planting in Hebei. There is a cave in Qujiang, and that person is called Qin Dong. " According to Xiao Zixian's Book of Southern Qi, Chinese cabbage was cultivated in the south, which was called "fermented grains". Tang Sugong's "Tang Materia Medica" contains: "Broccoli and fermented grains have different origins." In the book Ya Ya written by Lu Dian in the Song Dynasty, it said: "Shepherd's purse was planted in the north, and radish was planted in the first half of the year, but it was extinct in two years. Radishes are also grown in the south. " In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Fu also recorded in "Chen Fu Agricultural Book": "Plant radish vegetables in July." Green vegetables refer to Chinese cabbage.

As can be seen from the above historical data, the origins of Chinese cabbage and radish are different, and there are some character variations during the introduction from north to south. However, due to the underdeveloped technology at that time, people can't know what caused the variation of Chinese cabbage and radish. Chinese cabbage didn't appear until the Yuan Dynasty. Hu Sihui called the so-called "fermented grains" Chinese cabbage directly for the first time in Eating, and drew a picture carefully. Judging from the shape of Chinese cabbage described by him, it is not the Chinese cabbage born on the ground, but the leaves outside are gathered, and its embrace state has evolved into a Chinese cabbage with balls. However, it cannot be separated and ignored that the long history from Jin to Yuan is an important stage in the evolution of Chinese cabbage, from internal cause to external cause, from quantitative change to qualitative change, and from accidental to inevitable mutation. At the same time, the war and turmoil in this period, people's migration, cultural exchanges between North and South, and interactive planting of crops all promoted the evolution of Chinese cabbage. After the Yuan Dynasty, there were more and more ancient books describing Chinese cabbage. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shimao introduced the definition and origin of Chinese cabbage in the section of Fruit and Vegetable Sparse, and recommended "Yan Dihuang Cliff Vegetable" as a famous variety. Qing Hongshu and others praised Chinese cabbage as "crisp and beautiful without me" and pointed out that soybean sprouts are another kind of Chinese cabbage and must not be confused with Chinese cabbage. Ding Yi once made a clear exposition of Chinese cabbage in Introduction to Farmland, which he called "Woxin Chinese Cabbage". He introduced the cultivation experience of planting light snow in early autumn in Shandong province, and also introduced the method of binding the outer leaves with straw rope to protect the bulbous leaves after the first frost. Modern agricultural science and technology have proved that Chinese cabbage and turnip belong to different subspecies of Brassica, and cruciferous vegetables are the easiest to cross naturally. In particular, Chinese cabbage and turnip have the same basic genome, and the fertilization rate of natural hybridization between them is 100%, and their parents and offspring can grow and reproduce normally. And the biological characteristics of Chinese cabbage are between Chinese cabbage and radish.

The results of artificial hybridization between these two vegetables by vegetable experts also prove that Chinese cabbage is the product of hybridization between Chinese cabbage and radish. Agronomists' further inferences are as follows: First, because Chinese cabbage and turnip were introduced into each other from north to south, the two vegetables bloomed at the same time, and their genetic relationship was very close. Under the condition of natural pollination, it is entirely possible to produce hybrid offspring by natural hybridization. Secondly, this hybrid offspring is a semi-cold-tolerant vegetable, which requires a cool and humid climate, an appropriate temperature difference between day and night, no freezing injury, and sunshine and rainfall meet the external environmental conditions of Pilin. The autumn climate, temperature and weak alkaline soil characteristics in North China meet these requirements. After nearly a thousand years of evolution and cultivation, Chinese cabbage finally appeared. What needs to be explained here is that the author thinks that it is wrong to call Chinese cabbage "shepherd's purse" or "shepherd's purse" today, and it should be clarified and corrected.

To sum up, the advanced variety of Chinese cabbage we are eating now-Chinese cabbage, is the result of countless times of evolution and hard cultivation in the long-term labor practice of people of all dynasties. Contemporary Chinese cabbage has formed a huge family, which is colorful. Its strain has developed to 4 varieties and 3 ecotype 1000 varieties. Chinese cabbage is more adaptable and has become a "national dish" planted all over the country. What is more exciting is that with the rapid development of agricultural science and technology, anti-season heat-resistant Chinese cabbage and colored Chinese cabbage have also come out one after another.

Chinese cabbage is generally strong, cheap and nutritious, which makes people eat it for a long time. Once it came out, it was loved by people. In Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sihui wrote: "Cabbage is sweet, warm and non-toxic. It can clear the intestines and benefit the stomach, remove troubles in the chest and relieve alcoholism. " Wang Shimao of the Ming Dynasty appreciated Chinese cabbage very much, and considered it as a miracle among vegetables. In Wu Shuo in the Qing Dynasty, after the Chinese cabbage in the north was transported to the south, "it is better to fight for it with meat and spread like wildfire." Wang Shixiong recorded the benefits of eating Chinese cabbage with great interest in Diet Spectrum, saying: "Gan Ping nourishes the stomach, and both vegetarian and vegetarian foods are suitable, and the taste is better than the delicacies." Ke Shaowen, a historian in Qing Dynasty, wrote the poem "Planting Jiaozhou Cabbage": "The green leaves are full of white jade fat, and the winter snow is sweet." The "gum vegetable" praised by Lu Xun in Mr. Fujino is a famous product in Qingdao, Shandong Province. At that time, the "gum vegetables" were rare and expensive, and they were tied to the roots by businessmen with red ropes and transported to the south for sale. Qi Baishi, a master of modern Chinese painting, loves Chinese cabbage very much. He wrote an inscription in the painting "Pepper Cabbage": "Peony is the king of flowers, litchi is the first fruit, and cabbage is the king of vegetables. Why not? " Since then, Chinese cabbage has been known as the "king of vegetables" and has been widely recognized. The common people have a stronger cabbage complex. A common folk proverb says: "Fish makes a fire, meat produces phlegm, and cabbage and tofu keep it safe." The Japanese commented on Chinese cabbage: "Its quality is excellent, its taste is sweet, and its quality is extremely soft and crisp, which is the highest among all dishes."

According to modern nutrition, every hundred grams of Chinese cabbage contains protein 1.7g, fat 0.2g, carbohydrate 3. 1g, dietary fiber 0.6g, provitamin A 250g, vitamin A42g, vitamin PP 0.8mg, vitamin C 47mg, vitamin E 0.92mg, thiamine 0.06mg and riboflavin 0.07mg. In particular, we need to remind everyone that selenium and molybdenum rich in Chinese cabbage are essential trace elements for human body. Selenium can supplement vitamin E, and has the functions of preventing myocardial infarction and hypertension and enhancing human immunity. Molybdenum is an important component of enzyme, which can also assist the metabolism of sugar and fat, and has a strong anti-cancer effect, which can directly or indirectly kill cancer cells. The content of oxalic acid in Chinese cabbage is very small, which has hardly been reported. Therefore, nutrition experts list Chinese cabbage as one of the first choice vegetables for health care and cancer prevention.

In terms of eating, Chinese cabbage has a variety of dishes and a nonstop taste. Suitable for a variety of cooking methods, suitable for mixing, pickling and frying. Can be used as a dish alone, but also compatible with a variety of raw materials; Can be made into exquisite high-grade dishes, but also can be made into heavy cauldron dishes; I got the hall and canteen; It is also one of the essential raw materials for pastry fillings and hot pot. It can be said that it tastes like water and carries everything. However, experts suggest that Chinese cabbage dishes placed overnight or for a long time should not be eaten to prevent nitrate in Chinese cabbage from being converted into toxic nitrite.

In recent years, under the guidance of returning to nature, chefs from all over the world have devoted themselves to creating brand-name dishes and innovative dishes featuring Chinese cabbage, and many Chinese cabbage dishes that are favored by consumers have emerged. As the hometown of Chinese cabbage, Gao Zhengang, the manager of Huanghai Hotel in Jiaonan City, which is quite famous in the catering industry, takes the promotion of local specialties as his own responsibility, and takes green and natural organic Chinese cabbage as the research and development object, and has successively developed a series of Chinese cabbage dishes, which are well received by consumers, stimulating the hotel's operating efficiency, making the hotel prosperous in both human and financial resources and business, and becoming the flagship of the local catering industry.

Choose a few Chinese cabbage dishes and exchange and learn with your peers.

Roasted Chinese Cabbage with Spring Shrimp —— "Qingdao Seafood Famous Cuisine" in 2004

Ingredients: 10 spring prawn, 5 tender white cauliflower heads, a little coriander stalks, salt, monosodium glutamate, soup and cooking wine.

Method:

1. Remove sandbags, sand strips and shrimp guns from prawns, cut off claws and wash them; Tear large pieces of cabbage.

2, the net pot leaves the bottom oil, the material head is placed in the pot, the cabbage is soft, and it is scooped.

3. Take another spoonful, heat the base oil, add onion and shredded ginger, stir-fry until fragrant, add prawns and stir-fry shrimp brains, cook cooking wine, add soup, cabbage and seasoning, simmer over low heat until the soup is almost dry, add monosodium glutamate, pour sesame oil, sprinkle with coriander segments, and serve.

Features: white inside and red, bright and eye-catching, tonifying kidney and strengthening yang.

Crab Yellow Sticky Sea Cucumber —— "Qingdao Seafood Famous Cuisine" in 2004

Raw materials: 50 grams of cooked crab roe, spontaneous sea cucumber 10, 5 tender "gum white" plants, Chinese cabbage, abalone juice, soup, cooking wine, oyster sauce, refined salt and monosodium glutamate.

Method:

1, the cabbage heart grows in two petals, the oil pan is slightly blanched, and the soup is simmered until soft and rotten, and set aside.

2. Blanch the sea cucumber, put it in the soup and burn it thoroughly, put it in the middle of the plate, put the rape heart in the water and stir fry it, and put it on the plate.

3, put the bottom oil in the net pot, saute the chopped green onion, cook the wine, add the soup, abalone juice and crab roe to thicken slightly, and pour the oil on the sea cucumber.

Features: crab roe is fragrant, sea cucumber is soft and glutinous, Chinese cabbage is fresh and tender, nutritious and attractive.

Bagging in the Yellow Sea-"Jiaonan Trustworthy Fast Food"

Raw materials: 500g of refined powder, 250g of tender "Geely White", 0/50g of fresh pork/kloc, 0/00g of shrimp/kloc, 75g of tender leek, appropriate amount of pepper, appropriate amount of pepper water, appropriate amount of minced onion and ginger, appropriate amount of refined salt, appropriate amount of cooking wine, appropriate amount of monosodium glutamate, appropriate amount of sesame oil and appropriate amount of fresh yeast.

Method:

1, flour with yeast, water with yeast, baked thoroughly.

2, Chinese cabbage, pork, shrimp and other accessories diced, add seasoning to taste.

3. Add 65,438+00 doses of dough, roll it flat and fill it, make it into a chrysanthemum bag, and steam it in a cage.

Features: white color, soft and delicious stuffing.

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Cabbage is a "big family", and its brothers and sisters are evergreen all year round, and people eat it all year round. Rape in spring, cabbage in summer, cabbage in autumn, Chinese cabbage in winter, etc. Both meat and vegetables are suitable and are deeply loved by people. Chinese cabbage, in particular, is the main vegetable in winter and spring in northern China.

Chinese cabbage, also known as Chinese cabbage and soybean sprouts. Every 100g of Chinese cabbage produced in Beijing contains 4 1.84 kilojoules (10 kcal), 0.5g of crude fiber1.5g of protein, 0.8g of carbohydrate1.2g of fat. Chinese cabbage contains a lot of crude fiber, which can promote the peristalsis of intestinal wall and keep the stool unobstructed. Compendium of Materia Medica says that Chinese cabbage is "thirsty and nontoxic, beneficial to the stomach and diuresis."

Chinese cabbage can be fried or eaten raw. It can also be made into sauerkraut, pickles, sauerkraut, pickles, dehydrated vegetables, air-dried vegetables, etc. However, for dieters, it is best to eat it raw and cold.

Nutritional value of Chinese cabbage: Chinese cabbage is rich in vitamins. Eating more Chinese cabbage can have a good skin care and beauty effect. The cellulose in Chinese cabbage can not only moisten intestines and detoxify, but also promote the absorption of animal protein by human body. Chinese medicine believes that Chinese cabbage is slightly cold and sweet, and it has the functions of nourishing the stomach, promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, promoting diuresis and relaxing bowels, and clearing away heat and toxic materials. Folk also often say: fish makes a fire, meat produces phlegm, and cabbage tofu keeps peace.

Origin of Chinese cabbage: North China, introduced to South China, cultivated all over the country. /kloc-was introduced to Japan, Europe and America in the 0/9th century. There are many kinds of Chinese cabbage, including JIAOZHOU Chinese cabbage, Bai Qing Chinese cabbage, Tianjin green Chinese cabbage, Northeast Chinese cabbage and Yangcheng Chinese cabbage.

Meteorological conditions for the growth of Chinese cabbage: seedling stage: generally around the beginning of autumn festival, the average daily temperature is 20-25℃, and the sowing power is suitable. When the temperature exceeds 27℃, the growth potential of seedlings is weak and it is easy to get sick. When sowing, it is too dry to sprout, and the roots can't be rooted when it is waterlogged. At the seedling stage, the sunshine is weak and the rain is frequent, and the soil water content is 85% of the field capacity. Rosette period: suitable temperature 18-22℃, sufficient water, no cracks in the soil, cool and sunny weather and sufficient sunshine, which is beneficial to the growth of leaves and roots. Continuous rain, weak sunlight, high humidity and sudden use of high temperature cause diseases. Core-wrapping period: the suitable temperature is 12- 16℃, and the cool temperature is beneficial to core-wrapping, especially the large temperature difference between day and night, which is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients. High temperature, sultry, cold and hot, drought and strong wind are easy to rot and cause disease, which is not good for parcels.

Harvest time: the suitable temperature is 4-8℃, and it should be aired in sunny days. When the temperature drops to -4 -5℃ in case of cold wave, freezing and frost, it will freeze.

"Don't blame beginning of winter for not cutting vegetables." According to statistics, within a week after I entered the winter, the guarantee rate of climate protection from freezing injury reached 80%, indicating that the harvested Chinese cabbage during this period will not be harmed in most years, but it will also be harmed in 20% years. In other words, the temperature is high and low at this time of the year, but at this time, Chinese cabbage grows very fast, harvests early, yields are low, and the core is poor. Late harvest is vulnerable to freezing injury, and timely harvest has high yield and good quality. When is the best time to cut vegetables, on the one hand, we should consider the solar terms, on the other hand, we should pay attention to listening to the weather forecast of cooling and freezing in the Meteorological Observatory.