What is the most livable city or town in Holland?

Rotterdam is the second largest city in the Netherlands and the largest port in the world, located at the intersection of the Rhine and Maas rivers in Europe. The whole city is scattered on both sides of the Mas River, about 25 kilometers away from the North Sea, and new waterways are connected to the North Sea. The waters in the port area are deep and wide, and inland river vessels can pass unimpeded. The deepwater wharf in the outer harbor can berth giant cargo ships and supertankers.

Rotterdam is an important port connecting Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia, and is known as the "gateway to Europe". The city's urban area is more than 200 square kilometers, and the port area is 100 square kilometers. The urban population is 570,000, including the surrounding satellite cities * * 1.024 million.

Rotterdam is flat and located in the lowlands of the Netherlands, with an altitude of about 1 m. Alexandria, a satellite city near its northeast, is 6.7 meters below sea level, which is the lowest point in the Netherlands. There are175,000 residents here. The climate in Rotterdam is warm in winter and cool in summer. It is coldest in June at 5438+ 10, with an average temperature of 1℃ and hottest in July with an average temperature of 17℃ and an annual precipitation of 700 mm ..

Urban history

[Edit this paragraph]

Rise from the swamp

Rotterdam has experienced many ups and downs in history. It used to be a fishing village near the Lute River, which flowed into the Maas River from the swamp area of South Holland in ancient times. Rotterdam is named after the Lute River. 1250, a dam was built on the north bank of the Maas River, and the Lute River was separated from the Maas River by a gate. /kloc-in 0/340, when Dutch Count William IV ruled Rotterdam, he dug a canal to connect Delft and Leiden, which made Rotterdam prosperous. 1563, most of the city was destroyed by fire. Rotterdam was occupied and plundered by Spanish troops in 1572, and the Spanish retreated a few months later. At that time, many merchants and craftsmen from Antwerp, Belgium settled in Rotterdam, which entered a period of recovery and development.

/kloc-in the 6th century, the urban construction of Rotterdam developed gradually, and many ports were dug up in the quagmire, which laid the foundation for foreign traffic and trade. To18th century; Rotterdam's foreign trade is more prosperous, mainly concentrated in France and Britain. At that time, ships also sailed to Indonesia and the United States. By the19th century, Rotterdam was playing an increasingly important role in entrepot trade. Due to the unification of Germany in 1870, Rotterdam was industrialized in the Rhine region, especially in the Ruhr region, which made Rotterdam develop accordingly. With the rapid development of capitalist economy and the navigation of Suez Canal, especially the 1877 railway connecting the southern city and the 1895 new canal channel leading to Beihai, the transportation conditions have been greatly improved. With the expansion of the city, the establishment of port transportation network and the integration of rivers and canals extending in all directions, Rotterdam became the largest port in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 20th century and one of the best equipped ports in the world.

Rotterdam suffered great losses during World War II. 1On May 4th, 940, the German Air Force bombed the city indiscriminately, and the whole city center and vast areas in the east were completely destroyed. Many public buildings, including St. Lawrence Cathedral built in15th century, were blown to pieces. Only the city government, the general post office, the stock exchange, the Boymans Museum and other buildings survived. Port Val Airport in Rotterdam (the first civil airport in Europe) was also damaged. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/944, when the Germans retreated, they also wantonly destroyed urban facilities, such as the dock area of ocean-going freighters with a total length of more than 7,700 meters, and about 40% of the dock equipment was destroyed.

Reconstruction and development

After the war, the municipal authorities began to implement the reconstruction plan and expropriated the entire destroyed area. 1949 completed the reconstruction of port facilities and the maritime traffic gradually recovered. In the 1960s and 1970s, Portlake Port and Petrochemical Zone were built, and the Bell River with a depth of 23m, a width of 400-600m and a length of12km was excavated, and Ropot Port was built. From World War II to the mid-1970s, the area of ports and industrial zones expanded from 26.3 square kilometers to 65,438+000 square kilometers, making Rotterdam the largest port in the world from 65,438+0965. At present, there are 400 sea routes to all parts of the world, and about 3 1 000 sea ships and 1.8-0.2 million inland ships call every year. The port's annual cargo throughput is as high as 300 million tons, handling more than 4 million TEUs. This port is one of the largest container ports in the world (the others are Hongkong, Singapore, Kaohsiung, new york, etc.). ) .300,000-500,000-ton giant oil tankers can be moored in the harbor. The bulk goods imported and re-exported include petroleum, petroleum products, ore, coal, grain and fertilizer. The main targets of import and export are Germany, Britain, France, Italy and other EU countries.

Rotterdam today

After more than half a century of development, the Netherlands has become an economically developed country. It is one of the earliest member States of the European Union, and its per capita GNP ranks among the top in Europe. There are a complete range of industries, including the largest oil refinery in Europe, a developed shipbuilding industry, and internationally renowned petrochemical, household appliances, electronic instruments, dairy processing, margarine and so on. In addition, there are automobile assembly, construction machinery, railway equipment, light industry (paper, clothing, coffee, tea, cocoa, cigarettes, beer) and other manufacturing departments.

Walking into Rotterdam is like being in a new big city. Its urban construction plan was implemented according to the new layout after World War II. The buildings are basically newly built after the war, with novel and unique appearance, mostly western European style, unique shape and rich colors. There are large banks, insurance companies and international trade center institutions in the urban area. In the old city, many streets and sidewalks are paved with stones, retaining the features of hundreds of years ago. Rotterdam is a city along the Maas River. There are many rivers in the city, and all kinds of ships are moored by the river. Near buildings, rivers and bridges, windmills unique to Holland can be seen everywhere, forming picturesque scenery.

The traffic in the city is very convenient, including buses, trams, subways and various boats. Cars often cross bridges, rivers and shuttles in river networks. The streets in the urban area are neat and clean, and its biggest feature is that residents' floors and windows have colorful flowers. It is a veritable European port garden city. There are many vegetable gardens and flower beds in the suburbs, where all kinds of vegetables and flowers are planted. There are many kinds of goods in the store, and the market supply is extremely rich. Most of the goods sold are products from Europe. Cars from Italy, Germany and Japan are running in the street. There are all kinds of household appliances here, besides Philips products in the Netherlands, there are also products from Sony, Panasonic, Hitachi and Siemens in Germany. Communication and post and telecommunications are developed, and public telephone booths can be seen everywhere in the street, which is quite convenient for external communication. There are many restaurants, restaurants and fast food restaurants with different ethnic flavors, and overseas Chinese restaurants provide authentic Chinese food.

Rotterdam is also a famous tourist city, which receives many tourists from all over the world every day. There are many museums, art galleries, parks, libraries, cinemas and concert halls in this city. People's life not only has a strong cultural atmosphere, but also can make full use of their leisure time to seek the pleasure of life.

Urban construction will show great plans again.

Rotterdam municipal authorities plan to expand its downtown to the south bank of Maas River in the next few years, and extend southward through Erasmus Bridge, which is currently under construction. In Kop van Zuid, this is a vibrant new green area with an area of 6,543,800 square meters, which is rising along the coast of the old port. The area will be built into a comprehensive area integrating residential areas, office buildings, commercial and entertainment facilities. The first batch of new houses are currently under construction, and it is planned to accommodate 5,300 families.

The construction of the new subway station began at 1994. The first phase of the project has a total office area of 400,000 square meters, commercial and shop area of 35,000 square meters, and leisure and other facilities area of 60,000 square meters. New york Hotel and Navigation Simulation Center have been built and put into use. The "Wuzhou" foreign holiday market will be located in the original trade center, which is a covered market and can sell goods from all over the world every day. There will often be music performances in the activity square, and there will be many hotels and restaurants in the bonded warehouse building to serve the employees.

Port of Rotterdam

[Edit this paragraph]

Rotterdam port is located at the mouth of the Rhine and Maas rivers, bordering the North Sea in the west, the Rhine and Danube rivers in the east and the Caspian Sea in the east. It is called "the gateway to Europe". The port area is about 100 square kilometer, the total length of the wharf is 42 kilometers, the deepest draft is 22 meters, and the 545,000-ton supertanker can be parked. The port infrastructure is owned by the Rotterdam Municipal Government, and the daily port management is the responsibility of the Rotterdam Port Authority. Various companies lease port infrastructure development business. After World War II, with the revival of European economy and the establishment of * * * common market, Rotterdam Port has developed rapidly by virtue of its superior geographical position: 196 1 year, and its throughput exceeds that of new york Port (1800,000 tons) for the first time, making it the largest port in the world. Since then, it has maintained the status of the world's largest port. In 2000, the throughput reached 320 million tons, a record. At present, there are more than 30,000 ships in Rotterdam, and1.20,000 inland ships sail for European countries. Rotterdam Port has the most advanced ECT container terminal in the world, with an annual transportation volume of 6.4 million TEUs, ranking fourth in the world. There are more than 70,000 employees in Rotterdam Port, accounting for 1.4% of the national employment, and the freight volume accounts for 78% of the national total, with a total output value of 654.38+02 billion Netherlands guilders, accounting for about 2.5% of the Dutch gross national product.

The biggest feature of Rotterdam port service is the one-stop storage, transportation and sales. Storage, transportation and reprocessing are carried out through some bonded warehouses and cargo distribution centers to increase the added value of goods, and then the goods are sent to destinations in the Netherlands and Europe through various transportation routes such as roads, railways, rivers, aviation and sea transportation.

Rotterdam port area is the main part of the city, with an area of 100 square kilometers, a port water area of 277 1 square kilometers and a water depth of 6.7 ~ 2 1 meter. There is no lock in the waterway, so it does not freeze in winter and sediment does not accumulate. It is not affected by wind and waves all the year round, and can berth up to 544,000-ton supertankers. The total length of ocean terminal is 56 kilometers, and the total length of inland terminal is 33.6 kilometers. Can carry out specialized loading and unloading of groceries, oil, coal, ore, grain, chemicals, bulk goods and containers. At the same time, it can accommodate more than 600,000 tonnage ships and more than 300,000 inland river ships, with an annual throughput of about 300 million tons. Port cargo transportation trunk lines such as Rhine River, expressway and port railway are connected with domestic and foreign transportation networks. The incoming crude oil is not only transshipped through the Lexia River, but also directly transported to Amsterdam, Federal Republic of Germany and Peterson through oil pipelines. Bulk transshipment freight accounts for 85% of the total freight volume, of which crude oil and petroleum products account for 70%, and the rest are ore, coal, grain and fertilizer. The main target countries of import and export are the Federal Republic of Germany, Britain, France, Italy and other EU countries. Rotterdam has maintained its position as the largest port in the world since 1960s, but it has continuously strengthened berth construction, updated equipment and provided many special services.

Rotterdam port is one of the major container ports in the world. As early as 1967, some terminal loading and unloading companies keenly discovered the development potential of world containers and made huge investments. Now, Rotterdam Port has become the largest container terminal in Europe. Its loading and unloading process is completely controlled by computer, and all kinds of containers on the dock are stacked in order. 1982 can handle 2160,000 TEUs, exceeding new york Port190,000 TEUs. At present, the container throughput of Rotterdam has exceeded 3.2 million cases. The main forms of container transportation in Rotterdam are: (1) road container transportation. The criss-crossing and extensive dense road network connects Rotterdam with all major cities in Europe. From Rotterdam, it takes only 8 ~ 10 hour to reach Paris, Frankfurt and Hamburg, and it takes less time to reach Ruhr, the main industrial area of Germany, most parts of Belgium and even remote areas like Northern Europe. The Netherlands has a strong road transport capacity, and 30% of the international road transport in the EU is undertaken by the Netherlands. (2) Railway container transportation. Rotterdam has a series of container trains bound for all parts of Europe almost every day. (3) Barge container transportation. In recent years, due to the low freight rate, Rotterdam barge container transportation has developed rapidly. Barges transport containers from Rotterdam to the container terminal along the Rhine River almost every day. With the development of container transportation, inland container terminals began to appear in large numbers. In Europe, especially along the Ayane River, 32 container terminals have been built. Since the 1990s, Ludaidan has implemented a new capacity expansion plan and built the fifth and sixth generation container terminals with a tonnage of10 ~150,000 tons. By 20 10, the container throughput will reach 6 million cases, thus ensuring the status of Europe's largest container transportation center.

1957, due to the great expansion of the port, Rotterdam people came up with the name "gateway to Europe", which means to be "gateway to Europe". In fact, Rotterdam has been called the largest port and warehouse in the world since 1963. In order to compete in the world economy in the Far East, many cities have invested a lot of money in container transshipment. It is easy to load and unload the world's largest container ship on the dock of Maspindi Port.

Standardization of container size also contributes to this. In the British harbour, behind the Karan Bridge in Botlake Waterway, people mainly load and unload (mostly Japanese) cars. The car carrier is characterized by its high and wind-sensitive structure.

Pernis and Maspindi ports are mainly oil refineries. Since 1936, the number and area of oil ports have been developing continuously. The main loading and unloading of Waal Port is LTL. Many of them are "mobile" reprints, which can be directly put on inland river shipping ships.

city tour

[Edit this paragraph]

Delve Haiwen (Delve Haiwen)

Here you will find picturesque old streets in Holland. About 375 years ago, the English Puritans sailed from here to the United States for their religious beliefs. In addition, Devhafen is also famous for the birthplace of Pieete Hain. The commander of the fleet of the West India Company was born in 1577. He once captured the Spanish "treasure" fleet, and his statue still stands in Patrhalle Square.

Boina Museums-Van Boningen

The collection in the museum includes paintings by famous western European painters from14th century to19th century, such as Suzanne Furman by Rubens, Putting Soup in the Pot by Bosch, Hell and Wedding in Ghana. There are also many painters who dominate the painting history of19th century, such as Van Gogh, Mona, Gauguin, Picasso and others. There is also a special room on the second floor to display the works of the 20th century, and the collection is quite rich.

Surrounding attractions:

Children's kindergarten

Located in the south of Rotterdam12km. In the children's levee, 19 windmills are arranged in two rows face to face. A row of windmills with circular brick structure drains Nederwaard area. Another row of octagonal windmills saved Overwaard from extinction. Some of these windmills are open to the public. They will make tourists leave a vivid impression on their former owners and their family life. 1997 was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.

Delta engineering

Delta project is by far the largest and most spectacular moistureproof project in the world.

Because the upper reaches of the Netherlands are low-lying, criss-crossing rivers and rich in water, they are seriously affected by storm surges in flood season. Therefore, in 1953, the government issued a flood control plan, named "Delta Project" (also known as "Beihai Dam Project"), in order to control this rich delta area. The project is a large-scale tidal control and estuary control project, which is built at Xinshuikou on the west side of southwest Netherlands. It mainly includes two huge tidal sluice gates, a wharf for storing tidal sluice gates at ordinary times, the leveling of channel riverbed, mobile tidal sluice gates and their power facilities for water supply and drainage, and a computer information management system. Its completion has saved more than/kloc-0,000,000 residents above Fogg Delta in Rotterdam from storm surge disasters.