Timeline of Qin Dynasty events

The unification of Qin ended the long-term situation of feudal lords being divided and dominated.

It was conducive to the stability of people's lives and the development of social production, and was in line with the political consensus of the people of all ethnic groups at that time. desire.

The territory of the Qin Dynasty extended from the sea to the east, to Longxi in the west, to the Great Wall in the north, and to the South China Sea in the south, which greatly exceeded that of the previous dynasties.

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history.

After Yingzheng unified the six countries, he took Xianyang as his capital and took a series of measures to establish a feudal centralized system and consolidate

unification:

1. Political measures. Establishing the supremacy of imperial power, Ying Zheng stipulated that the supreme ruler of a feudal country should be called emperor

Emperor, and all political, economic, and military powers of the country were concentrated in the hands of the emperor. Establish central and local administrative agencies, set up official positions such as prime minister, imperial censor, and Taiwei in the central government, and implement the system of counties and counties in the local areas. The country is divided into 36 counties. There are counties under the prefecture. In this way, the emperor firmly controlled the power to rule all parts of the country in his own hands.

2. Economic measures. Unifying weights and measures makes length, capacity, and weight all have unified standards, which facilitates economic development. To unify the currency, Qin's round square-hole money was used as a unified currency and circulated throughout the country. This was very useful in promoting economic exchanges among various ethnic groups and regions.

3. Cultural measures. Unify the characters and use the simplified font Xiaozhuan as the standard font for nationwide use.

Then, another font called official script appeared, which was easier to write than Xiaozhuan. Today's regular script evolved from official script. The unification of writing promotes cultural exchanges. Burning books and trapping Confucians, strengthening ideological control

In 213 BC, all history books outside the Qin State, poetry books collected by the people, and books of various schools of thought were burned. Only books on medicine, divination, and planting were not burned. In the second year, some alchemists and Confucian scholars discussed behind their backs

Qin Shihuang's greed for power and arbitrary use of punishment. Qin Shihuang investigated and finally buried 460 people alive.

These two things were historically called "burning books" and "consecrating Confucians."

After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, its rule was brutal and brought immense suffering and great disasters to the people.

The Qin Dynasty had heavy taxes, heavy military service and corvee labor, and the laws were particularly harsh.

In July 209 BC, an uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang broke out. Farmers from all over the country killed officials one after another and captured counties and counties in response to the uprising. After Chen Sheng and Wu Guang died, Xiang Yu

and Liu Bang took over the leadership of the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty.

In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated the larger force with less and defeated the main force of the Qin army in Julu.

In 206 BC, the rebel army led by Liu Bang captured Xianyang.

The so-called powerful Qin Dynasty was finally overthrown by revolutionary farmers.

After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, starting in 206 BC, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for nearly four years to become emperor.

It was known in history as the "Chu-Han War" ".

In the end, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Han Dynasty, with its capital in Chang'an. Historically known as the Western Han Dynasty.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms, he established a unified feudal centralized dynasty. On the one hand, Qin Shihuang created a far-reaching emperor system, established the three-gong-nine-qing system at the central level, and promoted the county system at the local level; on the other hand, he also adopted a series of measures to consolidate unification, such as unifying writing, weights, measures, and currency, and destroying Weapons, decisive defense of Sichuan, extensive construction of Chi Road, "burning books and entrapping Confucians" and so on. With the further implementation of measures such as conquering the Xiongnu in the north and conquering the Baiyue in the south, a unified multi-ethnic feudal state was formed.

The rule of the Qin Dynasty was extremely cruel, with endless military service, corvee labor, and cruel punishments, which brought huge disasters and suffering to the people. Especially during the reign of Qin II, his rule became even darker.

As a result, the peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang finally pushed the Qin Dynasty to the road of destruction.

Qin Shihuang, Yingzheng, Zhao (named because he was born in the State of Zhao), Mingzheng, was born in 259 BC and died in 210 BC at the age of 54. In 247 BC, his father, King Zhuang Xiang (named Zi Chu), died, and Ying Zheng was appointed as the King of Qin. He was renamed First Emperor and established his capital in Xianyang (today's Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (210 BC), Yingzheng died during a patrol at the age of fifty. The second generation Hu Hai succeeded. In August of the third year of the Second Emperor's reign (207 BC), the eunuch Zhao Gao killed Hu Haixuan's son Ying (son of Hu Xuan's brother). In October of that year (the first year of the Qin calendar, 206 BC in the Gregorian calendar), Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang and Qin died.

The ancestors of the Qin people were originally an ancient tribe in the West. During the reign of King Xiao of Zhou, their chief Feizi raised horses for the Zhou people between Wei and Wei, and was given the surname Ying (also known as Qin Ying). During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, Duke Zhuang, the chief of the Qin tribe, and his five brothers, Kundi, were ordered by the King of Zhou to lead an army of 7,000 to defeat Xirong. They were called the "doctors of Xicui". By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Xianggang of Qin had established a slave state. Because of his meritorious service in escorting King Ping of Zhou to the east, he was made a prince by King Ping and given the land of Qixi. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke De of Qin moved its capital to Yong (today's Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province); during the reign of Duke Mu of Qin, the country became powerful and became a great vassal state. During the Warring States Period, Qin Xiaogong appointed Legalist Shang Yang to implement reforms, which laid a solid foundation for the development of the feudal economy and feudal political system. Since then, the Qin State has become increasingly powerful. By the time of the Qin Dynasty, it had successively destroyed the six kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chu, and Qi, unified the country, and established the first centralized feudal state in the history of our country.

Qin lineage

1. Qin Zhong——2. Zhuang Gong——3. Xiang Gong——4. Wen Gong——5. Ning Gong——6. Chu Gong—— 7. Wu Gong——8. De Gong——9. Xuangong——10. Cheng Gong——11. Mu Gong——12. Kang Gong——13. *** Gong——14. Huan Gong——15. Jinggong - 16, Ai Gong - 17, Hui Gong - 18, Mou Gong (the above is based on "Historical Records. Chronology of the Twelve Princes") - 19, Li Gong - 20, Cao Gong - 21, Huai Gong ——22. Ling Gong——23. Jian Gong——24. Hui Gong——25. Chuzi——26. Xiang Gong——27. Xiao Gong——28. King Huiwen——29. King Wu——30. King Zhao ——31. King Xiaowen——32. King Zhuang Xiang——33. Qin Shihuang——34. Second Emperor (Hu Hai)——35. Ziying

First Emperor Qin Shi Huang Twenty Six 221 Qin Shi Huang Thirty Seven 210 BC

The twenty-seventh year of the Second Emperor Qin Shi Huang (July) 210 The third year of the Second Emperor 207 BC

The second year of the Second Emperor Ziying (August) 207 The third year of the Second Emperor (October) 206 BC

Qin Dynasty (248 BC-206 BC)

In 246 BC, King Qin Yingzheng came to the throne. Due to his young age, the affairs of the government were left to the Queen Mother and Prime Minister Lu Buwei. And Lao Ai is in charge. In 238 BC (the ninth year of Qin Wangzheng's reign), Qin Wangzheng took charge of the government, got rid of Lu, Lao and others, re-appointed Li Si and Wei Liao, and embarked on the strategy of unifying the six countries.

In 230 BC, Qin sent Nei Shiteng to lead an army to attack Han, and captured Han Wangan, and South Korea was destroyed. In 229 BC, Qin sent general Wang Jian to lead troops to attack Zhao. In 228 BC, the Qin army entered Handan. Zhao Wangqian surrendered the map and the Zhao state died. In 225 BC, Qin sent Wang Ben to lead troops to attack Wei, and diverted river water and ditch water to irrigate the beams of the Wei capital. The king of Wei pretended to surrender, and Wei died. In 223 BC, Qin sent Wang Jian with an army of 600,000 to attack Chu. The king of Chu was captured and Chu died. As early as 227 BC, Prince Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the King of Qin, but failed. Qin took the opportunity to capture Jicheng, the capital of Yan, in 226 BC. The King of Yan moved to Liaodong. By 222 BC, Qin attacked Liaodong and captured King Xi of Yan. Yan died. In 221 BC (the 26th year of King Qin's reign), Qin sent Wang Ben to lead troops to attack Qi from north to south, captured King Jian of Qi, and Qi was destroyed. At this point, Qin finally annexed all six countries and completed the great cause of unifying the world. Established the first unified empire in Chinese history. In Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which lasted for more than 500 years, have finally come to an end.

In order to strengthen the unification of the country and ensure the long-term stability of the Qin Empire, Ying Zheng adopted a series of new policies in politics, military, economy, transportation, culture and external development. The First Emperor's series of policies and measures greatly strengthened the unification of the country and had a great impact on later generations. However, his work was completed in just ten years under the conditions of cruel oppression of the people. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty Rule is inevitably characterized by harshness and cruelty. During the twelve years that the First Emperor was in power, the cruelty and cruelty of his administration had been fully revealed.

What the Qin Dynasty created was a foundation for eternity, although it was not Qin eternity.

The construction of the Great Wall used to be said to be his fault, is it now?

He was said to be cruel, burning books, humiliating Confucians, and punishing people severely.

Qin’s laws have always been famous for their strictness. Why did the people of Qin obey them for hundreds of years without considering them cruel, but when the world was unified, they became extremely cruel (probably caused by Confucianism) Ghost handle).

The idea of ??burning books to trap Confucians was Li Si’s idea, and he made the selection, otherwise not even the Book of Changes would be left. But the burning of those books and the subsequent dethroning of hundreds of schools of thought and the exclusive focus on Confucianism should not have done more harm to culture.

Deposing hundreds of schools of thought and only respecting Confucianism is so well praised. After burning a few books, it is criticized as cruel. What a Confucian view of history and history.

The only ones killed by the Confucians were a few hundred swindlers who pretended to be able to seek immortality. For the sake of power and gain, the Confucians at that time pretended that they could seek immortality, and even said that they could make the elixir of immortality. After the scam was exposed, he still said that Qin Shihuang was not sincere enough and caused the gods to become angry. This was simply shameless. Qin Shihuang killed these liars in a fit of anger (no innocent people were affected). Sitting together and executing the Nine Tribes were the most basic punishments for deceiving the emperor. Which emperor in later generations would not kill the Nine Tribes at every turn. As a result, the alchemist and liar who was killed was called a learned Confucian, and the emperor who eliminated the liar was called cruel. The history of Confucianism is shameless.

While Qin Shihuang was still alive, assassinations continued, but no one dared to rise up. Liu Bang committed four crimes, but he only dared to hide in the mountains and did not dare to rebel. This is a true portrayal of the fact that the barbarians did not dare to go south and herd horses, and the scholars did not dare to bend their bows and complained.

The reason why the Qin Dynasty fell so quickly was not actually due to Qin's brutality (Confucianism should not be listened to).

The reasons for the fall of the Qin Dynasty

1. The six kingdoms had just been unified, and the restoration forces were still very strong. Many people always thought about the previous six kingdoms and their glory at that time, so the restoration The mentality of revenge and the mentality of revenge were mixed together, becoming the most unstable factor in the Qin Dynasty. Zhang Liang and Xiang Yu are typical representatives.

2. The people in the six countries were not familiar with the new criminal laws and could easily violate the new laws. Severe punishments came too quickly, causing great discomfort, but Qin Shihuang did not realize and pay attention to it. This, therefore, has gradually drifted away from the people. This is why Liu Bang's three-part agreement was so popular. (So ??Qin Shihuang himself was not cruel, it was just Confucian rhetoric)

3. The trust in the state machinery and one's own abilities is too high, and there is no thought of being prepared for danger in times of peace. As soon as something unexpected happened, the domestic political power struggle became out of control. The rise to power of Zhao Gao and Hu Hai should have been unexpected by Qin Shihuang himself.

Hu Hai was shameless and imbecile, and even Chen Sheng and Wu Guang could not subdue him. The situation got out of control and the world was in chaos. Everyone in the world knew that Hu Hai was incompetent, so he inevitably had the ambition to seize the Qin Dynasty. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang were all the same.

4. The Qin army was very dissatisfied with the coming to power of Hu Hai and Zhao Gao, and the killings of Meng Tian and Fusu caused the morale of the Qin army to be shaken, resulting in a loss of combat effectiveness and large-scale surrenders. Otherwise, it would be difficult to destroy Qin with the strength of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. As long as the Qin army secures Hangu Pass, no one else can even think of overstepping the barrier. Think back to the time when Su Qinpei, the Prime Minister of the Six Kingdoms, led a million troops and was unable to capture it. What's more, the Qin army had millions at that time, while Liu Bang and Xiang Yu only had tens of thousands of troops.

To sum up, the demise of the Qin Dynasty was not caused by Qin's brutality as Confucianism claimed, but because power fell into the hands of incompetents and improper governance of the world.