History and geography review materials for the second volume of junior high school

1. my country’s geographical location and characteristics:

●Latitude location and superiority: Our country’s territory spans a wide range of latitudes from north to south, and most of it is located in the mid-latitudes, belonging to (North Vancouver ) zone, a small part in the (tropical zone), none in the (cold zone). The large climate differences provide favorable conditions for the development of (a variety of agricultural economies).

●Sea and land location and advantages: (1) Located in the eastern part of (Asia) and the west coast of the (Pacific) Ocean, the vast area in eastern my country has abundant precipitation (under the influence of the summer monsoon moist airflow) , conducive to (agricultural) production; (2) With both land and sea, the eastern region is conducive to friendly exchanges with (overseas countries); the western region (deep into the Eurasian continent)

enables my country's land transportation to communicate with (China Asia, West Asia, Europe) countries have direct exchanges, which facilitates external exchanges and cooperation. (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which facilitates development (marine undertakings).

●my country’s territory covers an area of ??9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world after Russia and Canada.

There are 14 neighboring countries on land. Counterclockwise, they are North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The land boundary is more than 20,000 kilometers.

There are 6 countries facing each other across the sea: South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.

2. my country’s population

●Total population: 1.295 billion in 2000.

●The outstanding characteristics of my country’s population: large population base and rapid population growth.

●Characteristics of population distribution in my country: The population is unevenly distributed. Taking Heihe, Heilongjiang and Tengchong, Yunnan as the boundary, the population density in the eastern region is high, while the population density in the western region is smaller. The western region of my country has a sparse population but rich resources. What issues should be paid attention to when developing the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. Under the current conditions where the conflicts between people, land, water and soil have become quite acute, the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection, and cannot be developed first and then managed.

●Population national policy: Implement family planning.

●Content: Control the population and improve the quality of the population

3. my country’s ethnic groups

●There are 56 ethnic groups in my country, among which the most populous They are the Han nationality, and the Zhuang nationality is the most populous among the ethnic minorities.

●Distribution characteristics of the Han nationality: The Han nationality is distributed throughout the country, with the highest concentrations in the central and eastern parts of the country.

●Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: Mainly concentrated in the northeast, northwest, and southwest. The largest ethnic minority population is the Zhuang ethnic group. Ethnic distribution characteristics: large mixed settlements and small settlements.

●Ethnic minority customs:

The Naadam Convention of the Mongolian people

The Water Splashing Festival and Peacock Dance of the Dai people,

The Tibetan people’s Group dance, Tibetan New Year, Korean long drum dance, etc.

4. my country’s terrain

●Characteristics of my country’s terrain: complex and diverse terrain, vast mountainous area

●What issues should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas :

(1) The ground in mountainous areas is relatively rugged, transportation is inconvenient, and infrastructure construction is more difficult.

(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention must be paid to ecological environment construction and the prevention and avoidance of mountain disasters such as collapses, landslides, and debris flows.

●my country’s terrain characteristics: my country’s terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east, with a ladder-like distribution.

The dividing line of the ladder, altitude, main terrain type, main terrain area

The first and second steps of the ladder are Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Hengduan Mountains; the second and third steps are Daxinganling - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain.

Plateau above 4000 meters Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qaidam Basin

The second step is 1000-2000 meters plateau and basin Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin

The hills, mountains, plains, and basins below the third step of 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeastern hills, the northeastern plains, the North China Plains, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains

●my country’s terrain is high in the west and low in the east, distributed in a ladder shape The impact of these characteristics on my country's climate, rivers, and transportation:

(1) Impact on climate: my country's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, sloping toward the ocean, which is conducive to the advancement of moist air from the sea to the inland of my country. Vast areas of our country bring abundant rainfall.

(2) Impact on rivers: The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which will inevitably cause my country’s major rivers to flow from west to east into the sea; when rivers flow from a higher step to a lower step, the gap is large. Generate huge water energy.

(3) Impact on transportation: The large river flowing eastward connects my country’s east-west transportation and facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland; the tall mountains at the junction of the stairs have become a huge obstacle to my country’s east-west transportation .

Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range

West side and east side

①Daxingan Mountains, Inner Mongolia Plateau Northeast Plains

②Taihang Mountains, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

③Wushan, Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain

④Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Topography areas on both sides of the mountains

North side and south side

⑤Kunlun Mountains, Tarim Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

⑥Tianshan Mountains, Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin

●Mountains form the terrain skeleton

●Four Plateaus

(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The highest and largest plateau in my country

(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is broad and endless

(Loess Plateau) loess is widely distributed, and the surface has thousands of ravines

(The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has a rugged surface and significant karst landforms

●Four major basins

The largest basin is (Tarim Basin) Basin

The basin with the highest altitude is the (Qaidam) Basin

The basin with the highest latitude is the (Junggar) Basin

Conditions for developing agricultural production The most superior basin is the (Sichuan) Basin

●The main mountain range direction: east-west direction: Tianshan Mountains-Yinshan Mountains

Kunlun Mountains-Qinling Mountains

Nanling

Northeast-southwest direction: Greater Hinggan Ridge - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain

Changbai Mountains - Wuyi Mountains

Taiwan Mountains

South-north direction: Hengduan Mountains

Northwest-southeast direction: Qilian Mountains

Arc-shaped mountain range: Himalayas

5. my country Climate

●According to active accumulated temperature, my country can be divided into 5 temperature zones from north to south

. Cold temperate zone, mid-temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone, tropical zone; in addition there are A plateau climate zone with higher terrain.

●Based on the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, my country can be divided into 4 dry and wet regions:

Dry and wet zone Humid zone and semi-humid zone Areas, semi-arid areas, arid areas

Vegetation: forests, forests, grasslands, deserts

Agricultural types Planting (paddy field agriculture) Planting (dryland agriculture) Animal husbandry

●The dividing line between monsoon and non-monsoon areas: (Daxingan Mountains), (Yinshan Mountains), (Helan Mountains), (Bayan Hara Mountains, (Gangdise Mountains)).

●Say The reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena are as follows:

The special "land of plenty" landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country benefits from the monsoon climate of the same period of rain and heat.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is at roughly the same latitude, but the climate is very different. The reason is the terrain and the high altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau;

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are at roughly the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula, but the climate is very different. The reason is affected by the location of land and sea and the summer monsoon

.

Beijing and Urumqi are roughly at the same latitude, but their precipitation is very different. Sea and land locations, summer winds

Different fruit trees grow in different temperature zones; the ripening process is also different in different temperature zones; the architectural structures of traditional houses in the north and south are also different. The reason is the latitude factor

The vegetation in the east and west is different; the types of agriculture in the east and west are different. The east is mainly farming, and the west is mainly animal husbandry; There are many flat-roofed houses. (Precipitation varies)

Our country is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. (The climate is complex and diverse)

② Different natural resources and tourism resources are formed (the climate is complex and diverse)

③People’s eating habits are also different, such as: winter in Sichuan, Hunan and other places People who are relatively cold and humid like to eat chili; Southerners like rice, and northerners like pasta. (The climate is complex and diverse)

④People’s clothing is also colorful because they adapt to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)

For example: Tibetan robes are to adapt to the daily changes in Tibet Large climate characteristics (terrain); ⑤ The architectural characteristics of different places are different. The roof slopes in the north are smaller and the walls are thicker, while the roof slopes in the south are larger (temperature, precipitation); ⑥ Yes. ……

(1) ①7; ②7, 8; ③4, 5, 6, 7, 8; ④4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

(2) Summer and Autumn More winter and less spring

(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; the rain belt in my country advances from south to north.

(4) Because the rainy season in southern my country starts early, ends late, and has a long rainy season; in northern my country, the rainy season starts late, ends early, and has a short rainy season

●Disastrous weather caused by monsoon climate ( Cold wave), (typhoon), (flood and drought disaster)

●Main characteristics of my country’s climate

(1) Read my country’s climate characteristics from the picture: Climate characteristics (complex climate Diverse) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable.

(2) Sanming has a (subtropical monsoon climate) climate.

●List comparison of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River

Project Yangtze River and Yellow River

The birthplace of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Bayan Hara Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

< p>The source of the Tuotuo River is the Yuegu Zongli Canal

It flows through the provinces of Qingdao, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qingdao, Sichuan, Gansu and Ningxia , Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong

It flows through the main terrain areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau, and North China Plain

Mainly The tributaries of the Jialing River, Han River, Gan River, Tao River, Huang River, Wei River, etc.

The basin range is located between Qinling and Nanling, between Yinshan and Qinling

Develop water energy (upstream ), shipping water energy (upstream)

Construction of protective forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)

●Causes of disasters in various reaches of the Yellow River, and basic treatment plans.

The upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches of the river

The main disasters are grassland degradation and desertification. Severe water and soil erosion. Above-ground rivers

Causes of disasters. The climate tends to be arid. The middle reaches of the Yellow River There are many tributaries passing through the Loess Plateau. The soil layer of the Loess Plateau is loose and the vegetation is seriously damaged. When there is a heavy rain, a large amount of sediment and rainwater flow into the Yellow River.

As the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the river channel becomes wider and the slope becomes gentler. The river flow slows down and the sediment carried by it is deposited, gradually raising the river bed.

Management Plant trees and grass and carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Reinforcement of the Yellow River embankment

8. Characteristics of my country's natural resources: (The total amount of resources is rich), (But insufficient per capita.)

Types of land resources Monsoon or non-monsoon dry and wet areas Main terrain types

Cultivated monsoon areas, humid and semi-humid areas, eastern plains, low hills and basins

Forests, humid areas, mountains, grasslands, non-monsoon areas, semi-arid areas, plateaus

Basins and plateaus in the western semi-arid areas of unused land

●my country’s basic national land policy is to “treasure and rationally utilize every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.”

”

●The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of my country’s water resources and their impact on social and economic development

●The freshwater resources currently used by humans are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

●The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in my country: temporally: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; spatially: abundant in the south and scarce in the north.

●Solution to the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources. Methods: Building reservoirs can effectively control seasonal changes in runoff and water volume. For example: Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project.

●One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources: cross-basin water transfer. : South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Luanhuan to Tianjin Project, Yellow River to Qingdao Project

●One of the main ways to solve my country's water shortage problem: save water and protect water resources

9. my country's water diversion project. Transportation

●The general distribution pattern of my country’s transportation network: East-Military and West-Shuttle

●my country’s main railway trunk lines

① Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line ② Qinghai-Tibet Line ( Not yet completed) ③Baolan Line ④Beijing-Kowloon Line ⑤Baocheng Line ⑥Chengdu-Kunming Line

East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou Line (Beijing-Baotou)-Baotou-Lanzhou Line (Baotou-Lanzhou); Longhai ( Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);

Shanghai-Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou)-Zhejiang-Ganxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Hunan-Guizhou (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guiyang-Kunming (Guiyang- Kunming) Line

North-south direction: Beijing-Harbin Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai Line (Beijing-Shanghai); Beijing-Guangzhou Line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)

Jiaoliu Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou); Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu) - Chengdu-Kunming Line (Chengdu-Kunming)

my country's main transportation hubs and railway trunk lines passing through:

Beijing: (Beijing-Harbin Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line), (Beijing-Kowloon Line)

Xuzhou: (Long Line). Hainan Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line)

Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line)

Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line). ), (Baolan line).