Jurchen rising area

Nuzhen is also called "Nvzhi", and its ancestor is an ancient Sushen and Lou people in the northeast of Zhou and Qin Dynasties. In Liao Dynasty, Nuzhen was divided into two parts: "Mature Nuzhen" (who had entered Liao nationality) and "Born Nuzhen", and they were strictly ruled.

It's really brave to give birth to a girl, and three people can win a tiger. At the end of Liao Dynasty, dispatch troops fought against Liao under the leadership of the leader Akuta. In 1115, the "Dajin Kingdom" was established, and it immediately entered the northern grassland from the northeast to destroy Liao, and then entered the Yellow River basin to destroy the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, in 1234, it was destroyed by the Southern Song Dynasty in conjunction with the Mongolian army. Later, Jurchen remained active in Northeast China. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, apart from the Jurchen, she called herself Manchuria, and established the last feudal dynasty in China history, the Qing Dynasty.

Different from the nomadic people of the previous generation, Nuzhen not only raises cattle and horses, but also raises a large number of pigs, and is engaged in farming, iron smelting and gold mining, with strong economic strength. After the rise of Jurchen, she made great efforts to absorb the developed Han and Liao cultures, and made use of them and made some innovations. Jurchen inherited the five-capital system of Liao Dynasty, and started to learn from scholars, eulogized written codes, issued banknotes, and revised the national history of the previous generation (Liao). At the same time, it also retained some of its own systems, such as the implementation of Meng 'an Moke system in Qidan and the Northern Song Dynasty, with thousands of households as Meng 'an and hundreds of households as Moke, leading jurchen to reclaim wasteland.

according to the radicals of Chinese characters and Khitan characters, Jurchen created Jurchen script, which is similar to Chinese characters, but the strokes are increased or decreased, and the pronunciation is Jurchen. Jurchen translated the Four Books and Five Classics, Historical Records, Hanshu, Xintangshu and other classics and historical works in Jurchen language, enabling her people to read and write in national languages.

With the gradual acceptance of Song and Liao cultures, Nuzhen has paid more attention to Buddhism, Taoism, Sun God and Confucius. Carving the Tripitaka and collecting more than 6,9 volumes of Buddhism has become a great event in the history of Buddhism in China. Taoism is unprecedentedly prosperous, and there are three sects: Quanzhen, Daoism and Taiyi. Every day, the officials gather outside the palace to worship the sun; Emperor Nuzhen also ordered all counties to build Confucius temples, and maintained Confucius temples and tombs in Confucius' hometown.

Jurchen inherited the gunpowder manufacturing technology of the Khitan, and invented the iron cannon, which was called "the lightning bolt" because of its great lethality. He also invented a flying musket, which used a thick paper tube tied to a spear gun to spray gunpowder and iron filings, with a range of tens of feet. These two great inventions occupy an important position in chinese military history.

In addition, Nuzhen has made innovations on the basis of absorbing the culture of Song and Liao Dynasties in the aspects of farm tools transformation, silk weaving, porcelain firing, coal mining, ironmaking, printing, astronomy, medicine and mathematics, and reached a higher level. Jurchen's spirit of learning and creation is quite outstanding, which is also an important reason why Jin Guo has maintained its prosperity for a long time.

In order to maintain the tradition of martial arts and riding and shooting, Jurchen carried out the system of fierce security and seeking for a gram, and organized Jurchen, the Khitan and the Han nationality according to the number of 5, 1 and 1. In peacetime, they hunted, produced and practiced martial arts, and went out in wartime. The strong ones were all soldiers. In order to ensure the supply of war horses, twelve "herding houses" have been set up on the grassland to specialize in herding horses.

in order to defend Mongolian ministries, the Jin dynasty built a military trench in the north, that is, the Jinjie trench, with a total length of about 7, kilometers. Jinjiehuo was first built in 1138, and then it was expanded and built twice in 1177-1181 and 1192-1198, which lasted for more than 6 years.

Jinjiehuo is divided into two lines: north and south. The northern line is more than 7 kilometers long, starting from the south bank of Humenggen River in the east, extending to Heishantou Village in the south bank of Ergun River in the west, passing through Russia in the north of Manzhouli City in the west, entering Mongolia in the west, and reaching the south foot of Kent Mountain. The southern line is 6,5 kilometers long, starting from the north of nierji town, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Huhhot in the east and ending at the main peak of Daqingshan Mountain in Shangmiaogou, Wuchuan County, Hohhot in the west.

There are three Jinjiehe in Xing 'an League. The northeast end of the boundary trench starts from the right bank of Nenjiang River in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Hulunbeier City, and enters Zalaite Banner of Xing 'an League in the southwest to cross the Chuer River, where it is divided into two branches. From the north, the first boundary trench enters the front banner of Keyou along the southwest of Tiliguole River, a tributary of Chuo 'er River, and then crosses Taoer River in Mingshui Forest Farm to the southwest, then crosses Haila Sutai River (Yu River) to the Shentoutai River, goes back to the northwest, enters Xilingol League, crosses Wulagai River and goes all the way to the west.

The second boundary trench starts from the right bank of Chuehr River and ends south to the north bank of Jirigen River, a tributary of Chuehr River, and the third one branches off. The second boundary trench enters Keyouqianqi in the southwest, crosses Taoer River in the west of Soren, turns south, and branches off a fork trench in the north of Aledeer. Chahao southwest enters Xinglong Tun (also known as Wujia Street), Baoshi Town, Tuquan County, and meets the third boundary trench. The second trench runs southwest along the Alider River, enters Keyouzhongqi territory, passes through Daxing 'anling along the northern bank of Huolinhe River in Harinura, crosses Huolinhe Coal Mine and enters Xilin Gol League to the west.

The third boundary trench starts from Jirigen River to the south, then turns southwest into Keyouqianqi, crosses Taoer River in the east of Haoren Township, crosses Dashizhai, Baomen and historic sites and turns southwest into Tuquan County, until Wujiajie meets the fork trench of the second boundary trench, then enters Keyouzhongqi from the southwest, crosses Huolin River in Dongbaiyinwulan, 7 kilometers west of Tuliemaodu, and then turns southwest along Kunduleng River.

The construction method of Jinjie Trench is to dig a deep trench first, pile up soil at the edge of the trench and tamp it into a long dike, then build a horse face on the dike, and build a side fort at a certain distance along the boundary trench. Some of the Jinjie Trenches have attached trenches, that is, two trenches and two dikes, and the main dike is higher than the attached dike, which is an early form. And there is only one trench and one dike, which is a late shape.

Jinjiehe is a huge project, and many sites are still well preserved, which is called "Genghis Khan Side Wall" by herders.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nuzhen attached great importance to the grassland area, listed the native land of Liao as "inland", changed Beijing in Liaozhong into Beijing in gold, and transferred a large number of Meng 'an from its thriving place to engage in garrison and agricultural production on the grassland, and also built a series of castles along the border trench. After years of operation, the war-torn grassland areas have gradually recovered.

Jin time, Xing 'an League area, can be called a relatively prosperous area. Sites, city sites, tombs, inscriptions, etc. confirm this point from different aspects.

there are a large number of Jin dynasty city sites in Huolin river basin, Chuo 'er river basin and the inner side of Jinjie trench. Many city sites are close to the moat, ranging from 2 meters to several kilometers. For example, the wall of Dongseyinhuacheng site in Keyouzhongqi relies on Jinjiehuo. The No.1 and No.2 city sites in Toulie Maodu, Keyouzhongqi, are the headquarters of the unified military department of Wugu in Jin Dynasty. The No.1 city site is 7 meters long and 5 meters wide. It is the largest city site discovered in Xing 'an League and occupies an important position in China's historical geography and archaeology. It is a military center of Northeast Road in Jin Dynasty. In the Jin Dynasty, the sites of No.1 and No.2 of the former Princess Mausoleum in Ulanhot City were Jinshan County Administration Office. The land was originally Jingzhou in Liao Dynasty, and later fell to Jinshan County, which was abandoned in Yuan Dynasty. According to textual research, Jinshan County was destroyed by a fire. Of the 65 city sites discovered in Xing 'an League, 51 were identified as Jin Dynasty city sites. Such a concentrated and dense ancient city can prove that this area was a military important place in Jinshi.

The beautiful scenery and steep mountain peaks have attracted a large number of dignitaries and literati in the Jin Dynasty to come here, and they are in a good mood, splashing ink on the stone and leaving a large number of inscriptions in Jurchen. In Soren Udun and other places, there are more than 1 words of Jurchen, and the Chinese inscription has the words "Jinshan County lives"; Keyouzhongqi Tulie Maodu Hailin Ba Laha Dadong has the inscription "Da Jin Guo Nv Nv (Nuzhen) Chunzhou is seventy miles north", and Chunzhou in Liao Dynasty is located in Shuangchengzi, Baoshi Township, Tuquan County. Biqi Gehada, the son of Maoduyingzi, Barendurji, Keyou Zhongqi, has nearly 2 words of inscriptions in Jurchen, among which "Tai" translated by Jurchen (now the ancient city of Sijiazi, taonan city, Jilin Province) is precious and has no historical value. In addition, Nuzhen inscriptions were also found in Baoligenhua and other places in Zhalaite Banner. Because the popular time of Jurchen script is short, it is only popular in the upper class of Jurchen nationality, so the inscriptions of Jurchen script handed down to this day are even more precious.

At present, the tombs of the Jin Dynasty are rarely found in our League, but the unearthed cultural relics are very rich and have outstanding cultural connotations. The handle mirror of landscape figures has stories and legends, and the theme is clear; The silver collar is square, waist-shaped, and engraved with inscriptions such as "pedestrian" and "envoy", reflecting the monetary system of the Jin Dynasty; The bronze seal of "Seal of Hu Di Mou Ke" bears the year of Tiantai, which proves that the western territory of Dongxia Kingdom is reaching the eastern boundary of Linhuangfu Road in Jin Dynasty. There are many shapes of pottery in the Jin Dynasty, such as pottery pots, pots, jars, etc., which are characterized by large curls; Agricultural tools such as iron plows and plows show that agricultural production in the Jin Dynasty has made great progress.

Copper plates, copper coins and silver collars for printing money in the Jin Dynasty have been discovered in our Union, which are precious objects in the study of paper money and metal currency. The bronze mirrors of the Jin Dynasty were cast by the government, and the patterns were mostly Pisces, Ssangyong and Shuangfeng, which were related to the living environment of the Jurchen people on both sides of Heilongjiang in Northeast China. They were precious cultural relics with the characteristics of Jurchen people.

On the basis of learning and inheriting the Song and Liao cultures, Nuzhen created and improved, and made contributions to the development and construction of grasslands. Although there are not many relics of Jurchen nationality on the grassland, we can still see the prosperity and development of civilization in the grassland area of Jin Dynasty.