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Geographical and historical survey of wine industry in South Africa

Geographical survey

geographical position

South Africa is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, between 22 and 35 degrees south latitude and between 0/7 and 33 degrees east longitude. It borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland to the north. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, south and west, the coastline is 3000 kilometers long, and the distance from the north to the South China Sea is 600 to 1000 meters. Most of the whole territory is plateau, coastal strip plain, and orange river runs through the whole territory, which belongs to subtropical climate.

(2) Main landforms

The Draken Mountains extend to the southeast, and the Cascade Jin Feng is as high as 3,660 meters, which is the highest point in China. The northwest is a desert, which is a part of the Kalahari Basin. The northern, central and southwestern parts are plateaus; The coast is a narrow plain. Orange River and limpopo river River are two main rivers. Most areas have a tropical grassland climate, the eastern coast has a tropical monsoon climate and the southern coast has a Mediterranean climate. The rugged terrain and the diversity of valley slopes, coupled with the intersection of two oceans, especially the cold bangura current from the Antarctic waters of the Atlantic Ocean flows northward through the west coast, slowing down the summer heat. There is a cool breeze blowing from the sea during the day, and there is a moisture-rich breeze and fog at night. Moderate light also played a great role. Thus, the differences in topography and regional climate conditions have created the diversity of grape varieties and quality.

Historical investigation

1652, Jan van Riebeeck established a gas station of the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope. Soon, he found that if sailors drank wine, their chances of getting scurvy would be reduced. So he sent grape branches from Europe. February 2, l659: He wrote in his diary: "Today is a day worthy of God's praise, and it is the first time to press wine with Cape grapes." This is the beginning of the grape and wine industry in South Africa.

In the early days of British occupation (65438-0806), the wine industry in South Africa was very prosperous. 186 1 year, the wine tax between Britain and France was cut off, and South Africa replaced France's traditional role of providing wine to Britain. However, in the following half century, due to the harm of nodule aphid (1886), overproduction caused by replanting, lack of market and the Anglo-Bo war (1899- 1903), the wine industry in South Africa was hit by disorder. Until the establishment of1918 zhengko-oper0tio wo wynbowers verening (k.wv), this situation was alleviated. With government background, K. WV stimulates demand again through administrative and legal means, reduces production (through quota system) and produces products needed by the market. During the chaotic period in South Africa, KWV kept the wine industry active. Inevitably, however, the inertia brought by separation makes it difficult for South Africa to keep up with the development trend of the world, especially in grape varieties. For example, strict quarantine laws have isolated Chardonnay for decades. Now, the role of KwV is changing. For the wine industry, it still plays the role of manager, and at the same time, it is independent of the government. It no longer controls output through quotas, but allows growers to establish vineyards independently, and the varieties planted compete with the free market. At the same time, as a wine company, KWV also manages vineyards, brews and sells wine, but mainly for the international market. Nowadays, South African winemakers and grape growers keep up with the world trend and international wine technology. In the past few decades, wine-making has undergone tremendous changes.

1957, Cape winemakers introduced cold fermentation technology to brew fresh and fragrant wine in hot climate. Quality-oriented producers are experimenting with wine ripening in French oak barrels. Harvesting standards, wine cellar treatment and production hygiene conditions have also been improved. Many winemakers have gained experience through extensive visits and practices, and some have obtained winemaking degrees in France, Germany, Australia or New Zealand. At the same time, everyone also realized the importance of business, that is, to brew the wine that consumers like. Many wineries are developing hotels where consumers can enjoy local food and wine. Wine production has become an important part of tourism. General situation of grape planting in South Africa

2. 1, grape variety

2. 1. 1, white grape varieties and cultivation area

The area of vineyards planted in South Africa is close to 1 17000 hectares, accounting for 1.5% of the total grape planting area in the world.

White grape varieties widely planted in South Africa mainly include Sauvignon Blanc, Chenning Blanc, Collomba, Sultana, Chardonnay, Semillon, Alexander Rose and so on. 2. 1.2, red grape varieties and cultivation area

The red grape varieties widely planted in South Africa mainly include Cabernet Franc, Black Pi Nuo, malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Merlot, Hessino and South Africa.

2.2. Factors affecting grape planting

2.2. 1, soil factor

In the coastal areas of South Africa, most of them are sandy rocks and eroded granite, and in the lower places, they are surrounded by shale layers. On the contrary, the inland areas are mainly shale parent soil and river sedimentary soil. There are three main types of soil:

(1) Granite cultivated soil

Usually red to yellow, acidic, distributed in foothills and mountainous areas. It has good physical properties and water retention, and its distribution areas are: Oklyaf, Tukuru, Hutton and Clovelli.

(2) Tabushan sandstone is cultivated into soil.

It is relatively barren sand with good water retention. Distribution: Fenwood, Langlands, westley, Dundee. (3) Shale is cultivated into soil

Usually brown, the structure is firm, and some are decomposed parent rocks. Rich nutrition and good water retention. Distribution: Glen Rosa, Swartland, Moose, klapp, Escort.

2.2.2, climate factors

Most parts of South Africa have mild climate, abundant water resources, fertile alluvial soil, periodic drought and abundant groundwater resources. The annual average daily sunshine hours are 7.5-9.5 hours, especially in April and May. The whole climate is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 1February-February is summer, and the highest temperature can reach 32-38℃. June-August is winter, and the lowest temperature is-10 to-12℃. The annual precipitation gradually decreases from 1000 mm in the east to 60 mm in the west, with an average of 450 mm. In South Africa, grape cultivation is mainly concentrated in the Mediterranean climate zone with 34 degrees south latitude. The western part of the region has a cool climate and ideal conditions for large-scale cultivation of fine grape varieties, forming a coastal wine planting and brewing area with a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the seaside to the inland.

2.3. Major grape growing areas in South Africa

There are 65,438+05 major grape producing areas in South Africa, the most important of which are: Constantinia, Parr, Stellenbosch, Robard Cen, Walker Bay and Heidi ("3.3. Overview of major wine producing areas in South Africa ").

General situation of wine production in South Africa

3. 1, main wine varieties

There are many kinds of wines in South Africa, including world-famous Riesling, Granclu, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Semillon, Black Pi Nuo, Rose, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinota, Cabernet Sauvignon, etc., as well as liqueur, champagne and sherry.

3.2. Changes in wine production in South Africa

3.3. Overview of major wine producing areas in South Africa

3.3. 1. The Oliphants River is a banded area along the wide valley of the Oliphants River. Compared with other Cape wine producing areas, it is warmer and has less precipitation. Meticulous leaf curtain management technology ensures that grapes can rely on leaves to block the sun. At the same time, combined with modern wine-making technology, Olefin River region has become an important base for high-quality and high-value wines. This area includes the cool high-altitude areas of Cederborg and Cuff, Piquenet.

The Oliphant River production area is located on the west coast route of West Cape Province. The area along the Ollie Fantes River has always been regarded as the most ideal area for producing high-quality wine in South Africa. Vineyards and wineries are located on both sides of the river, providing a good place for tourists to relax. Most farms have wine tasting and sales activities. This route is also typical of its beautiful scenery, delicious food and Western Cape Coast Hotel. Vredendal, the largest brewery in South Africa, is booming in this producing area. Olifantz R. (see above)

Worcester

It is only an hour's drive from Cape Town to Winelands in Worcester, including Wolseley, HexSlanghoek and VilliersdorpNuy in the downstream basin. Worcester is the largest and most important wine-making area in the world, and its wine production accounts for 25% of the total wine and spirits production in South Africa. This area is also the most important brandy producing area in South Africa. According to international online news, the producing area also produces bottled wine printed in Braille for the blind.

Here are some of the major wine cellars in Worcester:

Si lang huo ke liquor cellar

Sloan Hawke Wine Cellar is located in Sloan Hawke Valley, where there are famous hot springs in Gudini, which is an excellent place to develop wine tourism. There are all kinds of wines in the cellar, such as Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon, Pinotagi and HanepootJeripigo, which are the most popular.

Nuyi liquor cellar

There are all kinds of popular wineries here. There are dry white, dry red, semi-sweet wines and grape juice for tourists to enjoy.

Side cellar

The wine cellar was established on April 5, 1946 at/kloc-0. It is one of the oldest existing wine cellars in South Africa. The cellar produces semi-sweet white wine, dry red wine and distinctive musk wine. In addition, there are Overhex wine cellar, Brandvlei wine cellar, Bergsig wine cellar, Waboomsrivier wine cellar, Dasbosch wine cellar, Eiland wine cellar, Toitskloof wine cellar and so on. 3.3.3. Klinkaroo (Little Karoo) Klinkaroo is located between spectacular mountains and fertile alluvial rivers. This long and narrow area extends from Monterrey to Ozhorn, and the climate is a bit extreme ―― warmer in summer and less precipitation. Grapes are usually planted in valley areas with abundant irrigation water. Klinkaroo produces some of South Africa's most famous fortified wines, such as Calitzdorp, which is famous for producing high-quality port wine. Kango is famous for its brandy winery. On the other hand, montague makes full use of local hot spring resources to make wine tourism develop rapidly.

3.3.4. Parr

Parr is a beautiful town, 50 kilometers away from Puton. Located in the lower part of the rock formation formed by three huge granite domes, the largest of which is called Parr Peak. Many kinds of grapes are planted here, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Pinotagi, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.

In Parr, known as the "cooking capital" of the Cape region, the French Huguenot Sect is still maintained here, which is also reflected in the wines produced. The region also includes Wellington, a developing wine producing area, which produces some potential wines, and the latest Simon Castle-Parr.

Par is named after three nearby granite domes with a history of 500 million years. It is said that they will shine like pearls after rain. The famous South African wine merchant United Grand Cellar is located in the center of Parr. This powerful wine merchant is not only the wine-making center in the Cape region, but also the largest winery in the world.

From the picture, we can clearly see that there are 18 wine producers in Parr region. 3.3.5 strand

Stellenbosch is a beautiful town with a university town and research institutions. It is proud that its traditional wine-making history can be traced back to the late17th century. Among its rapidly growing number of wineries and breweries (more than 130), there are also some well-known enterprises in Cape. In this area, there are wineries with a long history and contemporary wineries, which have almost all outstanding grape varieties. In addition, it is also famous for its various mixed red wines. The concentrated planting area here is divided into several small variety planting areas, including Simonsburg-Stellenbosch, Jonkeshuk, Portelary, Devon Valley, Heldburg, Fort Gai, Pape, Korenhoff and Wrotenburg.

3.3.6, Constantinia (Constantinia)

The famous Constantine Valley in history is the birthplace of Constantine sweet wine, which was famous all over the world in 18 and 19 centuries. On this wine road, there are several wine cellars, which keep the tradition of making excellent wine. The vineyard is adjacent to Constantinople, which is an extension of Mount Tarbu, and Cape Town and its extended suburbs are under the mountain. The grapes planted here also benefit from the cool sea breeze blowing from Voss Bay, 5 to 10 km away. 3.3.8. Duponville

Like Constantinia, the dry vineyards in Durban Valley are close to Puton. There are four wineries and three wineries here, which are mainly distributed on the undulating hillside by the sea. Different terrains and altitudes gave birth to various wines, mainly red grapes. Sauvignon Blanc and Merlot produced in this area are famous all over the world.

3.3.9. Overberg (translated in some places as beyond the mountain)

Emerging grape growing areas such as Porter River, Aijian and Walker Bay are distributed in the cooler southern region. Walker Bay, near the coastal city of Hermanus, is the best producing area of Chardonnay, Black Pi Nuo and Sauvignon Blanc. Some of these vineyards are close to the sea and can benefit from the cool sea breeze. The soil is weathered shale, which is very suitable for varieties that like cool climate. 3.3. 10, Balcen.

Robard Cen, irrigated by Blid River, is known as "the Valley of Wine and Rose". The carbon rocks and soil here are very suitable for horse racing. Of course, it is also suitable for producing high-quality wine. Although the temperature is relatively high in summer, there is a cool and humid southeast wind blowing in the valley. This is a traditional white wine producing area, which is famous for Chardonnay. Robard Cen is also one of the most remarkable Sila producing areas in Cape area. In addition, there are fortified liqueurs. 3.3. 1 1, TURBAG

Tulba grows orchards and wheat fields, surrounded by mountains on three sides. Although the complexity of mountainous areas has created various regional microclimates, the summer climate is still relatively warm. With today's high-tech vineyard irrigation management and advanced planting practice, the potential of this area is gradually emerging. At present, there are two cooperative organizations and some wineries in this hidden production area, some of which belong to new immigrants. 3.3. 12, Swartland

The black property area is located in the northwest of Cape Town and belongs to the coastal area. It borders Fort pickett to the north. Under the background of rolling golden wheat waves and green vineyards, the black real estate area is a traditional producing area of rich and mellow red grapes and high-quality fortified wine. In recent years, various red wines and white wines have won exciting awards. This area also produces top wines. 3.3. 13, Introduction of other producing areas

(1) northern cape

It is the northernmost planting area in Cape Province and the fourth largest producing area. It has been extending along the Orange River and is the warmest area, with an area of over10.5 million hectares. This is the most important white wine producing area, with more and more red grapes, especially Merlot, Pinotagi and Syrah.

dear

Daling is covered with high-quality grape estates, only one hour's drive from Cape Town, which is increasingly attractive to tourists. Groenekloof community in this area is famous for producing high-quality Sauvignon Blanc because it is closest to the cool Atlantic Ocean.

(3) New fields

Exciting new fields are emerging, some of which have not yet been separated. Erin, located at the southernmost tip of Africa, has a cool sea vineyard, which is an independent small area. Langkloof is located in the semi-arid Klinkaroo area, but it is only 18km away from the coast, so it can benefit from the ocean in terms of climate. Of course, there are vineyards in the mountainous areas of Wartburg where it often snows in winter. 4. Overview of wine sales in South Africa

4. 1, domestic sales (including sales of imported wine)

4.2 International sales

4.2. 1, South Africa wine export quantity change table

As can be seen from this table (2003), South Africa's wine exports are quite extensive, and there are South African wine consumers on all continents in the world, among which Britain has the largest consumer group, accounting for 49.0 1% of South Africa's total wine exports. 1 1.94% Netherlands and 9.066% Australia ranked second and third respectively. Germany and Sweden are also big wine consumers in South Africa, accounting for 7.684% and 4.294% respectively. In addition, South African wines are also sold to Belgium, Denmark, Canada, the United States, France, Finland, Switzerland, Norway, Eastern Europe, Japan, some countries in the Far East, and even the Middle East and Iceland. All these fully show that the quality of South African wine has been recognized by wine lovers all over the world to a certain extent, and the promotion of wine culture is also quite in place, and it is indeed a leader in the new world of wine. 4.2.2 Table of Changes of South African Wine Import Quantity

South Africa, as a big wine producer, has a wide variety of wines; With the popularization of world wine culture and the improvement of people's living standards, the diversification and stratification of local wine lovers' consumption structure has promoted the opening of South Africa's wine market to a certain extent, so South Africa has inevitably embarked on the road of wine import. The following is a table of South African wine imports. 5. summary.

The unique geographical and historical conditions in South Africa have laid a good foundation for the development of wine in South Africa. South Africans who grew up in this fertile land, with their hard-working hands and beautiful wisdom, made this land elegantly exude charming wine fragrance. In South Africa, there are three main types of wine production institutions: manor winery (82), cooperative wine cellar (70) and independent wine cellar (73). There are five main producers and sellers in South Africa: KWV, Bellingham, Distiller, gilby Vintner and Stellenbosch Falmer Winery (SFW is the fifth largest winery in the world and the largest winery in South Africa after KWV). These companies use grapes from their own vineyards to make wine, and also buy grapes and wines to blend with brand wines.

South Africa's wine production ranks eighth in the world, accounting for 3% of the world's wine production, and the annual per capita consumption of wine is 9 liters. Most wines are sold through domestic distributors, but with international recognition, the export volume is also increasing. In a word, South Africa, a new star in the wine industry, has shown her brilliance and dazzling to the whole world, and her future will be even brighter!