The great triple b

Johannes Brahms

1833- 1897

German composer. 1833 was born in a family of professional musicians in Hamburg on May 7th. Father John Jacques can play all kinds of orchestral music. Influenced by his father, Brahms loved music since childhood, learned violin, cello and horn from his father, and embarked on the road of music career under his guidance. Because of his poor family, he never went to a music school. 13 years old, staying at the hotel, helping my father to increase some family income. Forced to make a living, he began to try to compose music during this period, and created more than 150 dances, marches and orchestral arrangements. This exercised his writing ability and laid the foundation for his later music creation.

Brahms was able to hold a piano solo concert at the age of 14 or 15, and began an independent life with music as his profession. 1853, Brahms left his hometown Hamburg at the age of 20 to travel and perform in Europe with violinist Lameni. During my trip, I met Hungarian violinists Joachim and Liszt in Weimar, and Schumann in Dusseldo. This had an important influence on his later creation. He got a lot of help from these former musicians. Schumann discovered Brahms' amazing musical talent and enthusiastically introduced this talented young musician to the public.

From 65438 to 0858, Brahms worked as a chorus conductor in Diedmoder City, and was exposed to chorus works of different times and styles, which laid a solid foundation for his later creation of large-scale vocal works (such as Rhapsody for mezzo-soprano and Requiem for Germany). In the 1960s, he settled in Vienna and made Europe his second hometown. In the first few years in Vienna, he was mainly busy with some music performances, and once conducted Bach's Passion of the Christ and Mozart's Requiem. Later, I devoted myself to composing music.

Brahms created a large number of works in his life, involving almost all fields of music forms. The most representative works are four symphonies, two piano concertos, a violin concerto, a violin and cello concerto, several orchestral overtures, more than 20 Hungarian dance music, German requiem and many chamber music. Basically, it can be divided into several stages: 1848- 1860' s early creation shows a close natural connection with German folk songs and narrative poems in North Germany, among which those works, including piano sonatas, are optimistic, stubborn, brave and powerful. Since 1960s, he began to study folk songs, expressing his feelings in the spiritual world with chamber music, lyric songs and chorus songs. The 1970s and 1980s were the mature and prosperous periods of his creation. He stepped out of the isolation and devoted himself to the symphony creation that could make close contact with the audience. His four symphonies, violin concerto, piano concerto No.2, variations on Haydn's theme and two overtures are all works of this period. After 1889, he returned to himself again in his later years, which was limited to the creation of some classic songs and chamber music works, reflecting the sadness of loneliness and disappointment.

/kloc-in the mid-9th century, the neo-romantic artistic trend of thought has begun to flourish, while Brahms tends to classicism, trying to maintain and inherit the Beethoven-style classical music tradition, while drawing nutrition from German and Austrian folk music. His works are profound in thought, solemn in style, rich in harmony and orchestration, magnificent in symphony and elegant and beautiful in lyric sketches.

Because of his outstanding inheritance and development of German and Austrian classical music, he is regarded as the most outstanding and last classical music composer in Germany in the second half of the 9th century. In the history of music, he is often juxtaposed with Bach and Beethoven, and is called "three B's" in the history of modern music development.

Beethoven profile

Beethoven is a German composer, and his ancestral home is Flanders. Born in Bonn, his grandfather and father both worked for the Elector of Cologne. His alcoholic father forced him to practice keyboard instruments for a long time, hoping to become a Mozart prodigy. He dropped out of school at the age of 1 1. At the age of thirteen, he worked as a harpsichord player in the court band (conducted by his wife), a second organ player in the court at the age of fourteen, and a viola player in the opera band at the age of eighteen. Beethoven and other court musicians were invited to the party. Later, 1792 Beethoven was allowed to go to Vienna to learn from Haydn, and then settled in Vienna. Before that, Beethoven went to Vienna to study under Mozart, but his mother was seriously ill in 1787. I haven't studied with Haydn for a long time, so teachers and students can't cooperate. After studying with Albrechtsberg, salieri and Schenk, Beethoven made his debut as a composer and pianist in Vienna on 1975, playing piano concerto in B flat major, Op. 9. Although he has deep friendship with many nobles, such as Count Wahlstam and Archduke Rudolph, he is willing to accept personal assistance. However, he opposed the sponsorship system of18th century that bound musicians to one employer. As a freelance musician in Vienna, his situation is better than Mozart's, but he is troubled by his personal relationship. Hard of hearing is becoming more and more serious. 1802, when he realized that his deafness could not be cured, he wrote a touching "Heiligenstadt will" and planned to commit suicide. Strangely, this is the time when he wrote the clearest symphony, Symphony No.2 in D major. In the next few years, he realized that he had no hope of becoming a great performer, so he devoted himself to writing. His struggle against suffering was reflected in the symphony Hero (1804), which was the largest and most influential symphony at that time.

He has never been married (although he keeps falling in love with some rich girls), and his loneliness is getting more and more serious. As the guardian of the incompetent nephew Carl, worrying about the children didn't improve his temper. His behavior is extremely rude and his relationship with the publisher tends to be tense. By 18 19, he was completely deaf. In the last stage of his life, he wrote some of the greatest and most thoughtful works: the last five string quartets, the last five piano sonatas, the ninth symphony and the solemn mass. In these works, he broke away from the pain of his personal life and entered the future art field. Although these works had great influence on later generations, they were not understood at that time. The Ninth Symphony is one of the main sources of Wagner's inspiration. The string quartet influenced Bartok; Sir Michael Kemp Tippett claimed that he benefited a lot from Beethoven's other piano sonatas. 1826, Beethoven's health became worse and worse after his nephew attempted suicide. The next year, when he was bedridden, London Philharmonic Orchestra sent a check for 100, which prompted him to write the tenth symphony mentally, but he had to go further. The doctor diagnosed edema as the cause of his sudden death.

Beethoven's creation is not a stroke of a pen, he tirelessly revised the draft until he was satisfied. His sympathy for the free thought at that time was manifested in Egmont, Federio, Symphony No.9 and other works. Before the French Revolution, it was inconceivable that a composer would have such an outlook on life. In this respect, Beethoven was the first great "subjective" composer: Piano Concerto in C minor, written in 1800, marked the dawn of the new century, showing an objective and completely different musical attitude from that of the classical period. The only opera he produced, Federico, consumed more energy than other works. He is not a born opera composer. He refused to write an opera for Vienna every year, but he created one of the greatest masterpieces of opera. Ferrario put forward Beethoven's most cherished belief. A loyal and brave wife saved her husband from being executed by Spanish oppressors. This theme is even more exciting because it was developed on the simple background of German opera. Federio and The Magic Flute (it is said that this is the only opera that Beethoven really appreciates) have become the cornerstones of German opera repertoire, but the universality of their themes transcends the nationality of music, so Federio is increasingly recognized as a symbol of love and freedom all over the world.

Many of Beethoven's works, especially his mid-term works (such as Sonata for Passion), all reflect his violent and violent character, and often reflect his dissatisfaction with the status quo. He opposes conservatism, but his works also have profound sincerity and simple simplicity. His unrestrained thinking made him unable to tolerate technical limitations. In his works, he can have no pity for human voices and musical instruments. For example, the string quartet "Tian Fu Ge", the last movement of the ninth symphony and the solemn mass. On the other hand, some of his slow movements have what Germans call a sincere and cordial sense of silence, revealing the other side of the composer. Perhaps the best examples of this kind of music are Symphony No.9 and String Quartet in A minor, and slow motion in Op. 132.

Bach.

Johann sebastian bach (1685~ 1750)

German composer and organist. 1685mMarch 21Born in a musical family of generations in Eizenakh. Wittbach, his fifth-generation distant ancestor, was a Hungarian country baker who loved playing musical instruments and believed in Lutheran Protestantism. Rudolf II, a Hungarian, moved to Germany because he opposed the Reformation. Since then, most of the four generations of family members are folk musicians, urban drummers or urban organists. Bach's father, J.A. Bach, was originally an urban drummer in erfurt and later worked as an urban musician in Eisenacher. He played music in churches, courts and civic activities, and * * * gave birth to eight sons. Bach was his youngest son. Bach participated in a unique begging children's song team in Germany, crossing the streets three times a week, singing and begging for charity. When I was 8 years old, my parents died. I lived with my brother and learned keyboard instruments with him. I made rapid progress. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, she made a living independently, went to middle school in Luneburg, and worked as a soprano in the church until her voice changed. In the past two years, I went to Hamburg to listen to the performance of the famous organist J.A. Reinken, went to North Germany to study organ art, and went to Cele to listen to the court band composed of French musicians, thus absorbing the French music style. Bach's life experience and music creation activities can be divided into the following periods:

During Weimar-Arntat period (1703 ~ 1707), Bach was appointed as a violinist in Weimar court in April of 1703, and his salary table stated that he was a "servant". In August, he went to Arnstadt to be the organist of the "new church". /kloc-in the winter of 0/705, Bach took a leave of absence and went to Lubeck on foot to listen to the performance of the outstanding northern German organist D. Baxter Hood, which was deeply inspired. I returned to Arnstadt a few months later. For this reason, Bach was tried twice by the Religious Court. In addition to "asking for leave without permission", he was also accused of "making many amazing variations in the chorus, mixing many strange stereos, and making the public panic", "bringing a strange girl into the church to sing" and "going to the pub during Sunday sermon time" (according to1706 February 22 and 6506).

During the Milgozin-Weimar period (1707 ~ 17 17), Bach was appointed as the organist of Milgozin Church in June 1707. In the same year, I married my cousin Maria Barbara. Soon, due to the conflict with the church director, his performance was criticized and he left. 1708 July, he worked as an organist in Weimar Palace, making religious music for the court. From 17 14, he was appointed as a court musician and wrote new songs for the court every month, thus producing a large number of oratorios. 17 17 autumn, Bach went to Dresden to play a game with L. marchand, a French harp player. Before the game, marchand left without saying goodbye, and Bach won without a game. Duke Weimar had an argument with his nephew, and Bach preferred the latter, which made the duke very angry. Bach asked to leave, but he was unjustly imprisoned by the Duke for four weeks on the charge of "forcing him to resign because of his stubbornness". Bach wrote a collection of organ ditties during his imprisonment.

During Ketten (1717 ~1723)1717, Bach became the music director of Ketten Palace in August, and his life situation was relatively smooth, and his creation (especially in secular instrumental music) was fruitful. Duke Kerten loves music and values Bach very much. He often plays music and travels together. He spent about 1/30 of the national revenue on the court band. During this period, Bach wrote many of his most important masterpieces: The Collection of Piano Music with Equal Rhythm (1722), the Brandenburg Concerto (172 1 ~ 1723), and the Violin Solo Sonata (about/kloc-). His wife died in July 1720, and he married Anna Magdalena in June 172 1. 1720165438+10 When traveling to Hamburg in October, he played the organ in front of Reiken. He improvised the variations of the chorus "On the Babylon River" for more than half an hour in various ways, which won the appreciation of Ryan Ken.

During the Leipzig period (1723 ~1750)1724, Bach took John's Passion as his work and competed for the prominent position of music director of Thomas Church in Leipzig. The Leipzig City Council and the church thought the work was too dramatic, but Bach had to be hired for lack of more suitable people. At the same time, he also works in Nicholas Church, and concurrently works as a teacher and performer in the school attached to Thomas Church. Bach spent the second half of his life in Leipzig, composing 265 religious oratorios, 6 classic songs, 5 mass songs, 4 passionate songs, 2 oratorios and other religious music, as well as the second volume of Piano Music with Equal Rhythm (1744) and Italian Concerto (1735). In Leipzig, he often clashed with the Leipzig City Council, the host of the church, and the headmaster of the school attached to the church. He was repeatedly condemned for opposing the canon and school rules, and his creation did not meet the requirements of the church. Bach did not give in. He wrote to the parliament and the court to defend himself, which led the members of the city Council to think Bach was "hopeless" and was punished by the resolution 1730. 1737, he dedicated his works to Marquis of Saxony in Dresden, and requested the title of "Composer of Dresden Court", which was approved. The title of "court composer" helps to improve Bach's situation. 1747, Bach visited Potsdam and played for Frederick, the Prussian emperor. After returning to Leipzig, he wrote a song "The Contribution of Music" based on a theme of Pu Huang (1748). Finally, Bach also wrote a volume "The Art of Fugue" (unfinished). He stopped writing because of physical decline and blindness, and died in Leipzig on July 28th, 1750.

Bach and religious music Bach was born in Germany, where feudalism was backward and divided in the first half of the18th century. He worked in churches and courts all his life and never left Germany. The limitations of the times and environment made him, like most people in Germany at that time, leave a deep religious mark on his thoughts and creations, but these did not prevent B.H. from making great creations. As a citizen musician, B H profoundly reflected the mental outlook of the advanced elements in the German citizen class and the thoughts, feelings and wishes of the German people in the first half of the18th century. The spirit of humanism and early German enlightenment (including rationalism philosophy) gave him a deep influence. Bach absorbed early enlightenment philosophy and mathematics at that time, and once read On Wisdom by G·W· Leibniz. 1747 Joined the Music Science Association founded by L.C. Mitzler von Kolov. Bach's highly logical musical thinking and rigorous structure are all related to rationalism that advocated rationality and mathematics at that time. He actively supported the establishment of the music science-the Twelve-Mean Law, and applied it and popularized it through the creation of the Piano Music Collection of the Golden Mean Law. It not only expands the application field of modal, enriches the musical language and writing skills of self-modal, but also makes great contributions to replacing the mystical musical theory with scientific musical theory. This pursuit of rationality and knowledge science is a powerful denial of ignorance, superstition and prejudice in German society at that time. Bach's music is full of philosophy, with the nature of meditation and inner thoughts and feelings. Bach's music has its distinctive personality, whether it is tragic or dramatic or various vivid, conventional descriptions or rich inner descriptions, it has reached a touching situation. Many tragic movements in his works profoundly reflected the sufferings, struggles and expectations of the German people (especially the civil class) at that time, and embodied the simple and strong character and the pursuit of light and happiness. Although religious thoughts and emotions are often revealed at the same time, or there is a tendency to seek spiritual liberation from religion, they are always isolated from the negative and pessimistic mental state. Solidity and grandeur are the basic characteristics of Bach's music. Bach's music is often full of depression, showing a persistent stubbornness. Even if it is full of deep sadness, it also contains calm will and firm belief. Even if it is shrouded in deep darkness, it is constantly brewing strength, as if to break through the shackles and darkness and move towards a dramatic climax and brilliant ending. Some of Bach's original music includes singing about love and marriage (wedding oratorio, wedding chorus, etc. ), smoking (tobacco cantata) and drinking coffee (coffee cantata). In many instrumental music (including all kinds of dance music), various vivid, active, relaxed and even humorous images are also reflected. All these reflect the life of German citizens from different aspects, showing their love for life and extensive fun. Bach's music is permeated with a kind of abundant vitality, and there is often a momentum of declining rivers and pouring thousands of miles. Some of his masterpieces, such as organ music "Tokata and fugue in D minor" (1708 ~ 17 17) and piano music "Fantasia and fugue for chromatic scale" (1720 ~ 1723). He often adds flowers to the praise overture used in religious worship through various variations (such as dear Jesus, we are here) and extremely rich and active accompaniment (such as happy Christians), as well as various variations and colorful harmony (such as the Babylonian River). Bach often quotes secular paragraphs or tunes he has already written and directly enters religious works, thus making religious music permeated with secular factors.

Bach-:Passion of Matthew, Mass in B minor, collection of piano music with average rhythm, Tocata and fugue (organ) in D minor, peasant chorus, coffee chorus, Brandenburg concerto, etc.

Beethoven-nine symphonies (the third hero, the fifth destiny, the sixth pastoral and the ninth chorus are the most famous). Overture Federio, Egmont and Coe. Thirty-two piano sonatas (especially Pathetique No.8, Moonlight No.14 and Passion No.23), five piano concertos, violin concertos (in D major), sixteen string quartets and Solemn Mass.

Brahms' main works are: four symphonies and two piano concertos; Violin concerto in d major, 2 1 Hungarian dance music; Double concertos for violin and cello in A minor, as well as ensembles, sonatas, variations and songs.