What kind of people were scholars in the Warring States Period? Who is a celebrity? What is their project?

During the Warring States period, from Wang Ting to the bottom of society, the figure of "scholar" can be seen everywhere. Exploring the activities of this class is very beneficial to deeply understand the social life, especially the political culture, during the Warring States period.

First, the classification of scholars

According to rough statistics, there are more than 100 titles and special nouns centered on "scholar" in the Warring States literature. This not only shows the complexity of the gentry class, but also shows that their activities are all over the society. In order to distinguish different taxis, people at that time began to classify taxis. Mozi? Miscellaneous guards divide scholars into "counselors", "warriors", "skillful scholars" and "envoys". "Shang junshu" Calculating land divides scholars into "talkers", "Chu Shi", "warriors", "craftsmen" and "businessmen". Zhuangzi? Xu Wugui divided scholars into intellectuals, debaters, judges, scholars, China people, powerful people, brave people, military reform people, gaunt people, legal and moral people. According to the characteristics and social status of scholars, it can be roughly divided into three parts:

(1) samurai. Among them, there are different categories. The first category is the armed forces of the country. Due to different skills, positions, arms and countries, there are various titles: Selector, Trainee, Sharp, Elite, Good Man, Knight Rider, Archer, Talented Geisha, Samurai, and Swordsman. The second kind is chivalrous. In ancient books, they were called "Xia", "Jie Xia" and "Ranger". These people are brave and die for their bosom friends. The third category is "Lux", which refers to strong and brave people.

2 scribes. "Biography of Han Poetry" Volume 7 says: "A gentleman avoids three ends: the pen end of a scholar, the front end of a warrior and the tongue end of a debater." Here, the author is called a scribe. In fact, intellectuals, including debaters, can all be called scribes. As early as the early Warring States period, Mozi had distinguished the characteristics and different types of scribes. He said that people with virtue are "virtuous, eloquent and knowledgeable". Morality, speech and Taoism should be said to be the classification of scholars. There were more than thirty or forty titles about scholars in Historical Records of the Warring States Period. These dozens of appellations can be roughly divided into the following categories. The first category can be called moral type. This kind of taxi aims at moral cultivation. So at that time, many people defined or summarized the characteristics and essence of scholars in the sense of moral quality. For example, Confucius said, "Scholars aim at Tao." "Lu Chunqiu? Correcting the Name records the dialogue between Yin Wen and the King of Qi: "There are filial people, loyal people, trustworthy people when making friends, and caring people when living in their hometown. Are you a scholar with these four walkers? "The King of Qi said,' This is really a so-called scholar.' The names of moral people include: general scholars, male scholars, Shi Zhi, Shi Zhi, monks, good scholars, believers, Shi Lian, Jinshi and Zheng Shi. The second category can be described as intelligence. These people focus on knowledge and apply what they have learned. They have the following titles: scribe, wanderer, warlock, wise man, legal person, eloquent man, lobbyist, tourist official, judge and craftsman. Hermits can be said to be attached to or combined with the above two categories, and such scholars are not officials for various reasons. Not being an official does not mean that everyone does not care about the national economy and people's livelihood, social and political events; On the contrary, some hermits have made many comments on the gains and losses of current politics, and even put forward a systematic theory, which has become a unified statement. Some hermits have a high reputation in society. The monarch sent envoys to extend their employment again and again, but they refused to be ordered. Some hermits are temporary, and seclusion is just a wait-and-see technique. There are also the following titles that are the same as or similar to hermits: laity, Chu Shi, valley man, river and sea man, cave man, man of noble birth, noble, idle man and so on. The third category can be described as skill type. These people can be divided into three parts: technicians, businessmen and alchemists. Skilled talents refer to people with one skill and special skills. "Shang junshu" "Counting Land" said: "The talent of a skilled person lies in his hands. "Han Fei? Son? Xian Xue said: "Today's business officials and capable people also eat without raising. "Businessmen refer to people who manage industry and commerce. For example, Guan Zhong and Bao Shu were both in business in their early years. Fan Li is a typical scholar who gets rich by doing business. Zi Gong is both a scholar and a big businessman. Bai Gui was also a famous taxi and businessman during the Warring States Period. In the Warring States period, there was a saying of "merchants", "Shu? "Counting Land" said: "A businessman's talent lies in his body. "The alchemist refers to a scholar who divines, wizards, visits fortune-teller, looks at geomantic omen and asks for fairy medicine. Like Xunzi? Non-phase ":"Liang has a Tang Ju, and people can know their good or bad, and the demon is auspicious. " During the Warring States period, such scholars were quite active, and some of them participated in national politics. "Jing has a kind person, who speaks clearly and smells in the country. When Zhuang Wang saw it, he asked after the reunification of Qin Shihuang, "There are many literary wizards who want to preach peace." The alchemist wanted to practice a magic medicine. "

(3) junior officials. Some junior officials call them "scholars". Specifically, there are the following situations: one is that the subordinate officials of judicial personnel are called "scholars" and "Mencius". Hui Liang Wang Xiazai said: "If a judge can't rule a judge, what is it?" A "judge" is a senior judicial official, and a "judge" is a junior official with a paper rank. The second kind refers to officials at the grass-roots level. Such scholars have their own places of governance, such as the saying in "No Attack": "Scholars can't govern their own affairs." "pipe? Eight Views called likui jy a scholar. The third type generally refers to various officials. Book of rites? Sacrifice law: "Ordinary people, there are no temples in Shu Ren." Note: "Ordinary people belong to government officials. "

Some of them are difficult to classify. Such as Warrior, Kingdom of Stone, Shi Xiu, Shi Jun, Martyr, Shi Hao, Che and Du. Through the above classification, we can see the complexity of scholars and their wide distribution in society, indicating that scholars are the most active class in society.

Second, the position of scholars in society.

Because the composition of scholars is very complicated, their social status can not be the same. Therefore, the social status of scholars can only be investigated from different levels.

(A) the relationship between scholars and grades

In the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were basically the first level in the hierarchy. By the Warring States period, the hierarchy had undergone major changes. On the basis of the old hierarchy, the Qin Dynasty formulated twenty ranks, which made the hierarchy more complicated and thorough. The situation of the six countries in Shandong is not clear, but in general, it is also developing in the direction of complexity and carefulness. Another feature of the hierarchy in the Warring States period was that people were included in it, and people's titles appeared. In the hierarchical system of the Warring States, scholars are not all hierarchical concepts, but they are all related to hierarchy.

In the imperial decrees, except for the male scholar and the 20th Qin Gong, there is no explicit stipulation that Shandong should regard the scholar as a rank. But in many writings at that time, scholars were often regarded as a specific level.

The order of Shu Ren-scholar-doctor-vassal-Sangong-Tian Zi described in many articles of Mozi can be regarded as both an administrative system and a hierarchical system.

In more works, scholars are regarded as a specific rank between doctors and Shu Ren when discussing etiquette and customs such as marriage, funeral, food and clothing. Mencius burying his mother is different from burying his father. His mother's funeral used three pots and his father's funeral used five pots. The reason is that "the former is a scholar and the latter is a doctor". This example shows that there is a clear line between doctors and doctors.

In social life habits, people also regard scholars as a specific class. Xunzi? Wang zhi: "agriculture, scholars, industry and commerce." "Mencius? Li Lou II: "If killing a scholar is not guilty, the doctor can go;" "If you are innocent and slaughter people, then you can move."

In addition, in the works of various philosophers, there are also records of reclassification among scholars. Mozi? The next burial contains: "Staff sergeant exercises burial." The so-called "staff sergeant" is obviously different from a corporal. Xunzi? In Zheng Lun, Jinshi are divided into Yuan Jinshi and ordinary Jinshi. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars were graded; I'm afraid the records of grades in the Warring States period are only historical relics.

Judging from the historical development of the Warring States period, scholars are in a period of transition from rank to social stratum. Grade is stipulated by the government expressly or customary law. Social stratum is different from hierarchy, which is formed by many factors, the most important of which is the way of social activities. However, in a hierarchical society, the stratum cannot but be influenced and restricted by the hierarchical system. Therefore, in habit, people still regard scholars as a higher rank than the people, which is a phenomenon in the transition period.

(2) Scholar-officials

"Scholar-bureaucrat" is a new concept in the Warring States Period. Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. In the ancient books of the Warring States period, the official rank sequence is still represented by "doctor". Xunzi? The Book of Rites says: "Doctors have a constant Sect." "Lu Chunqiu? "Shang Nong" contains: "Therefore, the emperor personally led the vassal countries to cultivate the emperor's homeland, and all doctors and scholars made achievements." On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why are scholars often crowned before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who came from a scholar rose to the top with their own talents, and a group of well-dressed figures appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period. Look from the connotation, the scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects:

One refers to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li? Gao Gongji said: "Sitting together and discussing Tao is called a maharaja. People in your line of work are called literati. "In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official." Ink? Son? "Three Debates" criticized that "scholar-officials are tired of listening to governance". This refers to all officials. Warring States policy? "Qin Ce II" contains: "Congratulations to the philosophers." The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. Xunzi? He said, "The peasants divide the fields and plow the fields, Jia divides the goods and sells them, and all the workers divide the work and persuade them, and the literati listen to them." Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job. "Jundao" also said: "People can do their own things and do their own things by acting according to virtue and according to their abilities. The upper saint made it three, the second saint made it a vassal, and the lower saint made it a scholar-bureaucrat, so it is obvious. " Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civilian called scholar-officials, military attache also called scholar-officials, "Xunzi? "On Soldiers" says: "Drums will die, and death will resist. Hundreds of officials die, and literati die. " "Woods? Shi Li: "So (Wei) the marquis of Wu set up a temple, which is the third product of literati."

There is no clear stipulation as to which level of officials are called scholar-officials. According to some materials, they are generally middle and upper-level bureaucrats. Xunzi? The gentleman said, "When the holy king is above and the righteous act is below, the literati will not commit adultery, the officials will not be lazy, and the common people will not commit adultery." Here, the scholar-officials are placed above the officials. "Jundao" ranks scholar-officials before "officials and teachers". The teacher of one official is the head of a hundred officials. The article "Powerful Country" said: "If you have made great contributions, you will enjoy their achievements, and ministers will enjoy their achievements. Scholar-bureaucrats will benefit from grades, and Shu Ren will benefit from grades. " "The Theory of Tao" said: "Jue Liezun, Gong Luhou, the situation wins, the emperor at the top, and the scholar-officials at the bottom of the Qing Dynasty." All the above materials show that scholar-officials have a higher position in the bureaucracy. Because the scholar-officials are all senior officials, the fields they enjoy are different from those in cities. "Hey? Son? "Honor and Disgrace" said: "The reason why the scholar-officials chose Yi Tian is that they are determined to practice and govern for the officials, so that they can go up and down." According to the Book of Rites, the number of fields and towns occupied by literati is different, that is, "those who have five times as much land" and "those who have three times as much land". Some scholars seem to have private soldiers. Warring States policy? Qi Wuce: "The armor of soldiers, the private place of officials, and the hiding place of literati ..."

Secondly, it refers to literati with certain social status.

After Meng Changjun fell from power, the public left. These public guests are in the historical records? The Biography of Meng Changjun is called The Scholars, but in the Warring States Policy? Qi Zesi described the same incident as a "scholar-bureaucrat". Did everything wrong? "The Messenger of the World" says: "Today's scholars are not ashamed of mud, ugliness and humiliation." It means that a scholar-bureaucrat is an immoral official. Here, a scholar-bureaucrat and an official have two meanings, and a scholar-bureaucrat refers to a literate person. It can be seen that a scholar-bureaucrat can refer to an on-the-job bureaucrat, an off-the-job intellectual, or both. Since then, scholar-officials have formed a special group in the history of China. They are the product of the combination of intellectuals and bureaucrats, and they are the adhesive between them.

(3) scholars and scholars Shu Ren.

"Mandarin? "Chyi Yu" records that Guan Zhong governs Qi and implements the separation of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce. There are also four kinds of people in Gu Liangzhuan: "There were four kinds of people in ancient times: scholars, businessmen, farmers and workers. "But in a word, there is a difference between scholars and people, belonging to different levels. There are many examples of the division of scholars and civilians recorded in the Warring States Policy, such as Xunzi? " "Chen Dao" says: "People are close to it, and scholars believe it." "pipe? The "Five Assistants" said: "Those who govern well ... are brave and humble, and their Shu Ren loves agriculture and hates food, so they make good use of their wealth." Here, scholars and Shu Ren are divided into two factions. The former refers to brave soldiers; The latter takes cultivation as their profession. However, in the Warring States period, "scholar" and "scholar Shu Ren" became two popular concepts. In some old notes, scholar and scholar Shu Ren are often divided into scholar and people, scholar and Shu Ren. This division is not unreasonable, but from a large number of records, scholars and scholars Shu Ren has become a fixed phrase. There are some people in society who are both scholars and people. "Mencius? Li Lou said: "The son of heaven is ruthless and does not care about the four seas; The princes are heartless and do not protect the country; Doctor Qing is ruthless and does not protect the ancestral temple; The stone is heartless and does not protect the four bodies. " "pipe? Da Kuang said, "You have a doctor who doesn't remonstrate, but Shu Ren is kind. If the doctor doesn't go in, you can punish him." As can be seen from these records, Shu Ren has been regarded as the same level.

The scholars' main occupations are farming and war, and Lv Chunqiu? "The Book of Filial Piety" says: "If a scholar is filial, he will repair his illness and defend his war. "Everything is wrong? When I first met Qin, I recorded the battle of Zhao Changping, and Qin "learned that he was under Changping". Mozi? As the saying goes, "if the soldiers do not advance, the people will not work, which is enough to refuse." In this paper, the literati and the people are actually a finger, and both of them are engaged in agricultural wars. Scholars are the majority of the residents in the country, so Xunzi? "Shi Zhi" concluded: "The country is the home of scholars ... If the country loses its government, scholars will leave. "

The popularity of scholars and scholars' concept of Shu Ren reflects the blending of scholars and people. In the social changes, a considerable number of literati have fallen into the same situation as the people, that is, the so-called "people in clothes" and "people who work in ordinary jobs".

(D) the relationship between a gentleman and knowledge and morality

Scholar-officials are the highest officials of scholars and taxis who entered the official career; Scholars are lower-class scholars, who are as confused or almost the same as the people. There is an intermediate level between the upper class and the lower class. These scholars are not as good as officials and not for the people. They take learning and advocating morality as their responsibility. Confucianism has discussed this issue the most. Lutz asked Confucius, "How can I become a scholar?" Confucius said, "Sincerely? Yiyi is like a scholar. Friends are eager? Brother Yi Yi. " Confucius also said: "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement." "It is not enough to think that a scholar is a scholar." Zhang Zishuo: "When a scholar sees danger and death, he can understand what it means. It is enough to sacrifice respect and mourn. " The basic provisions of these discourses on scholars can be summarized as follows: first, scholars take learning and moral cultivation as their own responsibility; Second, have lofty aspirations and ambitions; Third, to be an official is the future, and being an official means being loyal to your duties. Mencius' requirements for scholars are roughly the same as those of Confucius. The prince asked Mencius, "What can I do for you?" Mencius said, "Shangzhi." Then he said, "I am poor and disloyal, and I can't get away from it. Poverty never loses its righteousness. If you can't get out of the way, the people will not be disappointed. " He also said: "Those who have perseverance and no constant production are talented." Xunzi's requirements for scholars focus on keeping etiquette and righteousness. "Self-cultivation" said: "If you follow the good law, you will be a scholar." The law here refers to etiquette. Xunzi believes that the bounden duty of a scholar is integrity. "He is an honest man, giving up your wealth for meanness, giving up wealth for poverty, giving up his loss for work, and being black without losing his position. This is based on the endless discipline and articles in the world!" Other philosophers have also closely linked scholars with morality.

Gentleman is an important concept to express a scholar's morality. Judging from the existing literature, Mozi was the first to use this concept. In Mozi, a gentleman has two meanings. First, it refers to middle and lower-level officials, such as Mozi? (Zhong) Today, Mr. Maharaja, please enrich the country, educate the people, treat the punishment and settle the country ... "Followed by intellectuals. Mozi? "Tian Shangzhi" contains: "Today's books of corporal and gentleman are overwhelming and inexhaustible. It is said that the prince is above and the scholar is below. It is still far from benevolence and righteousness. " In Xunzi's hands, a gentleman has completely become a title to express morality and knowledge. Xunzi? There is a dialogue between Confucius and his disciples in Zi Dao. Lutz said: "The knower makes people know each other, and the benevolent makes people love themselves." Confucius said, "You are a scholar." Zi Gong said, "He who knows knows knows others, and the benevolent loves others." Confucius said, "A gentleman is also a gentleman." Yan Hui said: "The knower knows himself, and the benevolent loves others." Confucius said, "A gentleman is also a gentleman." A gentleman is morally superior to a gentleman, but not as good as a "gentleman of the Ming Dynasty". The Theory of Evil Nature says: "There are saints, gentlemen, villains and servants." "Cultivation" said: "A gentleman is not lazy for poverty." "History of Honor and Disgrace" said: "The righteousness lies in the courage of a gentleman who does not rely on power and interests, does not change his view of the whole country, attaches importance to death, upholds justice and is inflexible."

Generally speaking, scholars are distributed in every corner of society, from top to bottom, and they can be scholars or cloth clothes. The social status and occupation of scholars are very different, and there is unity in the differences, that is, knowledge, morality and courage. These things are intangible, but they are ubiquitous and indispensable in social activities. It is with these intangible things that scholars can wander around every corner of society.

Third, the source of scholars.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars, as a rank, had relative stability, and Jpua was the "scholar among scholars". By the Warring States period, although scholars still had the meaning of hierarchy, they gradually became a social class. This stratum becomes the intermediate zone of communication and transformation between the upper class (rulers, officials and exploiters) and the lower class (ruled, people and exploited).

Undoubtedly, the evil of nobility is still an important source of literati. Zhang Yi, who is kind to others, was born in "Wei Jia Yu Zi". My son is a supporter. He is also a "Liang" person. Shang Yang was originally the son of Wei Zheng. "Han Fei is from Han Gongzi. Such examples abound. In short, the evil deeds and descendants of most nobles and officials belong to this class. Although it is impossible to make specific statistics at present, the number of such figures will not be small. For example, Tian Ying in Guo Jun, Qi Jing has more than forty sons, and it is conceivable how many sins there are. The first stop for these villains is a taxi.

Another source of scholars is from below. This situation appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was more common in the Warring States Period. Mozi? Shang Xian said: "Although people work in agriculture, they can do it if they can." The so-called "promotion" first refers to the selection of scholars. Some people who study, the first step is to become a scholar through learning. Ningyue is a typical example of taking learning as a scholar and taking scholars as public servants. Xunzi? "Wang Zhi" said: "Although Shu Ren's descendants are well-written, upright, and can belong to courtesy, they belong to Qing Xiang literati." "pipe? Xiao Kuang said, "A scholar is a scholar, and he is not ashamed. "Park wild refers to farmers. In addition, there are other kinds of lower classes who enter the ranks of scholars through learning. Xunzi? The outline contains: "Zigan (Zigong) and Luji, so I also; Have culture, serve the etiquette, and serve the people below. " "Lu Chunqiu? "Respect teachers and value education" contains: the writer is the home of Lu's humble family; Yan Zhuoju, the thief of Liang's father, studied under Confucius. Duan Ganmu, a scholar of the State of Jin, studied under Xia Zi. "Historical records? Laozi's Biography of Han Fei says: "Shen Buhai is a Beijinger, so Zheng is a modest minister. The academic foundation is Han Zhaohou and Zhao Hou. "Historical records? Biography of Gan Mao: "Gan Mao rose and fell in Cai Luyan. Zheng's counselor is "the son of Liang Jianmen". A historic event that has been active in politics for a period of time is "going to Cai Jian". From the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially after Confucius, the trend of running schools privately prevailed, and dozens, hundreds or even thousands of students were scholars' reserve troops or scholars. The above are the scribes. Samurai are mainly cultivated from the battlefield.

Scholars are the intersection of the upper and lower classes. The greater the traffic, the greater the taxi queue. During the Warring States period, the upward and downward mobility was relatively large, so the ranks of scholars developed rapidly. In addition, the development of scholars is directly proportional to the development of bureaucracy. Scholars are candidates for bureaucrats, and the expansion of bureaucratic ranks will inevitably lead to the expansion of scholars. The Warring States period was a period when bureaucracy was widely implemented, which was a powerful driving force to promote the development of scholars.

Fourthly, the role and occupation of scholars in politics.

As we all know, the Warring States is an era of constant war. There are many contradictions in the internal affairs, diplomacy and military affairs of all countries. Of course, strength plays a decisive role in dealing with complex contradictions and struggles, but strength must rely on human wisdom. So pay special attention to people's intelligence. "pipe? Bayan said: "husbands often save the country from suffering, and those who benefit from each other are sacred;" Those who are in danger of the country, those who can live long, are wise and sage. It is the teacher of the late king and sacred; His prize is Ming Sheng. If a husband says a word, he will live long, but if he doesn't listen, he will die. If this is the case, the Great Sage will also hear his words. Here, "sacredness", "Tessa" and "Great Sage" are the highest terms for wisdom, which belong to the category of cognition and have nothing to do with mysticism. In my opinion, the key to the rise and fall of a country lies in whether the strategy is appropriate. When talking about war, the article also said: "People from all over the world cannot be attacked and taken. They must make a plan first, and then use the terrain to weigh their rights. " "If a husband is strong, he must fight for it first." "pipe? The system points out: "Being strong may not win, but you must know the truth of winning in order to win." The author points out that strength may not win, but only by knowing the principle of winning can we win. Warring States policy? Qin Ceyi said that when Su Qin adopted the strategy of uniting Lian Heng, it didn't cost a single soldier, which made Qin afraid to leave the East. Therefore, the author said: "The wise man is in the world, the world is serving, one person uses it, and the world follows it." What we are talking about here is not the power of individuals, but the wisdom of these people will be transformed into great power. Warring States policy? "Qin Ce San" also said: "People from all over the world gather in Zhao and want to attack Qin", which worried the king of Qin. This shows the power of ingenuity. Jing Chun once commented on the roles of Su Qin, Zhang Yi and other figures: "Gongsun Yan.

, yi cheung is not honest? In a rage, the governors are all afraid and the world is destroyed. "What is discussed here is not the power and material strength of the scholars, but the intelligence of these scholars is enough to make the powerful monarch tremble with fear. Did everything wrong? "Difficult Classics II" recorded a sentence by Zhao Jianzi: "It's better to smell pedestrians' candles than to ride a thousand times with me. "Candle is Zhao Jianzi's personal adviser. In Zhao Jianzi's view, the trick of passing candles is more powerful than flocking. " On the whole? The article "Effectiveness" reads: "In the Six Kingdoms period, the virtuous ministers entered Chu Chu, but they were heavy and light, and they died for Zhao Zhao and were injured by Wei Wei." It shows that intelligent strategy plays a decisive role in competition. Intelligence not only plays a commanding role in the development of the situation, but also often makes things change strangely. A proper plan is more powerful than a tribe.

Intelligence contests provide a powerful impetus and place for scholars' activities and development. From the general theory of epistemology, social practice is undoubtedly the basis of intelligence, but the development of intelligence must also meet the following two conditions: first, education; The second is to have a group of people who specialize in intelligent labor. The scholar is such a role. The political and military struggle of society urgently needs intelligence, which is mainly contained in the scholar class. Like Mozi? "The Scholars" said: "If you don't save the scholars, you will die ... If you don't worry about the country, you will forget the scholars and save the country." Therefore, respecting scholars, competing for scholars and cultivating scholars have become a social trend in the upper class.

Honorable person is mainly able to clearly see and handle the relationship between power and knowledge and intelligence. During the Warring States period, some observant monarchs and dignitaries were not proud of the powerful, and they made friends with scholars actively or consciously, worshipped them as teachers and regarded them as guests. Regardless of their motives and purposes, their actions create an atmosphere of honor. Specifically, there are the following ways to respect scholars:

First, Corporal Li Xian. Wei Wenhou is a model of Corporal Li Xian. "Lu Chunqiu? "Qi Xian" contains: "Wei Wenhou wrote a poem after a period of dead wood. His servant said, "Is Jun Hu a poem?" "You said,' Isn't this a piece of dry wood? Duan Ganmu built a saint. Am I embarrassed? And I heard that Duan Ganmu never wants to treat others with his own advantages. How dare I be arrogant? Duan gan mu guangde, I am bare; Duan Ganmu is rich in righteousness, and I am rich in wealth. "His servant said,' Then why don't you talk to him? So, you invited me to meet, and Duan Gan refused to accept it. "Wei Wenhou put forward here how to deal with the relationship between power, wealth, morality and knowledge. Not only do you look down on a poor intellectual who relies on power and wealth, but you should help him and pay attention to him when he passes by Duan Ganmu's house. This move caused strong repercussions throughout Wei. There are also some monarchs who, in order to gain wisdom, exempt scholars from the ceremony of monarch and minister and salute the host and guest. For example, the king of Qin "respected" Fan Sui. Zou Yan's "beam, benefit Wang Xiaoying, cross-strait ceremony". The son of Wei bowed to Hou Ying, Mao Gonghe and other well-known ceremonial corporal. Although only a few prestigious scholars were exempted from the courtesy of the monarch and ministers at that time, this line of movable property had a wide social impact.

Second, treat each other as teachers. Some monarchs worship celebrities as teachers and perform the ceremony of disciples. Such as "Wei Wenhou Lion Gorge and Tianzifang". Qi Xuanwang takes Yan Yan as his teacher. Mencius said: "a great and promising monarch must have a minister who is not summoned;" If you want to have a plan, do it. "In the face of strategy and morality, the relationship between the monarch and the minister has fallen to a secondary position, and the monarch should go to the door of the courtiers for advice." Mencius? Summer records the story of Lu Zhuhong and Zi Si. Miao Gong wanted to see Zi Si and said, "Does a country take thousands of riders as its friends?" Zi Si was unhappy and said,' What is an ancient cloud, a cloud of friends?' The displeasure of Zi Si does not mean to say,' If there is a son, there is a gentleman; Minister, minister also; How dare you be friends with Jun? With virtue, my son is my business, and Xi can be my friend? "It is also said here that, with the theory of power, the relationship between scholars and monarchs is the relationship between monarch and subjects; As far as virtue is concerned, a monarch should learn from scholars. In Mencius' view, making friends with scholars by Lu Miaogong is a sign of disrespect for scholars. "Lu Chunqiu?" "Persuade to learn" said: "There are saints, and the world is unreasonable. On the right, heavy on the right, heavy on the left, heavy on the left. It's an ancient holy king, and there's no one who doesn't respect teachers. "The monarch's behavior of respecting scholars as teachers and the theory of taking scholars as teachers reflect the high social status of some scholars.

Third, wait for equality. Meng Qi changjun is a typical figure, which is recorded in history books? "Biography of Meng Changjun" contains: "There are thousands of diners, no distinction between high and low." On one occasion, "Meng Changjun used to entertain guests at night and build a fire by himself. The guests were so angry that they stopped eating and resigned. Meng Changjun is not as good as he is. Being a guest is awkward. With these, many scholars returned to Meng Changjun. The guests in Meng Changjun have no choice but to meet them. Everyone thinks that Meng Changjun is very close to himself. " . Warring States policy? Qi Ce Si contains Meng Changjun and Shi Hao's Diet, Clothes and * * *.

Due to the wind of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism in society, some scholars are often arrogant and even don't pay attention to the monarch. When discussing this issue, Hong Yan's central argument is that the change of dynasties and the rise and fall of a country depend on the gains and losses of policies and strategies, and these gains and losses mainly come from scholars. It is concluded that a scholar is more valuable than a gentleman. This argument persuaded Qi Xuanwang. In this atmosphere, some celebrities dare to despise the monarch by virtue of their knowledge and morality. Mencius publicly criticized: "It is heartless, Liang Ye." Mencius also publicized: "The wise king of ancient times is easy to forget the situation. Why are ancient sages exclusive? Enjoy the trend of forgetting people. " When Wang Shi saw it, he publicly declared: "Those who use soldiers regard the king as a good situation, and those who use soldiers regard the king as a good man." In order to get the name of a good scholar, Xuan Wang "welcomes him with the door and takes advantage of it."

In order to attract smart people to their surroundings, monarchs and dignitaries launched activities to win over scholars. There are many ways to compete for a scholar. If you want, you don't have to be an official, a knight, a salary, a reward or a support.

Under normal circumstances, officials, nobles and officials are trinity. Mozi made the problem very clear: "You must be rich, respected and praised, and then the good people of the country will be used by all." He also said: "the title of high reward is to reward, let it do it and break the order." "If the title is not high, the people will respect it; Money is not thick, and people don't believe it; If government decrees continue, people will not be afraid. " Knighthood, possession of wealth and decrees are the "three books" for recruiting wise men. Mencius also said: "Respect for sages makes people, and Jie Jun is in power, so everyone in the world is happy and willing to stand on their court." Xunzi? In Wang Zhi, people often say that the basic means of "good scholars" is "Fuji". The State of Qi established the Jixia Academy, which recruited people from all over the world and gave them generous treatment. Qi Xuanwang told more than 70 famous people, "They were all given the first place to be doctors", "They are the best way to open a big house, and they are honored. Look at the princes and guests in the world. " Mencius is also very rich. "There are dozens of cars behind him and hundreds of followers." Qi Xuanwang also promised Mencius the following conditions: "I will give Mencius a room in China to raise my disciples for 10 thousand minutes." . In order to attract people from all over the world, Yan Zhaowang said, "Only those who are humble and rich in money can attract talents ...' When you go out of Wei, Zou Yan will be in Qi, and when you play Zhao, scholars will compete for Yan. "a pipe? The book "Mountain Heavy" proposes to praise the literati, such as abel tamata House, and "the tree looks high" (like the memorial archway erected by later generations).

Cultivating scholars was a means to compete for scholars at that time, and we need to say a few more words here.

The rise of trainers began in the Spring and Autumn Period and reached its peak in the Warring States Period. The people they support are also called doormen, guests, doormen, diners and so on Zhao Jianzhu,, Qi,, and so on are all outstanding representatives who strive to train scholars, with hundreds of them. In addition to governors, high officials and nobles also generally cultivate scholars, and the Fourth Childe is the biggest one, with thousands of scholars each. There are more than 3,000 Lv Buwei scholars in the State of Qin. "pipe? "Ren Fa" states: "Ministers may