Briefly describe the content of ancient wine administration in China. .

In ancient times, due to the instability of grain production, the production and consumption of wine were generally spontaneous, mainly affected by grain output. At the same time, it should be clear that in slave society, those who are qualified to make wine and drink are elites with status. Wine is not a commodity in a certain historical period, but a general item. People have not yet realized the economic value of wine. This situation continued until the early Han Dynasty.

Since Yu Xia's unique wine and Duke Zhou & gt, with the progress of the times, the contents and forms of wine management system and measures have become more and more abundant. The specific implementation form and degree of liquor administration vary from dynasty to dynasty, but basically it changes between prohibition of liquor, monopoly of liquor and tax liquor. There are also some special forms. The implementation of different liquor policies often involves the distribution of liquor profits among different social groups, and sometimes economic struggles and political struggles are intertwined. In addition, due to the change of political power, the continuity of liquor administration is interrupted from time to time, especially as a part of the whole economic policy, and the content and mode of its implementation are often closely related to the whole economic policy of the country.

1 no alcohol

Prohibition of alcohol means that the government prohibits the production, circulation and consumption of alcohol.

The main purpose of the ban is:

Reduce food consumption and prepare for famine. This is the main purpose of prohibition of alcohol in past dynasties.

Don't drink too much, which will lead to death. Officials are forbidden to talk wildly after drinking and discuss state affairs. This is mainly aimed at the rulers themselves. In ancient times, drinking in groups was mainly to prevent people from gathering and making trouble.

Due to the unique attraction of wine, some nobles are addicted to wine, which has become a serious social problem. The supreme ruler had to take measures to ban alcohol in order to safeguard his own interests.

In the history of China, Yu Xia may be the first emperor to put forward the prohibition of alcohol. According to legend, "the emperor's daughter ordered Yidi to make the wine beautiful. When she entered Yu, Yu drank it, and it was sweet, so Yidi drank it. Come on, someone will serve the country with wine in the future. " (<& lt The Warring States Policy, Wei Ce II >); ) The "Jue Liquor" here can be understood as not drinking, but as the supreme ruler, the purpose of "Jue Liquor" is probably not limited to this, but shows that he should set an example and not be tempted by wine, which probably includes the idea of prohibiting people from drinking too much.

Facts have proved that Yu Xia's foresight is correct. At the end of Xia and Shang Dynasties, the king was killed for drinking, which led to national subjugation. Judging from the historical records and a large number of unearthed wine vessels, the drinking atmosphere of the rulers of Xia and Shang Dynasties was very popular. Xia Jie "works as a Yao platform, stops people's strength, strives for people's wealth, enjoys decadent music for rotten wine pools, and 3,000 people drink like cattle". Xia Jie was eventually exiled by Shang Tang. The drinking habits of the nobles in Shang dynasty not only failed to converge, but intensified. The unearthed wine vessels are not only numerous and varied, but also exquisitely made, ranking first in the world. This fully shows how addicted the rulers are to wine. It is said that Shang and Zhou drank for seven days and seven nights without rest, and the distiller's grains piled up into hills, which could be transported by boat. According to textual research, the nobles in Shang Dynasty were chronically poisoned by drinking with tin-containing bronzes for a long time, which led to the decline of their fighting capacity. The demise of Shang Dynasty is generally considered as an important reason. After overthrowing the Shang Dynasty, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty promulgated the earliest prohibition of alcohol in China & gt. It says, don't drink often, only when you die. Arrest and kill those who gather to drink. In this case, the ethos of alcoholism was restrained in the middle and primary period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. This can be proved by the decrease in the proportion of wine vessels in unearthed objects. & lt& lt liquor >> China's teaching of prohibition of alcohol can be basically summarized as: no Yi liquor, group drinking and abstaining from Burmese liquor, and it is believed that alcohol is the root of the chaos and national subjugation. This constitutes one of the leading ideas of China's prohibition of alcohol. Become a model for later generations to quote classics.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of "no group drinking" was implemented, and the law enacted by Prime Minister Xiao He stipulated that "three or more people group drinking without reason, and they will be fined four taels" (> Wen Ying's note). This was probably in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, when the new dynasty was just established, and the rulers made this provision in order to prevent opposition forces from gathering people to make trouble. The prohibition of collective drinking is actually based on>'s success.

When alcohol was banned, the court issued a prohibition order. There are also several kinds of prohibition. One is the absolute prohibition of alcohol, that is, it is prohibited by both the government and the people, and the whole society is not allowed to produce and circulate alcohol. The other is the prohibition of alcohol in some areas, which is more common in some dynasties, such as the Yuan Dynasty. The main reason is that different regions have different levels of grain abundance. There is also a kind of prohibition of liquor koji, which is a special way, that is, liquor koji is monopolized by the government, and private manufacture is not allowed, so it is prohibited. Without koji, wine-making can't be carried out naturally. There is also prohibition of alcohol, which prohibits private brewing, transportation and sale of alcohol under the condition of state monopoly.

Prohibition of alcohol is very common in history. In addition to the above political reasons, it is more caused by the food problem. Whenever there are natural and man-made disasters and food shortages, the court will issue an injunction. When the harvest is good, the ban will be lifted. When alcohol is banned, there will be strict punishment measures. If bootleg liquor is found, distiller's yeast or brewing tools will be confiscated and sentenced to death.

2 drink wine

Liquor monopoly is now called liquor monopoly. That is, the state monopolizes the production and sale of wine, and private individuals are not allowed to engage in wine-related industries. Because the state monopolizes production and sales, the price or profit of wine can be set higher, on the one hand, it can obtain high income, on the other hand, it can also be used to regulate the production and sales of wine. Its connotation is extremely rich. Historically, there are many forms of monopoly, mainly the following:

(1) complete monopoly

In this form of selling wine, the government is responsible for the whole process of koji making, wine making, wine transportation and sales. Because there is only this one, there is no branch, and the price of wine can be set very high, so it is often profitable, and all the income goes to the government.

(2) Indirect monopoly

There are many forms of indirect monopoly. The government only undertakes a certain link of the wine industry, and the rest is the responsibility of ordinary people. For example, the government only monopolizes the production of distiller's yeast and monopolizes distiller's yeast to obtain high profits.

It was implemented in the Southern Song Dynasty, and it was called the "trough separation method". The government only provides places, wine-making equipment and yeast, and the brewers provide their own brewing materials and pay a certain fee to the government. There is no limit to the amount of brewing, and sales are at your own expense.

(3) Commercial monopoly

The government does not produce, buy or sell, but licensed merchants or wine merchants brew, sell or manage their own purchases and sales under the condition of paying a certain amount of money and accepting management. Unlicensed merchants are not allowed to engage in liquor business.

In the early and middle period of the Western Han Dynasty, the wine-making industry was very developed. However, the monopoly of wine has not been implemented. The first change of wine policy during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty was part of a series of centralized financial policies of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for more than 50 years, in view of the unjust actions of businessmen who dominated the salt industry and iron industry at that time and made a fortune by speculation, they first ordered the salt industry and iron industry to be monopolized by the state, which played a positive role in increasing the national fiscal revenue. This also prepares an important prerequisite for the implementation of liquor monopoly. Since both salt and iron can be monopolized by the state, it is only a matter of time before wine is put on the monopoly agenda. Because wine is indeed a special commodity that can accumulate great wealth for the country.

The direct cause of the implementation of liquor monopoly policy may be the increasingly tight national finance. In the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the continuous border war, the national finance could not make ends meet. "Wine, which is almost as common as salt and iron, has a relatively simple production method, short production cycle, less investment, rich sources of raw materials, wide distribution of producing areas, wide sales range, great social demand and rich profits, and its economic value of gathering wealth and treasure is finally reflected for the first time. According to historical records, in the spring and February of the third year of Tianhan (98 years ago), "the first wine cellar was discovered" (>.

The emergence of liquor monopoly is an important event in the history of Chinese liquor administration and even the financial history of China. This is because (1) monopoly liquor expanded the source of fiscal revenue for the country, and provided financial resources for frequent border wars, numerous court expenditures and suppression of peasant uprisings at that time. And this is smarter and more reasonable than directly taxing the people. Because wine is a very popular item, but it is not a necessity. On the surface, drinkers have not been harmed by monopoly and higher sales prices. But the price of wine actually includes the fees paid by the drinker to the country. For people who don't drink, this indirectly reduces the burden, although it is invisible to ordinary people. (2) Centralization has been strengthened economically, and the interests of some businessmen and rich people have been transferred to the state. Because those who were qualified to open big wineries and hotels at that time were big businessmen and big landlords. Excessive concentration of wealth in their hands is not good for the country. Alcoholism deprived these people of their economic privileges. This is undoubtedly of certain progressive significance for adjusting the gap between the rich and the poor. (3) the implementation of liquor monopoly, by the state to strengthen the macro-management of brewing, the state can decide whether to make wine or the scale of brewing according to the abundance of food at that time. Because private brewing and sales are not allowed during the monopoly of liquor, it is easier to control the production and sales of liquor, thus achieving the purpose of saving food.

Liquor monopoly was the main form of liquor administration in the late Tang, Song, Yuan and late Qing Dynasties.

Historically, the liquor monopoly in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty was the most distinctive. There are many forms of monopoly in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to historical records, there are generally two kinds, in addition to the contract system.

There is also a monopoly in history, that is, the monopoly of koji, and the government monopolizes the production of koji. Because distiller's yeast is an essential basic raw material for wine making, monopolizing the production of distiller's yeast is equivalent to monopolizing the production of wine. People buy koji from government wineries (where koji is produced), make their own wine, and then pay a certain fee to the government. This policy was implemented in some big cities in the Song Dynasty, such as Tokyo (Bianliang), Nanjing (Shangqiu) and Xijing (Luoyang).

3 tax wine

Wine tax is a special tax on wine. This is different from the general concept of city tax. Because wine is regarded as a luxury, the wine tax is generally heavier than other taxes. Before the Han Dynasty, there was no special wine tax, only ordinary city tax. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there were also miscellaneous taxes levied on liquor sellers, such as the license tax for exclusive liquor sales.

From the Duke of Zhou & gt until the first reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the rulers did not regard the management of wine industry as an important means of collecting money and collecting taxes.

When Shang Yang assisted the government, Qin implemented the basic national policy of "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end". As a consumer product, wine is naturally restricted. < Shang Jun Shuken Zhang Ling >> It is stipulated that "expensive wine is ten times more expensive than meat" (meaning to increase the wine tax to make the tax ten times higher than the cost). & lt& lt Qin Law and Tian Law; & gt It is stipulated that "people living in Tian She are not allowed to drink alcohol, which is prohibited by the Ministry, and those who fail to comply are guilty". There are two points in Qin's wine administration: one is to ban people from making wine, and the other is to impose high prices and heavy taxes on wine classes. Its purpose is to restrict the production and consumption of wine by economic means and strict laws, and encourage people to grow all kinds of food; On the other hand, through heavy taxes and high prices, the country can also get huge income.

4. Put forward the tax and wine system under the concession in Tang Dynasty.

The result of banning alcohol will undoubtedly cause great damage to the wine industry, and the sales of alcohol will be reduced, even the city tax on alcohol will not be collected. In the first year of Dade, the Anshi Rebellion finally ended. In order to meet the military expenditure and support the royal family and bureaucrats, the Tang government made various pretexts and levied exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees. According to < < New Tang Book Yang Yanchuan > >; According to records, the wealth of tracing people at that time had reached the point where "those who waste it don't cut it, those who are heavy don't go, and the old and the new still accumulate, and I don't know the limit". In order to ensure the national fiscal revenue, the tax policy of 180 was restored again. Dai Zong lived for two years, and "every household in the world has to pay taxes" (> also records: "In December of the following year, every household in the world decided to pay taxes on a monthly basis, and other than that, everything was forbidden, regardless of official or private interests.

Tax liquor in Tang Dynasty is to register brewers and liquor sellers, classify their production and operation scale, and give these people the privilege to engage in liquor industry. People without a license are not qualified to engage in wine industry. In the six years of Dali, wine tax was generally collected by local governments, which paid tribute to the imperial court. For example, the so-called "Naboo" means that local governments can use the money from wine tax to offset the number of Naboo.

5 Other forms of liquor management

(1) fermentation separation method

This is a flexible measure adopted by the Southern Song Dynasty. The method is roughly as follows: the government sets up centralized brewing places, buys brewing utensils, and the people bring their own grain to make wine. The government collects a certain fee according to the amount of brewing as a special wine tax. This law has been implemented for some time and has been popularized.

(2) wine tax sharing method: "wine will be collected together with the young crops of the two taxes."

In the sixth year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), the grain matured. In some places, rice is only worth two yuan. If there is more grain, brewing will be popular and the price of wine will definitely drop. If we don't change the original policy of 150 yuan, the wine merchants will go bankrupt. At this time, the ruler adjusted his wine administration in time. In, "Stop the business of capital so that wine money can be collected with two taxes on young crops" (>). & lt& lt old record >> It is recorded that "the money spent on wine, except outdoor wine, is collected by young crops with two taxes." This shows that it was a government-run hotel at that time, and the wine merchants (officially recognized wine merchants, such as those who pay taxes according to the amount, can be exempted from corvee, etc. ) you still have to pay wine tax. Young crops money is a kind of local tax surcharge. The more land, the more money you pay for young crops. In this way, ordinary people can make their own wine for their own use as long as they pay a small amount of money to buy young crops, and they don't have to be banned as private wine. This is the drink money shared equally by everyone. In areas where young crops with two taxes are used to collect wine, government-run hotels are no longer opened. This policy is similar to the policy of free operation of alcohol in the early Tang Dynasty, except that the money of alcohol has been converted into local tax surcharge. This can not only calm people's antipathy to official wineries or officially recognized hotels, but also provide certain financial income for the government.

6 penalties for violating the official liquor policy

The punishment system is a necessary means to ensure the correct implementation of the government's alcohol policy. When the state implements monopoly policy, tax policy or prohibition policy, it will punish private winemaking to a certain extent. Those who are light will confiscate their brewing equipment and income, or be fined, and those who are heavy will be sentenced to death.