What was the ancient wine culture and etiquette in China?

Historically, Confucianism was regarded as the orthodox view of governing the country and keeping the country safe, and the custom of wine was also influenced by the Confucian view of wine culture. Confucianism pays attention to the word "wine virtue".

The word "wine virtue" first appeared in Shangshu and Shijing, meaning that drinkers should have virtue, instead of "subverting virtue and being desolate in wine" like Wang. Shangshu Wine Patent embodies the Confucian wine morality, that is, "drinking only at the time of sacrifice" (drinking only at the time of sacrifice); "No Yi wine" (drink from time to time, drink less at ordinary times to save food, and only drink when you are sick); "drinking in groups" (people are forbidden to drink in groups); "No indulgence" (no drinking). Confucianism is not opposed to drinking, and it is a virtue to worship the gods and provide for the elderly.

As a food culture, drinking has formed a etiquette that everyone must abide by in ancient times. Sometimes this etiquette is very complicated. But if you don't comply on some important occasions, you will be suspected of insurrection. Because I drink too much, I can't control myself and get into trouble easily. It is important to make drinking etiquette. Yuan Hongdao in Ming Dynasty, seeing that drinkers don't keep the wine ceremony when drinking, deeply felt the responsibility of their elders, so he collected a lot of information from ancient books and wrote an article "Zheng Zheng". Although this is written for drinkers, it also has certain significance for ordinary drinkers. China ancient drinking has the following etiquette:

When the host and guests drink together, they should bow to each other. When the younger generation drinks in front of their elders, they usually bow first and then sit in the second seat. The elders ordered the younger generation to drink, and the younger generation could raise a glass; The elder hasn't finished the wine in the cup, so the younger generation can't drink it first.

There are about four steps in ancient drinking etiquette: worship, sacrifice, vomiting and death. Is to make a gesture of worship to show respect, and then pour a little wine on the ground to thank the earth for its richness; Then taste wine and praise it to make the host happy; Finally, I raised my glass and drank it.

At the banquet, the host will propose a toast to the guests (called reward), and the guests will reciprocate to the host (called Qiang), and there will be several toasts when making a toast. Guests can also toast each other (called travel rewards). Sometimes you have to toast people in turn (order wine). When toasting, both the toaster and the toasted should "avoid the table" and stand up. The usual toast is three cups.

Among the 56 ethnic groups in the big family of the Chinese nation, except the Hui people who believe in Islam, all other ethnic groups drink alcohol. The custom of drinking has its own unique style.