Emergency measures for natural disasters at the genetic level.

First of all, there are various causes of natural disasters.

Natural elements such as the atmosphere, the ocean and the earth's crust change in constant movement, such as rainstorm, earthquake and typhoon. When it does harm to society, it is a natural disaster. Human beings live on the surface of the earth, which affects human society or may lead to disaster. It mainly occurs in the space near the earth's surface, including the atmosphere at a certain height upward and the lithosphere at a certain depth downward. Natural changes and corresponding natural disasters in each field have their own characteristics. According to the causes of natural variation, it can be divided into atmospheric disasters, marine disasters, lithospheric disasters and biosphere disasters. [1](p2-3) Natural disasters are caused by both natural and social factors.

The natural factors of natural disasters have multiple meanings. First, when the basic elements of nature, such as light, heat, water, soil, air, animals and plants, are constantly changing, it will have an impact on human beings and the environment. Secondly, the change of one factor in nature causes the change of other environmental factors, such as fires, floods and diseases caused by earthquakes, cold climate, forest fires and urban destruction caused by volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and tsunamis caused by marine earthquakes, pests and diseases caused by drought, land desertification, salinization, grassland degradation, land subsidence and ground fissures. These changes have also caused harm to human beings and other environmental factors. Third, the change of any celestial body in the universe will not only affect other celestial bodies, but also sometimes affect the changes of human beings and other environmental factors on the earth, causing harm. Fourth, the losses caused by natural disasters depend on many factors, such as the intensity of natural factors, time scale, occurrence area, traffic and communication conditions, and the speed and mode of government response.

In addition to bringing disasters to human beings, natural changes sometimes have benefits. For example, humans can use the law of tidal changes to decide the sailing route, fishing place and time. For coastal areas, the smaller the wind, the safer the beach culture and offshore operation. Under natural conditions, flood has the function of shaping and maintaining the ecosystem: flood is the creator of alluvial plain, which can supplement the water and groundwater on both sides of rivers, lakes and wetlands and maintain the ecosystem on both sides of rivers, lakes and wetlands. Flood is not only beneficial to the natural ecosystem, but also to the occurrence and development of human civilization. For the natural factors that cause natural disasters, human beings can't be harsh on nature. In the early days of history, human beings can adapt to natural changes through experience and knowledge. All ethnic groups contain local knowledge and skills to avoid disasters. With the development of modern science and technology, scientists can study its causes and laws through scientific and technological means and put forward prevention and response plans.

The causes of natural disasters are also social factors, such as human production and economic life in agricultural society, which may become social factors of natural disasters. Professor Chen Zhiqiang proposed that contemporary historiography should not only hold a critical attitude towards industrial civilization and its ecological environment, but also hold a critical and reflective attitude towards agricultural civilization. [2] The author agrees with this view. The Yellow River basin is the geographical and material basis of Chinese civilization, and the flood of the Yellow River has brought great disasters to people on both sides of the strait. However, are all the floods in the Yellow River caused by river diversion and migration? Of course, there are natural factors, more social factors. Jia Rang noticed this problem in Han Dynasty. He pointed out that during the Warring States period, the Qi, Zhao and Wei countries along the river built dikes on both sides of the Yellow River, and the dikes of various countries "reached 25 miles to the river". Although it is wrong, the water is still hovering. "This river has a reservation and a waterway. During the rainstorm season, the river will rise and rise, which will not have any impact on human society. Floods "come and go", fill silt and enrich soil, and the people cultivate it. Otherwise, it will be harmless for a long time, build houses and build settlements. " After the rain, the river dried up, leaving mud. People cultivated fields and built houses on the dried-up river, so there were small settlements and developed into big cities. "After the flood, embankment to save themselves, battlements slightly down, drainage to live. Nowadays, those who narrow the embankment take hundreds of steps to reach the water, and those who are far away count for miles. ..... is close to the south of Liyang, so the golden land to the east of the residential building is Lushe. ..... There is a river in the Yellow River, dozens of miles in Fiona Fang, surrounded by embankments. The prefect is in his teens, and the people are now in Lushe, which is what this Minister has seen. The Baima levee in Dong Jun is also complex and heavy, and all people live in it. " [3] When the flood comes again, it will destroy Tian Min Road Society. In order to protect the farmed houses, people once again built dams at places hundreds of steps to dozens of miles by the river to save themselves. Therefore, civilian fields and houses encroached on the reserved areas and waterways of rivers. This was the case during the Warring States period, especially in the Han Dynasty.

From the Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the growth of population, the desire of the unified country to collect taxes increased, and people competed for water and land in the Yellow River basin, Haihe River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and other areas. The history of Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty are mostly about the floods of the Canal and the Yellow River and their control. The Yellow River and the Canal have both advantages and disadvantages. Regarding the natural disasters in the two rivers and the floods in the north, Gu pointed out that the four rivers of Jiang, He, Huai and Ji are four independent rivers. The Yellow River has stagnant water areas such as Juye River and Liangshan Slope, and tributaries such as Tunshi River and Chihe River to divert population. Premature decision will endanger the counties along the river. After the Song Dynasty, the Huaihe River merged, and Qingkou merged with Bian, Si and Yi, all of which belonged to the Huaihe River. The disaster is even greater. Because, first of all, in ancient times, water storage areas were cultivated. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Juyeze and Liangshan Slope in ancient Shandong were flooded in a large area, and there were no plows around them. Fiona Fang in Water Margin is a mystery in the novel. Second, the waterway has become a village and a city. "Henan, Shandong counties, chess and stars, Guanting people, living next to each other. ..... build me a place without water, not a place where water belongs to me. Therefore, there should be a rush. " Why do people occupy rivers? Gu believes that "the evil of river politics also starts from the fact that people who merge with water covet the benefits of retreating water and occupy the muddy land by the river, so incompetent officials borrow it from officials, and then the water is not allowed, which is harmful." ..... "Yuan Shi and Qu Zhi" said that the Yellow River receded and the old Shui Bo silted up, mostly for potential families. Suddenly flooded, there is no water back, causing harm. From this point of view, it was not a river prisoner, but a person who committed it himself. "The Yellow River flows eastward and meets the important cities along the canal. "Linqing in the north, Jining in the middle, Xuzhou in the south, all turn to the main road, and the girder is in the southwest, where the princes live. Looking around, the movement is constrained, so that the water can be known, but not to my liking, and the water is ruthless. Can you help me around? " (1) The two sentences, "Where I have no water, it is not where the water belongs to me" and "It is not a river prisoner, but a person who committed it himself", reveal the social causes of the river disaster.

Natural disasters in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Wei and Jin Dynasties in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Ma Duanlin in the Song and Yuan Dynasties all pointed out that the essence of floods is that human economic and social activities have invaded the waterway. Wei Jing believes that in the early Southern Song Dynasty, the southeast strongmen reclaimed the sea around the lake. "In the past 30 years, the rivers, lakes and grasses that have been swayed are now fields. ..... The harm of crooked days is very deep. ..... Land reclamation, embankment construction, water access, immediately cut off, a little dry, it occupied the upstream, only good at irrigation, people can't get water. If the water overflows, it will be located downstream, based on Mintian. " [4](p233) Ma Duanlin pointed out: "Probably today's fields are also lakes of the past. I only know that the water in the lake can dry up to cultivate the land, but I don't know that the land outside the lake will become water. " [5] Wang Yuhu pointed out that after Yongjia, northerners moved south, and the demand for cultivated land increased. Lake fields, enclosed fields, polder fields, dam fields and ridges are all common. This field method of making full use of low-lying land and marshland is mainly implemented in Guyunmengze and its marshland along the Yangtze River to the east, and polder has become an important paddy field in the vast low-lying areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, both of which are related to water. [6](p3 16-322) In fact, various forms of land use that appeared after the Tang and Song Dynasties, although contributing to solving the food problem, are essentially for the land between people and water, people and forests, and people and mountains.

For the natural disasters in Haihe River basin, the Qing people also saw the social factors of their causes. In the third year of Yongzheng, Jifu built water conservancy projects. At that time, Chen Yi, the deputy of Yun Xiang and Zhu Shi (from Wen 'an, Hebei Province), pointed out the phenomenon and harm of farmers' greedy occupation of silt near Dianhu, Hebei Province, and advocated giving up the farming interests around Dianhu as a water storage area and water passage for all waters in Hebei Province. Chen Yi and Gao Bin tried to combat or change the encroachment on rivers and lakes. Li, the magistrate of Dongan County who has worked for about ten years, and the scholars he hired pointed out that the flood of Yongding River was caused by the people occupying the river course and the government opening branches one by one: "The lake in the north, that is, the lake in the south, is also a water-bearing area." "Borrowing lake silt is a field cultivated by the people, not a plan. The people who build a village only care about the benefits of a village, while the officials of a city only care about the virtues and grievances of a city. " (2) The state should make unified planning, construction, management and utilization of rivers, and avoid water conservancy or other economic activities for the benefit of one village and one county. During the Qianlong period, the population of China reached 300 million, and the demand for land was strong, which led to the serious occupation of waterways. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), Emperor Qianlong criticized the phenomenon of greed for silt in all parts of the country: "The silt is wide and deep, and there is silt beside it, but when the water occasionally dries up, it should be given water, let it ripple freely and pile up." ..... Although fools are close to the water, they are greedy for mud and fat, and reclaim land from the sea. The land occupation is increasing and the water storage area is decreasing. Every flood, there is no place to live, and even flooding. The profit in the river is limited, but the relationship with river affairs is lighter and the benefits are more obvious. "(3) Therefore, he is forbidden to farm near rivers and lakes in Zhili and other provinces, and farming is not allowed, and offenders are hell to pay. Once it happens, only the governor is asking. However, due to the rapid population growth in the Qing dynasty, this situation cannot be banned.

1998 the flood in the Yangtze river basin destroyed the farmland in Hubei province, the essence of which was that the farmland occupied the waterway. This has a lot to do with the environmental changes in the Yangtze River basin. In the past 100 years, 80% of the primary forests in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River have been cut down. A few decades ago, there were hundreds of lakes, large and small, in Wu Hanyou. Now there are only dozens of such lakes, and the rest are filled. People not only invaded the flood passage, but also invaded the lake, cut down the forest and reduced the role of the forest in blocking the water flow. In the spring of 2008, snow and ice disasters occurred in the south, which is generally believed to be caused by sudden climate change. If it is only climate change, science and technology can predict, forecast and prevent it. However, most of the telephone poles collapsed in this snowstorm were installed after the 1980s. The Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan in May 2008 was a natural disaster, but the newly-built school buildings collapsed seriously in the last two or three decades, while the traditional Qiangzhai dwellings and the buildings aided by the Soviet Union in the 1950s were less damaged. It can be said that social factors have aggravated the natural disasters of these three disasters in recent 10 years. Some urban disasters are caused by man-made disasters.

The above facts show that some social factors themselves are the causes of natural disasters, and some social factors aggravate the degree of natural disasters. In fact, many natural disasters are caused by human's excessive violation of nature. Taking the flood as an example, the reason why the flood becomes a flood is often the result of human beings' unrestrained competition for land with water, which limits the reasonable space of water activities and violates the natural water operation channels. For social factors, we can find the reasons from human beings themselves, establish a new production and life mode of human beings, and change their attitude of using nature.

emergency measures

Emergency measures for natural disasters

How to deal with landslides in Lu Yu.

1. In areas with serious road collapse, cars can't run, so we should go back the same way, find a place where we can provide supplies, and then consider taking other routes.

2, in the case of a slight landslide, you can send someone to explore whether the road ahead can pass.

3. When the road or national highway breaks or collapses, the government and relevant departments will organize rescue soon, and people in distress should wait patiently.

Some food, drinking water and fuel are necessary when driving out for a long trip, in case of emergency when the circuit is interrupted or it is difficult to find supplies.

How to escape from debris flow

1. When hiking along the valley, in case of rainstorm, quickly move to a safe highland, and don't stay at the valley bottom for too long.

Pay attention to the surrounding environment, and pay special attention to whether you hear the thunderous sound from the distant valley. If you hear it, you should be on high alert, which is probably a sign that mudslides are coming.

3. Choose a flat highland as a campsite, avoid slopes with rolling stones and a lot of deposits as much as possible, and don't camp at the bottom of valleys and rivers.

4. After discovering the debris flow, immediately climb the slopes on both sides along the vertical direction of the debris flow. Climb as high as possible. The faster you run, the better. Never go downstream of the mudslide.