How did the Huns ride horses and shoot into the cities of the Han Dynasty in China and Jason Wu? Without siege weapons, if the city gate is broken, who can talk about the war at that time?

First, the Northern Xiongnu withdrew from the Mongolian Plateau.

The fierce counterattack of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty on the Huns greatly hurt the Huns' vitality. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns had split, Uhaanyehe led the army into the Han Dynasty, and Zhi Zhi Khan, who fled to Central Asia and was an enemy of the Han Dynasty, was wiped out by the Han general Chen Tang, on the grounds that "making the Han strong, though far away, will be punished", and the relationship between Han and Hungary moved towards reconciliation. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the anti-Han forces among Xiongnu nobles rose again, which led to the split of Xiongnu again, and the southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, while the northern Xiongnu persisted in being an enemy of the Han Dynasty and often plundered the southern Xiongnu and Han people. At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty was just established and the national strength was still in the recovery period. So it was not until Emperor Han Ming launched a counterattack against the northern Xiongnu. In 73 AD, the Han army attacked the northern Xiongnu in four ways, and Dou Gu and Geng Zhonghan army pursued all the way to Tianshan Mountain and captured Yiwu (now Hami, Xinjiang). When the Han Dynasty and the Emperor, they launched a counterattack against the Northern Xiongnu. In 89 A.D., Dou Xian and Geng Bing led the Han army to defeat the Huns and chase them to Yanran (now Hangai Mountain in Mongolia). In 9 1 year, the Han army attacked the northern Xiongnu again, and was defeated in Jinwei Mountain (now Altai Mountain), and Beikhan had to flee to the west. At this point, the Eastern Han Dynasty won an all-round victory in the war against the northern Xiongnu, while the northern Xiongnu, which was an enemy of the Han Dynasty, was attacked by the Han army and the southern Xiongnu, and could no longer stand on the Mobei Mongolian Plateau, so it had to withdraw from the Mongolian Plateau and flee to the west.

Second, the first stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: Yili River Basin.

It is better to run west than to go west. After the defeat of Beidan in 9 1 A.D., the remnants fled westward to Wusun State in the Ili River basin. After their foothold, they still haunt the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, plundering wantonly. In 1 19, the northern Xiongnu captured Yiwu (now Hami, Xinjiang) and killed the Han general Soban. In order to deal with the northern Xiongnu in the western regions, the Eastern Han Dynasty appointed Ban Yong as the long history of the western regions and stationed troops in Liu Zhong (now Turpan, Xinjiang). Ban Yong defeated the northern Xiongnu twice 124 and 126, and the situation in the western regions became stable. After Ban Yong left office, Xiongnu forces in the north rose again. 137, the Han general Fei Cen led an army to kill the northern Xiongnu Huyan Wang Yu Barkun (now Barkun, Xinjiang). 15 1 year, the Han general Sima da led the Han army to capture the Prehai Lake (now Barkun Lake in Xinjiang) and defeated the new Huyan King of the Northern Xiongnu. King Huyan led the northern Xiongnu to the west.

Third, the second stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: the Syr Darya River basin.

The Syr Darya River is an inland river in Central Asia, which flows through Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries today and flows into the Aral Sea. In the Han Dynasty, this was a comfortable country. The northern Xiongnu was hit by the Han dynasty in the western regions and could not stand on its feet. Around 160 years ago, a part of the northern Xiongnu began to move westward and came to a comfortable country in the Syr Darya River basin. As for the activities of the northern Xiongnu in Kangju, it is unknown because of the lack of historical records.

Fourth, the third stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: east of the Don River and north of the Caspian Sea.

Around 290 AD, the Northern Xiongnu appeared in Alan, east of the Don River. This history is recorded in China's History of the North and History of the Roman Empire. The northern Xiongnu killed the king of Aram and completely conquered Aram.

Fifth, the fourth stop of the northern Xiongnu's westward migration: west of Don River and east of Danube River.

With Alan's rest and supply, the northern Xiongnu completely recovered its vitality, and their predatory and greedy nature made them covet the grassland west of the Don River. In 374 AD, the Huns, led by Dahan Balambur, crossed the Don River and launched an attack on the East Goths. Ostrogoths was no match for the Huns, but after the fight, he was defeated. Some ostrogoths had to flee to the west, and fled to the visigoths, followed by the Huns, who pursued the visigoths' residence. The visigoths set up an army on the Transnistrian River (which flows through Ukraine and Moldova today) to meet the Huns, while the Huns secretly crossed the river from the upper reaches of the Transnistrian River at night and then copied behind the visigoths' army. The visigoths suffered a disastrous defeat and had to flee westward to the Danube. With the approval of the emperor of the Roman Empire, the East and West Goths were able to cross the Danube and take refuge in the Roman Empire. Since then, due to the cruel oppression of the Goths by the Roman Empire, the Goths were forced to rebel again. In 378 AD, the Roman emperor Vallans personally recruited Goths and was killed by them. The empire suffered a heavy blow. At this time, the Huns were temporarily stabilized because they occupied the grasslands in South Russia.

The intransitive verb Xiongnu's activities after occupying the grasslands in southern Russia.

After defeating the Goths and occupying the grasslands in southern Russia, the Huns were able to rest and the population began to increase sharply. At the same time, a few tarquin people are still harassing their neighbors: a tarquin crossed the Danube and harassed the Roman Empire with the Goths; Another group of Huns attacked Mesopotamia in 384 AD and captured Edesa. In 396, another group of Huns invaded Sassanian Persian Empire. On the whole, during this period, Huns basically rested on the grasslands in southern Russia to accumulate strength for the next large-scale invasion.

Vii. Activities of Xiongnu Uldin and Dahan.

In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into East Rome and West Rome, and the Xiongnu was under the rule of Uldin and Dahan. Uldin is a very ambitious man. He once told the governor of Thrace province in the Eastern Roman Empire that he could conquer any place where solar energy shone if he wanted. In 400 AD, the Xiongnu, led by Uldin and Dahan, began a large-scale westward invasion, captured the entire Danube River basin in one fell swoop, and once invaded Italy. The chain reaction of this incident was to force the tribes in the Danube valley to March into the hinterland of western Rome in order to avoid the Huns. In 4 10, the visigoths captured Rome, the capital of the western Roman empire, and the western Roman empire suffered an unprecedented blow. However, Uldin's great Khan ambition died before it was realized. In 408 AD, Uldin led an army to harass the Eastern Roman Empire. When he was preparing to retreat, he was attacked by the Romans and Uldin da Khan died in battle.

Eight, the establishment of the Xiongnu Empire

With the continuous expansion of territory, the Xiongnu Empire, with the Hungarian Plain as its ruling center, was basically established when Khan was in Okta, but Khan Wang Ting was firmly established near Budapest, Hungary today, and this military empire became the most serious threat to the eastern and western Roman empires. After the death of Aldin da Khan, the Xiongnu Empire was silent for a period of time, but under the leadership of Aldin da Khan, the Xiongnu Empire began to flourish again. After Okta's death, his younger brother Lujia succeeded to the throne. In 422 and 426, Lugahan ravaged Thrace and Macedonia in the Eastern Roman Empire twice, forcing the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire to pay 350 Jin of gold to the Xiongnu Empire. Since then, the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to open its trade market to the Xiongnu Empire at the border to ensure the peace of the border, and the glory of Xiongnu was finally recovered in the West.

Nine, the rule of Attila Khan was established.

In 434, Lu Jiashan died, and his two nephews Attila and Brayda succeeded him, each in charge of a part of the territory. Shortly after the two Khan ascended the throne, they launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire, demanding that the Eastern Roman Emperor hand over the rebellion of the Huns and double the annual tribute from 350 Jin of gold to 700 Jin of gold. The eastern Roman emperor was forced by force to agree. In 445, Brayda Khan was mysteriously assassinated, and Attila became the only Khan in the Xiongnu Empire. Attila is an ambitious guy. Under his leadership, the whole of Europe was immersed in the fear of Xiongnu, and the heyday of Xiongnu Empire came.

X. Xiongnu Empire in its heyday

After Attila Khan came to power alone, he immediately launched a large-scale war, but the spearhead of the war was directed at northern Europe and eastern Europe. In northern and eastern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons fled to the British Isles to avoid the Huns, while many Germanic and Slavic tribes were defeated and surrendered to the Huns. After consolidating the east and north, Attila Khan invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, and the troops of the Eastern Roman Empire were defeated one after another. Tarkan went deep into the Daniil Strait and the Greek Hot Springs Pass, which seriously threatened the security of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to make peace, and the two sides signed a peace treaty in 448. In addition to paying 6000 Jin of gold to Xiongnu immediately, the annual tribute increased from 700 Jin of gold to 265438 Liang. At this point, the territory of the Xiongnu Empire reached its peak, with the Caspian Sea in the east, the North Sea in the north, the Rhine River in the west and the Alps in the south. However, the wealth of the Eastern Roman Empire has been basically exhausted after the long-term looting by Huns and the heavy burden of annual tribute, so Attila Khan turned his attention to the Western Roman Empire.

XI。 Attila's Battle of Gaul

In 450, Attila Khan pointed his finger at the Western Roman Empire after completing the conquest of east, west, north and south. That year, Attila sent messengers to Rome, demanding to marry Princess Nora, the sister of the western Roman emperor, and demanding that the western Roman empire take out half of the land as a dowry. Such excessive and humiliating demands were naturally rejected by the Western Roman emperor, so Attila Khan used it as an excuse to launch a war against Western Rome. At that time, Attila assembled a large number of Xiongnu soldiers and servant troops of conquered nations, claiming to be 500,000, crossed the Rhine River and launched an attack on Gaul (present-day France) in western Rome. The cities of Gaul, like the prey on the grassland, were destroyed by the Huns one by one, and finally the main force of the Xiongnu army besieged Orleans, the important town of Gaul. At this point, in the face of the same enemy, the West Romans and the Visigoths temporarily put aside their struggle and formed a Coalition to save Orleans. In the face of the allied forces, Attila abandoned the siege of Orleans and began to move around, looking for opportunities to fight the enemy. On June 20th, A.D. 45 1 year, Attila's Xiongnu army, together with the allied forces of West Rome and Visigoth, launched a decisive battle in the suburbs of Paris today. The fighting was fierce. Just one day later, the number of people killed on both sides reached 6.5438+0.5 million. In the end, the visigoth king died and the rest of the troops left the battlefield. The Huns also suffered heavy losses and were unable to attack again, so they had to return to the Rhine River to restore their strength.

Twelve. The punishment of God's whip on western Rome

In 452, the resting Xiongnu Empire once again launched a war against Western Rome, and Attila, known as the "God's Whip", began to punish Western Rome. Attila's Xiongnu army crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. Northern Italy was madly attacked by Xiongnu, and all the cities in the north were destroyed by Xiongnu. Since then, the Huns captured the important town of Aquilia and marched into Rome, the capital of the empire. The Western Roman Emperor was so afraid that he had to send Pope Leo I to make peace with the Huns. At this time, the Xiongnu army suddenly suffered from a plague, and the reinforcements of the Eastern Roman Empire soon arrived in Rome. So Attila promised to make peace, but before withdrawing his troops, he still threatened to attack the west Rome if the emperor of the west Rome did not give his sister Princess Holland Norra to the Huns. In this way, the Romans watched the Huns leave with all the looted property, leaving only the ruins in northern Italy.

Thirteen. The mysterious death of Attila and the disintegration of Xiongnu Empire

In 453, Attila Khan married another girl. However, on their wedding night, Attila mysteriously died in the wedding bed. After Attila's death, his sons fought a civil war for Khan's position, and the Xiongnu Empire collapsed instantly. The civil war in the Xiongnu Empire gave the enslaved people a chance. In 454, ostrogoths formed an alliance with Gypsies and defeated Xiongnu in Hungary. Since then, the Huns have been forced to retreat to the southern Russian grassland. In 46 1 year, one of Attila's sons tried to rebuild the Xiongnu empire and launched the Eastern Gothic War in the Danube River basin, but failed. In 468, he launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire. As a result, he died in battle. From then on, the Huns gradually fell silent until they were completely forgotten by history.

postscript

Shortly after the collapse of the Xiongnu Empire, the Western Roman Empire, devastated by the Xiongnu and influenced by the barbarians' westward migration caused by the Xiongnu, also went to a dead end. In 476 AD, German mercenaries captured Rome, and the last emperor, romulo, who was 6 years old, was captured, and the Western Roman Empire perished, marking the beginning of the feudal era in Europe.

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