Brief introduction of Zhu Yuanzhang

Zhu Yuanzhang (1328,10,21-1398, June 24th), the first emperor of China in the Ming Dynasty, was named Zhu, his first name was Chong Ba [1]. Later renamed Xingzong, the word Guo Rui. He was born in Taiping Township, Xuyi (now Anhui Province). Commonly known as Emperor Wu of Hong and Zhu Hongwu, the temple name is Taizu, and their rule is called "the rule of Hongwu".

Zhu Yuanzhang, a commoner, took part in the uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty in his early years, eventually unified China and established another unified Ming Dynasty in the history of China. During Ming Taizu's reign, he established a system to safeguard the imperial power by pleasing ministers, abolishing ministers, setting up a royal guard and killing heroes (including punishing the founding fathers who took bribes and perverted the law). It is precisely because of these measures that there was no monopoly of consorts or warlords in the Ming Dynasty for 276 years, and the phenomenon of party struggle did not form a disaster like the "Niu Li party struggle" in the late Tang Dynasty. However, in order to consolidate the monarchical power, he abolished the Prime Minister after the Hu case in the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), so that the power was highly concentrated on the emperor and the subordinate powers were scattered, which led to the chaos of officials in the Ming Dynasty.

all one's life

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one's early years

Zhu Yuanzhang was born at the end of September 18th, the first year of Yuan Wenzong in Yuan Dynasty (1328), ranking fourth. Father Zhu (later changed to Shizhen) and mother Chen. Zhou Haozhongli (now Fengyang County, Anhui Province) was born in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1328). Zhu Yuanzhang was born in Taiping Township, Xuyi (now Zhaofu Village, Mingguang Street, mingguang city, Anhui Province) to a poor peasant family. [2]

Zhu Yuanzhang was poor when he was a child and could not study. He used to herd cattle for the landlord. In the fourth year of Zheng Zheng (1344), there was a drought in the Huaihe River, and Zhu Yuanzhang's father, mother and brother died one after another. He worked in Huang Jue Temple when he was a child. Less than two months after entering the temple, due to the difficulty in renting the temple in the famine year, the temple owner sealed the warehouse and dismissed the monks, so Zhu Yuanzhang had to leave his hometown and become a monk. [3][4]

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revolt

See: Yuan Dynasty Uprising.

In the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1352), Zhu Yuanzhang, persuaded by a letter from his friend Tang He, went to Haozhou to take refuge and join the Red Scarf Army. Because of his good command, he soon rose from a junior official to a deputy marshal, and gradually became literate. And married Guo Zixing's adopted daughter Ma Shi (later queen) [5]. The following year, Zhu Yuanzhang and Li Shanchang captured Chuzhou, and Zhang Shicheng called himself King according to Gaoyou. In the 15th year of Zheng Zheng, Prime Minister Tuotuo of Yuan Dynasty led an army to attack Gaoyou, and Zhu Yuanzhang suggested attacking Hezhou to avoid the enemy. After Guo Zixing's death, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that he was weak, so he had to go to Han Liner to serve the Longfeng regime in the Song Dynasty and became the left deputy marshal. In the summer of the same year, Chang Yuchun, Liao Yong 'an and Yu Tonghai joined Zhu Yuanzhang, making his army set out to cross the river and invade quarrying and Hatoyama. In the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang captured Qing Ji (now Nanjing), which was renamed Yingtianfu [10]. At this point, Zhu Yuanzhang took Yingtianfu as the center, and formed a jagged trend with Yuan Army, Zhang Shicheng, Xu Shouhui and other departments.

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Unify Jiangnan

See: Battle of Poyang Lake.

Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a high wall, accumulating grain widely, and being king slowly" and took steady offensive measures; With the support of Shen Wansan, a wealthy businessman, and according to Liu Bowen's strategy of "Han before Zhou Dynasty", he began to confront various factions in the south of the Yangtze River. In 16, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da to capture Zhenjiang and Deng Guangde, made "Wu Gong" a knight, and set up a book province in Jiangnan [1 1]. The following year, Geng Bing ordered Ke Changxing and Xu to attack Changzhou, while Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the troops to capture Ningguo. Then Zhao Jizu and Xu Jiangyin Changshu. Hu Dahai Ke Huizhou, Chang Yuchun Ke Chizhou, Miao Daheng Ke Yangzhou [12]. In the eighteenth year of Zheng Zheng, Zhu Yuanzhang took Wuzhou personally [13]. Next year, Zhu Yuanzhang will capture the rest of eastern Zhejiang, including Kequzhou, Chang Yuchun, Kequzhou and Hu Dahai. At this point, Zhu Yuanzhang's department controls the Yangtze River and borders Chen Youliang's department in the west [14].

In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty, Chen Youliang captured the country of Hatoyama, later killed Xu Shouhui, proclaimed himself the emperor and founded the country, and joined forces with Zhang Shicheng to attack Tianfu. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the strategy of "besieging Wei to save Zhao", ordered Hu Dahai to attack Xinzhou, prompted Chen Youliang to mobilize troops for rescue, and set an ambush in Longwan. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang recovered Jiuzhou, Anqing and other places, and engaged in a dispute, which led to Zhang Shicheng staying put [15]. In the 21st year of Zheng Zheng, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the Privy Council to Doudufu and reorganized the military system. It is connected to Chahan Timur in the north, close to Fang Guozhen and directly connected to Chen Youliang. In the same year, Anqing, Jiangzhou, Nankang, Jianchang and Fuzhou were conquered. The following year, it occupied Longxing and changed to Hongdufu (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) [16].

In the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng, Chen Youliang led 60 Wan Shuijun to attack Hongdu, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the troops with 200,000 assistants. The two sides fought in Poyang Lake, which is called "the Battle of Poyang Lake" in history. Chen Youliang relied on huge ships to go out and attacked with artillery, and Zhu Yuanzhang was almost wounded and captured. Subsequently, Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the northeast wind and switched to fire attack, which did great harm to Chen Youliang. After that, Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the lower water level in Poyang Lake to facilitate the movement of ships, and divided his forces to besiege Chen Youliang by waterway. Chen Youliang was killed by an arrow, and the Han army was defeated. Then Zhu Yuanzhang besieged Wuchang and occupied all parts of Hubei [17]. The following year, Zhu Yuanzhang became the king of Wu, Li Shanchang was the right prime minister, Xu Da was the left prime minister, Chang Yuchun and Yu Tonghai were the officials of Pingzhang, and Zhu Biao was the prince. The next month, he personally marched into Wuchang, and Chen Youliang's son Chen surrendered. Then Wu Jun successively conquered Luzhou, Ji 'an and Hengzhou [18]. In the 25th year of Zheng Zheng, Wu Jun continued to capture Baoqing, Ganzhou, Pucheng and Xiangyang. In the winter of the same year, Zhang Shicheng was appointed [19]. The following year, Wu Jun once again breached Huzhou and Hangzhou [20]. Another year later, Xu was captured at Pingjiang and Zhang Shicheng, so Zhu Yuanzhang unified Jiangnan [2 1].

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Moved to the north and south, experienced many battles.

Main project: Ming Taizu Northern Expedition.

In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zheng, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Tang He to recruit Annan and crusade against Fang Guozhen [22]. Subsequently, the northern expedition strategy was formulated: first attacking Shandong, then attacking Henan, then attacking Tongguan in Shaanxi, and finally occupying the Yuan Dynasty [23]. Then Xu Da was appointed as General Lu, Chang Yuchun as Deputy General, and the commander was 250,000. He entered from the Huaihe River and took the Central Plains from the north. He also appointed Hu Tingrui as the general of conquering the south and what was the deputy general of attacking Fujian. In the same year, Fang Guozhen surrendered, Xu Da conquered Jinan, Shandong, Hu Tingrui captured Shaowu, and Tanghe and Liao Yongzhong conquered Fuzhou, Fujian by sea [24]. The Northern Expedition lasted until the Hongwu period, and Xu Da and Chang Yuchun subsequently captured the whole of Henan and Shanxi, and finally captured Yanjing and Kang baruch.

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Establish the Ming dynasty

See: The Ruling of Hongwu, Zhongshu Province in Ming Dynasty, Wei Jinyi and Four Major Cases in the Early Ming Dynasty.

In the 28th year of Zheng Zhi (1368 65438+123 October), on the fourth day of the first month, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtianfu, with the title of founding the country and the title of Hongwu. Take Yingtian as "Nanjing" and Kaifeng as "Beijing". On the second day of August of the same year (14 September), General Xu Da conquered the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Due to the painful memories of the bureaucratic system at the end of Yuan Dynasty in childhood, after Ming Taizu ascended the throne, on the one hand, he reduced the burden on farmers, resumed social and economic production, reformed the bad bureaucratic system left over by Yuan Dynasty, and punished corrupt officials, so that the social economy was restored and developed, which is known as the rule of Hongwu in history. Ming Taizu established the Li Jia system, cooperated with the implementation of the yellow book of tax service, household registration book and fish scale atlas, and implemented the collection of tax service and the maintenance of local public security.

Zhu Yuanzhang's handwriting

After Zhu Yuanzhang pacified the world, he made the general a vassal. First, six princes were created, among which five generals and one minister were the founding fathers. They are: Li Shanchang, Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Li Wenzhong, Shengfeng and Deng Yu. He also made Hu Dahai King of Yue, Ding Dexing (who died in battle) King Ji, Tanghe King Xin and Feng King Ying. The following year, Ming Taizu established Gongren Temple in Jiming Mountain, which was completed on June 3rd [25]. Zhu Yuanzhang decided to rank imperial secretaries, with Xu Da as the leader, followed by Chang Yuchun, Li Wenzhong, Deng Yu, Tanghe, Mu Ying, Hu Dahai, Feng, Zhao Desheng, Geng Zaicheng, Gao Hua, Ding Dexing, Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Wu Liang, Zhen Wu, Cao and Kang Mao. The dead are sacrificed, and the living are empty. Liao Yong 'an, Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Sang Shijie, Geng Zaicheng, Hu Dahai and Ding Dexing also enjoy ancestral temples. This rank has been repeatedly deleted, and the second year is no longer the unit named by Hongwu.

Subsequently, Zhu Yuanzhang further strengthened centralization. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zuo Cheng and yang xian were killed. On July 11th (137 1 August 2nd1), Fu Youde conquered Chengdu and the Ming Dynasty pacified Sichuan. In the fifth year of Hongwu (1May 26th, 372), on April 23rd, Deng Yu led the Ming army to pacify Guangxi. On June 3rd, the fifth year of Hongwu (1July 3rd, 372), Shengfeng was defeated by the Yuan Army, and Gansu was pacified by the Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Ministry of Industry to make an iron list and cast a "order of the police king", which was similar to the "casting the punishment tripod" in the Warring States period. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Liao Yongzhong, Duke of Deqing, was sentenced to death for abusing Longfeng. In the 12th year of Hongwu (1379), the right-wing prime minister Wang Guangyang was demoted to Guangnan and died. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), Hu was found guilty, the left prime minister Hu was punished, and Zhu Yuanzhang dismissed Zhongshu Province. The power of Zhongshu Province was divided into six parts, which directly belonged to the emperor [26]. In the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), the Royal Guards were established to strengthen the rule of Ming spy. 1382 65438+1On October 6th, the Ming army defeated the Yuan army near Kunming, Yunnan, and Liang Wang of the Yuan Dynasty committed suicide. 1April 7, 382, Aquamarine and Muying conquered Dali, Duan surrendered, and Yunnan was pacified in the Ming Dynasty. In the 18th year of Hongwu (1385), a case occurred in Guo Huan. Due to the large number of people involved, Zhu Yuanzhang executed about six officials below assistant minister, and tens of thousands of provincial and ministerial officials died in prison.

In the 23rd year of Hongwu (1390), Lu Zhongqian, a slave of Li Shanchang, exposed Li Shanchang's collusion with Hu and was sentenced to "looking at both ends of his arms suspiciously, which is outrageous". Then he killed three Marquis, including Lu Zhongheng, Tang Shengzong, Fei Ju and Zhao Xiong, and more than 30,000 people and their families were collectively killed. Even in the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), Aquamarine was falsely accused of rebellion by Jiang Sui, the commander of the Royal Guards, which is known as the "Aquamarine Case". The case involved thirteen princes and two uncles, with fifteen thousand people, so almost all the founding heroes of the Ming Dynasty were killed. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang issued a record of rebellion, which read a public, thirteen princes and two uncles [27]. In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), Zhu Yuanzhang killed Zhou Dexing, Xiahou and Jiang, and also killed lord protector Fu Youde of Yingguo. Dingyuan Hou, who made meritorious service in the fishing battle in Erhai Lake, was also given the crime of death [28]. In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), Sheng Feng, the last survivor of the founding Six Duke, was killed [29]. At this point, the founding heroes of the Ming Dynasty were almost killed, and none of the six founding dukes died well except Deng Yu.

While dealing with internal affairs, Zhu Yuanzhang also planned the northern expedition to Mongolia many times to ensure the peace of the northern frontier and won a great victory. He successfully defeated Wang Baobao in Gansu (1372), drove Naha away in the northeast (1387), and almost captured Yuan Shi Tuogustimur alive in the Mongolian Plateau (1388). At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang marched into Liaodong, making North Korea and others yield [3 1]( 1388).

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Death and remembrance

Nanjing Purple Mountain Ming Tombs "I've been resigned to fate for 30 years, and I'm worried about the danger. I am diligent and my service is beneficial to the people. " Nai started from scratch, with no knowledge of the ancients, and his likes and dislikes are far behind. Today, everything is natural, and there is a feeling of ridicule and mourning. Sun Yun, the first wife of the emperor, is a filial friend, and the world is devoted to her heart, so it is appropriate to be in a big position. Civil and military officials at home and abroad unite to help the government protect our people. Don't use gold and jade in mourning. Because of it, the mountains and rivers of Xiaoling don't change. People all over the world, crying for three days, are free and do not hinder marriage. The king is in the country, not in the capital. If it's not in the order, push it in this order. "

-Zhu Yuanzhang's will [32]

In the thirty-first year of Hongwu, on the 10th day of May (1June 24th, 398), Zhu Yuanzhang died in Yingtian Palace and was buried in Xiaoling Mausoleum of Zijinshan. On June 1st, the 31st year of Hongwu, it was said that "Qin Ming, Yun Qi and Junde successfully unified the emperors Tian Da and Gao Xiao", and the temple name was Mao [33]. On June 1 1 day of the first year of Yongle, Ding Si said that "the Holy Spirit Wu Wen Qin Ming and Junde successfully unified the Heavenly Emperor Gao Xiao". In November of the seventeenth year of Jiajing, it was changed to "Creation, Evonne, Dasheng, Ren Shenwenyi, Wu Junde, and success as a high emperor" [34]. Later Emperor Kangxi visited Xiaoling Mausoleum during his southern tour, and once erected a monument to "rule the Tang and Song Dynasties" and praised Zhu Yuanzhang.