Seek the development history of shipbuilding materials, detailed, thank you ~

The history of China's ship development can be divided into three main periods-Qin and Han Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. The Qin and Han Dynasties was the first peak in the history of shipbuilding in China. There were many kinds and large-scale ships, which basically had complete navigation power and mooring facilities. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries in Kanto by force and unified China. In shipbuilding, he inherited and developed the shipbuilding technology developed by some countries in the former six countries, and built many giant canoes, so that ships at that time could cross the river and reach the sea. The real ship of the Qin Dynasty has not been found, but a huge Qin and Han shipbuilding workshop has been found in Guangzhou. (32) Three shipyards are arranged in parallel in the center of the shipyard, and the length of the slideway is more than 88m. Among them, 1 and No.2 slideways are horizontal slideways composed of sleepers, skateboards and wooden piers. The width of No.2 berth is 5.6-8.4m.. Based on this length and width, the berth can be used to build large wooden boats with a width of 6-8 meters, a length of 20-30 meters and a load of 50-60 tons. If berth 1 and berth 2 are built on the same platform, ships with greater carrying capacity can be built. According to experts' research, this shipyard was built when the Qin Dynasty unified Lingnan, and it was still in use in the Han Dynasty. It reflects the production capacity and technical level of shipbuilding industry in Qin and Han dynasties from one side. Since the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, the shipbuilding industry has experienced unprecedented vigorous development. Because of different uses, ships are also divided into many types in manufacturing forms: taro is a kind of inland river transport ship. "Zhengzitong": "The shape is flat, so it is called flat." Tongya is interpreted as a shallow boat. The boat is a narrow and long boat. "Explanation of Ship Names": "A Japanese boat with less than 200 hooves is straight and can be ridden by one or two people." It is a short and wide transport ship. "Name and Ship Interpretation": "Three hundred people say hello. ■, also; The mink is short. Jiangnan's name is short and Guang 'an, and those who are not afraid of danger are also. "It can be seen that it is mainly popular in Jiangnan area. ■ It's a large sailboat. In Shuowen Zhoubu and Guangyun, they are both called "big ships on the sea in Han Dynasty". The boat is a kind of inland river boat. " Guang Yun said: There are windows on the ship as cabins. The ship is also called "square" or double-sided ship. Jin Pu Xue said: "One boat has two boats", that is, one boat has two boats in parallel. "Historical Records Zhang Yichuan" records: "A boat carries soldiers, and a boat carries 50 people and food in March, floating in the water. "A bucket ship is a warship with a defensive device." Explanation of Ship Name: "It is called a sill (the same ship) to get up and down the heavy bed (board). It is like a prison that wooden boards are used to hold the arrows on all sides. "First boarded the pioneer speedboat used to transport soldiers to land and attack. In other words, "the military line first boarded the day before, and boarded the enemy line" ("Release the Name and Release the Ship"). The boat used to observe the enemy's defense line has a hut below the 500 tribal tiger, called scouts, to watch the enemy advance and retreat "("Ming Shi Ship "). A light and fast boat. An offensive, light and small warship. " The long and narrow Meng Yuechong outside the city. Conflict with enemy ships "("release the name and release the ship "). The exterior is covered with raw cowhide, with paddle holes on both sides and "crossbow window spear holes" on the left and right, making it difficult for enemy ships to approach and not afraid of falling rocks, so as to attack the enemy quickly. Louchuan is the most famous ship in Han Dynasty, and it can best reflect the technical level of shipbuilding in Han Dynasty. Shipbuilding, as its name implies, is to build buildings on board. Generally, according to the size of the ship, how many floors are built on the deck, up to three floors. Each floor has a special name: "The house on the ship is called Lu, like a house. At the top, the heavy room is called Fei Lu, and at the top, it is called Ye Fei. He also said that the birdhouse was waiting in the middle, if the birds were surprised. "(Shi Ming Shi Chuan) A wooden boat model was unearthed from the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Guangzhou, with a double cabin. (33) Ship-building that can be called "Scud". There are many kinds of shipbuilding, and their uses are very extensive. Militarily, it is the main warship of the water army, so the commander-in-chief of the water army in the Han Dynasty is also known as the "ship general". All kinds of boats in the Han Dynasty mentioned above are recorded in the literature, and no remains have been found so far. However, the ship models of the Han Dynasty were found from time to time in Jiangling, Changsha, Guangzhou and other places, which provided valuable information for people to understand the ship structure of the Han Dynasty. For example, in 1956, a wooden boat model was unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in the western suburbs of Guangzhou. (34) This model ship should be a model ship for inland navigation. (Photo 16) 1955, a ceramic boat model was also unearthed in the Eastern Han Tomb in Guangzhou. (35) It is estimated that this kind of ship is about 20 meters long and is a medium-sized river passenger and cargo ship. With the development of shipbuilding technology, not only the types of ships are increasing, but also the facilities of various ships are becoming more and more perfect. The purpose of shipbuilding is not only to float on the water and go downstream, but also to sail in the water according to people's wishes. However, whether sailing against the current or parking ashore, propulsion tools are needed to control the ship. The propulsion tool of Han boat is a rowing tool. Support the bottom of the river with poles and push the boat forward. Because the pole appeared at the same time as the raft, it is said that the pole is the earliest and simplest propulsion tool. In order to support the ship with poles, pole corridors are usually built on the side or stern of the ship, which is a major feature of the ship structure in China. Later, according to the different shapes and uses of rod drills, rods are divided into holding rods, single drills, fork rods, hook rods and radial rods. A wooden tool used to propel a ship by human power. Its appearance period is almost the same as or a little later than that of the pole. People hold the paddle handle, paddle backwards with the paddle, and push the boat forward through the reaction of water. In the Han Dynasty, paddles were also called "ba", "miscellaneous" and "ba". "release the name and release the ship": "while pumping water. Swimming in the water is also swimming. It is said that the boat will swim in. Also known as Zagreb, it looks like Zagreb. It is also called "Qi Jie" and "Qi Jie". At first, it was mostly short paddles, but with the increase of hull and freeboard, long paddles appeared again. The more paddles there are, the faster the boat will go. It can be seen from the unearthed Han boat model that there were wooden boats with five oars and ten oars at that time, and there were wooden boats with sixteen oars at most. Paddle, also known as OARS and OARS in ancient times, is a human propulsion tool with high efficiency and controllable course. Explain the name and release the ship: "Say" Mimi "and" Mimi ",and then sail with your muscles." It is developed on the basis of rudder propeller. Its characteristic is "shaking". The operation mode of rudder propeller has changed from "rowing" to fishtail shaking, which has formed a qualitative change from propeller to propeller. As long as a small force is applied to the paddle, a large thrust can be generated, so the efficiency is much higher than that of the paddle. The sculls are China's unique invention in human propulsion tools and one of the contributions of the working people in China to the world shipbuilding industry. Sails are also called tents. A windward device hung on a mast. Use the pressure of the wind on the sail surface to push the ship forward. Sails appeared around the Shang Dynasty. By the Han Dynasty, sails had been widely used. Masts are also called masts, rafters and masts. Where there are sails, there are masts. A mast is a thick wooden pole erected on a ship to hang sails and sail against the wind. This name already existed in the Han Dynasty. "Explanation of Ship Name": "The front column is called mast. Master, Ye Wei. Hey, tall and handsome. " In sailing, it is very important to avoid shoals and bypass reefs and accurately grasp and control the sailing direction. A pole or paddle on a ship is both a driving force for navigation and a directional tool. In the Han Dynasty, the hull gradually increased, and the division of labor between propulsion tools and directional tools became increasingly clear, and a kind of rudder propeller specialized in direction appeared. 195 1 wooden boat model unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province and 1974 wooden boat model unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province. (36) There is a long wooden paddle on the side of its tail. Obviously, it is not used for paddling, but for steering. On the basis of rudder propeller, rudder, a tool to control the course through its own rotation, came into being. The pottery boat model unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Guangzhou has a rudder at the stern, which is the earliest ancient rudder statue in modern times. Rudder is not only found in unearthed cultural relics, but also recorded in literature. Interpretation of the name and release of the ship: "Its tail is called" rudder ". Yeah, yeah, see you later. I won't make him angry if I go downstream. " In order to anchor the ship in the water, people invented mooring tools-rafts and anchors. Generally speaking, there is an anchor first. "Anchoring" ("Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Dong") means to tie the stone with a rope, sink it at the bottom of the water or throw it on the shore, and use its weight to determine the hull. So stopping a ship is also called "launching", and sailing can also be called "launching". The pottery boat model of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou has an object tied to its head, which is cross-shaped in front and ■-shaped in side view, and has the characteristics of multi-tooth anchor in later generations. So experts call it "stone anchor". This is the earliest anchor that can be seen at present. Fourth, the shipbuilding technology developed slowly from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. In the long years of more than 700 years, although the development of shipbuilding industry in China has entered a low tide, it has not stagnated, but is slowly advancing and developing, accumulating material and technical strength for the arrival of the second peak in the shipbuilding history of China. Two aspects of shipbuilding in this period are worth mentioning. 1. The appearance of the sand boat The sand boat is one of the four ancient sailing boat types in China (the other three are lucky boat, wide boat and bird boat). As mentioned earlier, there are many kinds of ancient ships in China, but if we only look at the hull types, we can roughly divide them into two types: square-headed gondolas and pointed-bottomed ships. Sandboat is the representative of the former. It is a ship type developed on the basis of ancient gondolas. According to experts' research, the junk boat was first built on Chongming Island in the Tang Dynasty, and it was named after Chongming Sand. (37) Its ship type is characterized by flat bottom, square head, square tail, long, wide and flat body. It is precisely because of the wide, large, flat and shallow characteristics of the sand boat that it has the following advantages: First, the ship type is wide and the rolling angle is small. The two ends are square, and the pitching resistance is enhanced. The shallow hull reduces the center of gravity; There are few upper cabins, which reduces the wind area and is not easy to overturn. In addition, safety equipment such as flashing boards, water poles and peaceful baskets are installed on both sides of the ship's side, so the stability of the sand carrier ranks first among all ship types. Under the gale of magnitude 7, other types of ships had to enter the harbor to take shelter from the wind. Only the sand boat can fight against the wind and waves and still sail unimpeded. Therefore, some people in later generations praised: "This is the only most stable ship (sand boat)" ("Ming Binglu"). Secondly, because it is flat-bottomed, shallow draft, it is not easy to run aground, so it is especially suitable for driving on shallows. "It's ok to berth on the sand, but the ship is put aside because of the flat bottom" (A Collection of Records of the Day in Qing Dynasty). Therefore, sand boats are widely used in shallow waters along the coast of China, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Third, the shallow draft makes up for the defect that the square head increases the resistance, so the sand boat is faster and more flexible. Fourth, the hull is wide, so more masts can be placed to make full use of the wind. It has strong seaworthiness, and can not only sail against the wind, but also sail against the wind. It is precisely because of these advantages that sand boats were widely used by officials and people, not only as various passenger and cargo civilian ships, but also as various military warships, and became one of the main types of inland river, offshore and ocean-going ships in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The sand boat was formed in the Tang Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, it was called "gondola for preventing sand", and in Yuan Dynasty, it was called "gondola". In the early years of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, it was called "sand boat". The Yuan and Ming Dynasties were the heyday of its development. (fig. 17) 2. A watertight compartment is set up, and the compartment is divided into several compartments by bulkhead and sealed. This kind of compartment is called watertight compartment. For a long time, people always thought that "the construction of watertight cabins in China began in the Song Dynasty". However, the excavation of Tang boats in Yangzhou (38) and Rugao (39) in Jiangsu Province corrected this statement. The hull of Yangzhou Tang Ship is divided into five large cabins and several small cabins with wooden boards. Rugao Tangzhou is divided into nine cabins. The cabin and bottom of the ship are nailed firmly, and the joints are filled with lime and tung oil. There are many advantages to setting up watertight compartments: first, once an accident occurs, even if one or two compartments break and leak, the other compartments will not enter the water. In this way, the ship still has buoyancy and will not sink, thus improving the anti-sinking performance of the ship and greatly increasing the safety insurance coefficient of the ship's navigation. Secondly, the bulkhead and the hull are closely nailed together to support the hull from the lateral direction, which enhances the compression resistance of the hull. In addition, the subdivision of the ship is also convenient for loading, unloading and storage of goods. It is precisely because of these advantages that foreign ships at the same time were quickly buried at the bottom of the sea when their hulls broke when they hit the rocks. Under the same circumstances, China's seagoing ships can continue to sail and return to Hong Kong safely for maintenance. Therefore, the appearance of watertight compartments is also a great contribution of China to the world shipbuilding technology. Until the end of 18, other countries in the world absorbed this advanced technology from China and began to set up watertight compartments on ships.