What does the Russian-Turkish war mean?

The Russian-Turkish war refers to the war between Russia and Turkey caused by the national liberation movement against Turkish rule in the Balkans and the intensification of international contradictions in the Near East. This war, from the Russian side, is objectively progressive. Turkey, on the other hand, tried its best to suppress the independence struggle of all ethnic groups in the Balkans to ensure its military feudal rule in the Balkans. The Russian government has always supported the liberation movement of these ethnic groups, and at the same time intends to restore the prestige and influence lost in the Balkans due to the Crimean War, and completely solve the problem of free navigation in the Bosphorus Strait to meet the needs of Russian economic development.

At first, the czar government intended to give assistance to all ethnic groups in the Balkans through diplomatic channels. However, its proposal of collective protection of Slavs was opposed by Britain and supported by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Subsequently, European powers put forward the proposal of autonomy for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria at the initiative of Russia. 1877 At the beginning of April, the Turkish government rejected this new proposal according to the wishes of Great Britain, and the Russian government declared war on Turkey on April 24. 1877 on may 2 1 day, Romania announced its participation in Russia; Subsequently, Serbia and Montenegro also joined Russia.

On the eve of the war, Russia launched two army groups: Danube Army and Caucasian Army. Bulgarian militia under the command of Russian general Stoltov joined the Danube Army; Militia organizations from Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Ossetia joined the Caucasian army. The Russian Danube Army confronted the Turkish Army commanded by Abdul Kerim Nadir Pasha, and the Caucasian Army confronted the Turkish Army commanded by Ahmed mukhtar Pasha. The Russian army is superior to the Turkish army in military organization, military training, commander quality and troop morale, but inferior to the Turkish army in terms of weapons and equipment quality, because the Turkish army's weapons come from Britain, Germany and the United States.

After the declaration of war, the troops of the Russian Danube Army began to move to the Danube, the starting area of the attack. However, due to the backward railway transportation and the flooding of the river, the crossing time was delayed. Until June 22nd, Russian troops in the lower reaches of the Danube crossed the Danube in Galac and Brailov. From June 27th to July 2nd, the 14 Infantry Division under the command of General Dragomirov and the main force of the group army following it also crossed the river in Jimnica area. The Danube Army attacked in three ways from the landing point in the Vaud area of Sisto: the West Road troops attacked Nicopol and Kublat Kubrat Pulev; The East Route Army attacked Lushuk; The vanguard troops attacked the pass in the Balkans. About 70,000 people stayed on the battlefield and approached the highway as a reserve. Due to the shortage of Russian troops, improper deployment of troops and command errors, the war period was delayed. After the troops of West Road occupied Nicopol, they failed to occupy Kublat Kubrat Pulev before the troops of Osman Pasha arrived from Witting. Therefore, the communication line of the Russian Danube Corps was threatened by the enemy. The East Route Army is limited to monitoring the Turkish army's fortress.

During this period, General Gourko's vanguard troops advanced rapidly, captured the Bulgarian ancient capital of Thurnau Vo on July 7, and quickly occupied the Shipka Pass across the Balkan Mountains on July 14, thus opening the passage to the Bosphorus and Constantinople, but there was no force to continue the attack. After the Russian vanguard troops occupied Eskimo-zahra, they were countered by the Turkish army under the command of Su Liman Pasha from Negro, and then retreated to Sipka. Soon, the newly formed South Road Army came here, and about 1/3 of the Ministry was a Bulgarian militia.

Caucasian troops occupied Bayazit and Ardahan forts from April to May, and blocked Kars. However, the group army was countered by the effective forces of Ahmed mukhtar Pasha's army, and retreated to the border in June, turning to attack.

In August, Mohammad Ali Pasha, commander of the Turkish army, led troops to fight back in the Balkans. Su Liman Pasha's troops tried to capture Pusika Pass in August, but failed due to the heroic defense of Russian troops in Pusika. The Turkish army's attack on the Russian East Route Army was also repelled. Russian troops stormed Pleven three times, and only after they seized Lovcha and blocked Pleven on September 3, forced the defenders in the city to surrender on June 65438+February 10. During the period of 10, the Russian army defeated the Turkish army in the Abella-Arazza campaign in the Caucasus. 1 17 10/7 night, Russian troops stormed and occupied kars fortress and launched an attack on erzurum.

With the fall of Pleven, the war turned to a turning point. The Russian Danube Corps turned to attack the Turkish army. Serbia joined the anti-soil war in 65438+February 65438+March, and transferred its troops to Nice. With the active assistance of Bulgarian residents and guerrillas, General Gourko's troops on the western front crossed the Balkan Mountains under extremely difficult conditions in severe winter, defeated 42,000 Turkish troops in the direction of Sofia, and occupied Sofia on 10/878. In the battle of Shenovo on 8-9 October/KLOC-0, 30,000 Russian troops under the command of General radetzky surrounded and captured the Wiezell-Pasha army, 1878. The Danube Army launched an attack to the south of the Balkan Mountains, defeated Su Liman Pasha's army in the Filippoli Battle from June 5438 to1October1May to June 5438+07, captured Adrijana Fort on1October 20, and advanced into Constantinople one month later. In the Caucasus, Russian troops blocked erzurum and occupied Batumi.

The victory of the Russian army caused the panic of the ruling group of Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, and the British government sent a sub-fleet to Marathi. This forced Russia to give up its plan to March into Constantinople. 65438+1October 3 1 day, the warring parties signed an armistice agreement, and on March 3, 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano was signed. The treaty is beneficial to all ethnic groups in Russia and the Balkans. Later, at the Berlin conference, the terms of the peace treaty were greatly revised, which harmed the interests of Balkan countries. The victory of the war freed all ethnic groups in the Balkans from the shackles of Turkey and ensured the national independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria got rid of the oppression of Turkey and established the Bulgarian National Government. All these have paved the way for the social, economic and political revival of all ethnic groups in these countries. Russia recovered the south of Bissalabia lost in the Crimean War 1853~56, and gained Batumi and Kars. During the war, the fighting friendship between the people of all ethnic groups in the Balkans and the Russian people who brought them freedom and independence was consolidated.

In the Russian-Turkish war, a huge corps appeared, which was equipped with rifled guns and used railways and battlefield telegrams for communication. Therefore, the scale of armed struggle has expanded and its characteristics have changed. More than/kloc-0.0 million people took part in the war. The combat operations in the two war zones are carried out under the condition of wide front and great depth, which are closely related to each other and have the characteristics of intense tension and long duration /kloc-the campaign elements produced in the war at the beginning of the 0/9th century have been further developed in this war. In the command of the troops, the role of the headquarters has increased.

Tactically, the Russian-Turkish war showed the importance of gun power and coordinated action of various services and arms to win the battle. It is more and more necessary to transform into a new battle formation-skirmisher line, so that troops can learn to use the terrain. The experience of this war also shows that it is necessary to equip the troops with artillery with longer range, curved artillery capable of launching heavy blasting bombs and various engineering equipment to train them to master field engineering. The characteristics of the war zone prompt the emergence of new methods to overcome water obstacles and climb mountains, and organize and command troops under such conditions.